I am writing to inquire regarding the interpretation of the maxims of Pirkei Avot. Specifically, I am asking about the maxims containing the word “adam” such as the statement to do what will bring honor from men, or to greet people with a smile on one’s face. I am asking if these apply to all people, in light of the interpretation of the word “adam” given in Yevamot 61a. If this is the case, when should “adam” be taken in the narrow, particular sense?

Shalom uvracha, It seems that there is a distinction between the language of the Torah and the language of the Sages. The Gemara states, according to the opinion of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, that non-Jews are not called “adam”, but this applies only in the language of the Torah. However, in the language of the Sages, the word “adam” usually refers to all human beings, including non-Jews. Furthermore, see there in Talmud Bavli, Yevamot 61a in the Tosafot, who bring several views on this matter. Some say there is a difference in the language of the Torah between when it says “ha-adam” (“the man”) and when it says “adam” (“man”), and others say it depends on the context, such as when it is mentioned in a context of punishment. See Tosafot there. All the best!