ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ืฉื•ืจื” 6: ืฉื•ืจื” 6:


ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช [[ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื]], [[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]], ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช" ื•[[ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ]]. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื’ื [[ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ]], ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื” ื‘[[ืคื•ืจื™ื]], ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช [[ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื]], [[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]], ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช" ื•[[ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ]]. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื’ื [[ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ]], ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื” ื‘[[ืคื•ืจื™ื]], ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช.
==ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช==
ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ[[ื‘ื”"ื’]] ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื• "ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื" ืœืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• "ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™". ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, [[ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•]], ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘"ื•": "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ" ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.


==ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ==
==ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ==

ื’ืจืกื” ืžึพ22:41, 29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018

ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1749 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช. ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช, ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช.

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ืžืฉื” ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื›"ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 211 ืฉื ื”, ืžื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“. ืฉืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื 40 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•.

ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื 1210 ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™"ื ื•ืกื™ืžื ื• ื‘ื•"ื.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช" ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื’ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช.

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช

ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”"ื’ ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื• "ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื" ืœืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• "ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™". ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘"ื•": "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ" ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ

ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”". ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: ืฉืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืื• ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”' ืœืขืžื• ื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ "ืื– ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืื•ืœื™ื". ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืืœ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช [1] ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื•.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช" ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื’ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช.

ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช- ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ - ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ" ื‘ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืจืื ื• ื‘(ื•ื ืฆื™ื”)

ื•ื›ืš ืžืชื—ืœืง ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ: [2].

ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช - ื‘ื 210 ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘. ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืชื•, ื”ืžืขืžื“, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื— - ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื˜"ื•
ื ื™ืกืŸ-ื–' ื ื™ืกืŸ
ื’. ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ
ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”',ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” - ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
ื–' ื ื™ืกืŸ - ื' ื ื™ืกืŸ
ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ื–ืžื ื™ื: ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื

  • ื‘"ื ืจืœ"ื—, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื - ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื˜, ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื - 211 ืฉื ื”
    * ื‘"ื” ืฉ"ื˜ , ืžื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื˜ - ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ - 140 ืฉื ื” (ื›ื "ืœ)

ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ:

ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืคืกื•ืงื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ
ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื
ื•ืกื™ืžื ื•
ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” <brืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช /> ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื”
ืฉืžื•ืช "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื” ืึตืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึธึผืื•ึผ" [3] ืงื›"ื“ -ื•ื™ืง"ื— 2,238 209 ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื“ 80 ืฉื ื”, ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื”  :ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”, [4] - ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•[5] -ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื˜"ื– "ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึดื™ื ื™ึทืฉึฐืืจึตืฉื ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื™ึธืฆึดื™ืฅ ื•ึผืคึธืจึทื— ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืžึธืœึฐืื•ึผ ืคึฐื ึตื™-ืชึตื‘ึตืœ ืชึฐึผื ื•ึผื‘ึธื”"
ื•ืืจื "ื•ึธืึตืจึธื ืึถืœ-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึถืœ-ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึตืœ ืฉึทืื“ึธึผื™ ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžึดื™ ื”' ืœึนื ื ื•ึนื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืœึธื”ึถื" [6] ืงื›"ื - ื’ื™ื‘ืขื•"ืœ 2,347 ื›-ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ื™ื—ื•ืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ืช: ื“ืืฃ ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื ื™ื, ืขืจื•ื‘, ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื“ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช - ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ [7] "ื›ึนึผื”-ืึธืžึทืจ ืึฒื“' ื”' ื‘ึฐึผืงึทื‘ึฐึผืฆึดื™ ืึถืช-ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืขึทืžึดึผื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืคึนืฆื•ึผ ื‘ึธื ื•ึฐื ึดืงึฐื“ึทึผืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึธื ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ-ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ ืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘"
ื‘ื "ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”' ืึถืœ-ืžืฉึถืื” ื‘ึนึผื ืึถืœ-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื›ึดึผื™-ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึดื›ึฐื‘ึทึผื“ึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืœึตื‘ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืฉึดืืชึดื™ ืึนืชึนืชึทื™ ืึตืœึถึผื” ื‘ึฐึผืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึน" [8] ืง"ื” - ื™ืžื "ื” 2,348 ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช:ืืจื‘ื”, ื—ืŸืฉืš ื•ืžื›ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืกื— ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• [9] ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ื™ึดืจึฐืžึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทื ึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ืœึธื‘ึนื•ื ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐืจึถืืฆึทึผืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึธึผื‘ึถืœ ืœึฐื”ึทื›ึนึผื•ืช ืึถืช-ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื"
ื‘ืฉืœื— "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืึถืช-ื”ึธืขึธื" [10] ืงื™"ื• - ืกื ื"ื” 2,348 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืกืข, ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื”, ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืŸ, ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืขืžืœืง ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื [11] "ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ื•ึนืจึธื” ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึธื” ืึตืฉึถืืช ืœึทืคึดึผื™ื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึดื™ื ืฉึนืืคึฐื˜ึธื” ืึถืช-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึธึผืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื"
ื™ืชืจื• "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ื™ึดืชึฐืจื•ึน ื›ึนื”ึตืŸ ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื—ึนืชึตืŸ ืžืฉึถืื”..." [12] ืข"ื‘ - ื™ื•ื ื“"ื‘ 2348 ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืชืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื”, ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจ-ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืงื‘ืœืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื - ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•[13] "ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช-ืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืขึปื–ึดึผื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ื•ึธืึถืจึฐืึถื” ืึถืช-ืึฒื“ึน ื™ืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ-ื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ืจึธื ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผืœึธื™ื• ืžึฐืœึตืึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื”ึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ".
ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื”, ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึดื™ื, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึธึผืฉึดื‚ื™ื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื" [14] ืงื™"ื— - ืขื–ื™ื"ืœ 2348 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื™ื ื™: ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืžื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื”, ืจื•ืฆื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืœ, ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื, ืžืคืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื”, ืฆื™ืขื•ืจ ืืœืžื ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจ, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื - ืž"ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• - ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื [15] "ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึถืœ-ื™ึดืจึฐืžึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ืžึตืึตืช ื”' ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื›ึฐึผืจึนืช- ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทื ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ืœึธื”ึถื ื“ึฐึผืจื•ึนืจ"
ืชืจื•ืžื” "ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ-ืœึดื™ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื”.." [16] ืฆ"ื• -ื™ืขื™"ื– 2348 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ: ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” - ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืื“ื ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช ื•ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื [17] "ื•ึทื”', ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ืœึดืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”, ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ-ืœื•ึน"
ืชืฆื•ื” "ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ืชึฐึผืฆึทื•ึถึผื” ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ" [18] ืง"ื— - ืžื™ื›ื"ืœ 2348 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืŸ ืœืžืื•ืจ, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื”:ื”ืืคื•ื“, ื”ื—ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืขื™ืœ, ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, [19] "ืึทืชึธึผื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ืึธื“ึธื, ื”ึทื’ึตึผื“ ืึถืช-ื‘ึตึผื™ืช-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช, ื•ึฐื™ึดื›ึธึผืœึฐืžื•ึผ, ืžึตืขึฒื•โ€ึนื ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื"
ื›ื™ ืชืฉื "ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ืึถืช-ืจึนืืฉื ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึดืคึฐืงึปื“ึตื™ื”ึถื..." [20] ืงืœ"ื˜ - ื—ื ื ื"ืœ 2348 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ, ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ,ืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ืช ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”', ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืœืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ - ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื [21] "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”' ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึถืœ-ืึตืœึดื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ..."
ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืงึฐื”ึตืœ ืžืฉึถืื” ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึฒื“ึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ..." [22] ืงื›"ื‘ - ืกื ื•ื"ื” 2349]] ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช:ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ, ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื',[23] "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ื—ึดื™ืจื•ึนื ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื™ึนึผืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื™ึธึผืขึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึดึผื–ึฐืจึธืงื•ึนืช..."
ืคืงื•ื“ื™ "ืึตืœึถึผื” ืคึฐืงื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึทึผืŸ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึปืช..." [24] ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ 2349 ืกื™ื•ื ื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช:ื”ืืคื“,ื”ื—ืฉืŸ ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื™ื—ืชื•, ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื•, ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื™ืจื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื [25] "ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึทืžึฐึผืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”'..."

ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื•. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœืงื˜ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช:[2]

ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื”
ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ืช 70 ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ[26] ื‘"ื ืจืœ"ื— 2,238
ืžื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง (ื‘ืŸ 110) - ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ 71 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘"ื ืฉ"ื˜ 2,309
ืžื™ืชืช ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื‘ืŸ 137) - ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ [27] 22 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘"ื ืฉืœ"ื 2,331
ืœื™ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืื™ืžื• ื‘ืช 130 ืฉื ื” - ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘"ื ืฉืก"ื— 2,368
ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื ื” ื˜"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ - ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžื™ื [28] ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื– 2,447
ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื– - ื ื™ืกืŸ [29] ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื– - ืชืž"ื—
2,447 - 2,448
ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ
ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื˜"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ-ื' ืกื™ื•ืŸ
ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•' ืื• ื–' ืกื™ื•ืŸ [30]
ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ - ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื–'ืกื™ื•ืŸ - ื™"ื– ืชืžื•ื– - 40 ื™ื•ื ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื— - 2,448
ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ื˜"ื–-ื™"ื– ืชืžื•ื–
ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื 40 ื™ื•ื
ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื' ืืœื•ืœ - ื™' ืชืฉืจื™
ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื˜ 2,449
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืชืฉืจื™ - ืื“ืจ [31]
ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื' ื ื™ืกืŸ

ืจืื” ื’ื

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืž',ืœ"ื“-ืœ"ื—
  2. โ†‘ 2.0 2.1 ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ืก ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
  3. โ†‘ ื',ื'- ื•',ื'
  4. โ†‘ ื›"ื–, ื›"ื—
  5. โ†‘ ื',ื‘'
  6. โ†‘ ื•',ื’'-. ื•',ื'
  7. โ†‘ ื›"ื—-ื›"ื”, ื›"ื—-ื›"ื“
  8. โ†‘ ื™',ื'- ื™"ื’-ื˜"ื–
  9. โ†‘ ืž"ื•,ื™"ื’-ืž"ื•-ื›"ื—
  10. โ†‘ ื™"ื’,ื™"ื–-ื™"ื–-ื˜"ื–
  11. โ†‘ ื“',ื“'-ื”',ืœ"ื
  12. โ†‘ ื™"ื—,ื' - ื›'-ื›"ื’
  13. โ†‘ ื•'ื'-ื–'-ื•'
  14. โ†‘ ื›"ื,ื'-ื›"ื“,ื™"ื—
  15. โ†‘ ืœ"ื“,ื—'-ื›"ื‘
  16. โ†‘ ื›"ื”,ื'- ื›"ื–-ื™"ื˜
  17. โ†‘ ื', ื”', ื›"ื•- ื•', ื™"ื’
  18. โ†‘ ื›"ื–,ื›'-ืœ',ื™'
  19. โ†‘ ืž"ื’, ื™'-ื›"ื–
  20. โ†‘ ืœ',ื™"ื-ืœ"ื”,ื'
  21. โ†‘ ื™"ื—,ื'- ืž"ื”
  22. โ†‘ ืœ"ื”,ื'-ืœ"ื—,ื›'
  23. โ†‘ ื–',ืž' - ื ' ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื ื™ ื–',ื™"ื’- ื›"ื•
  24. โ†‘ ืœ"ื—,ื›"ื - ืž',ืœ"ื—
  25. โ†‘ ื',ื–',ื "ื-ื—',ื›"ื
  26. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™"ื—, ื™"ื
  27. โ†‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•',ื˜"ื•
  28. โ†‘ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื” ื”'
  29. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืจื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ืœืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื” ื•'
  30. โ†‘ ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืค"ื—, ื‘'
  31. โ†‘ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืงื•ื“ื™
ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื—, ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ืฉืœื—, ื•ื™ืฉื‘, ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื™ื’ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื™

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืืจื, ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื—, ื™ืชืจื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื, ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ, ืคืงื•ื“ื™

ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืฆื•, ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืชื–ืจื™ืข, ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืฉืœื—, ืงืจื—, ื—ืงืช, ื‘ืœืง, ืคื™ื ื—ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™

ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืขืงื‘, ืจืื”, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ื›ึดึผื™-ืชึธื‘ื•ึนื, ื ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœืš, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข