ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
(ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื“ืฃ 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘')
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘
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ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื”
ืกื•ื’ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชืจืค"ื’- ืชืจืค"ื“
ืžื™ืงื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช (ื–ืจื) ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช
ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง
ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืื• "ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช" ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›"ืื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช" ื•ื›"ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ" ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.

ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืค"ื’-ืชืจืค"ื“ ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืื– ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“" ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ.

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื–ื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืฉืฉืืคื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืงื•ืžืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื”. ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืคื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื›ื ื—ืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ ื•ืขื•ื“), ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื "ืš ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืงืจื, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื’, ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง" ื‘ื—ืฆืจ "ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“" ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื ื‘ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื“ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืจ' ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื•ืจ' ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืœืžื•ื“[1]. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืชืืžื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืจื™ืืœื™. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืชื›ื”ืŸ ื›"ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”", ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืจื™ื’", ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืืžื ื, ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืค ืžื’ืจื•ื“ื ื, ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืงื•ืค ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืงื•ืค ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื‘ืจืžืกืงื™, ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืคื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื›ื” ืืœื™ื” ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื˜ืœื–, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืฆ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืงืžื ื™ืฅ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจืื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงืœืฆืง, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ื), ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืœืœื ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ืฉื ืœืขืชื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช, ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื.

ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ืžื ื•: ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจื™ืกืžืŸ[2], ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืจื™ืฃ[3], ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜[4], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ[5], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ[6], ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื˜[7], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™[8], ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื•ืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ[9], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื ื ืงื ืกืงื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™[10], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™[11], ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–'ื•ืœื˜ืง[12], ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื™ื” ืฉืื ืŸ[13], ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงืคืœืŸ[14] ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™.[15]

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ (1929) ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื” (1935).

ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื›ืฉื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืจื–ื™ืืœ ื”ื™"ื“, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ. ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ (1929).

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.

ื‘-ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืฆ"ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืคืจืง ืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืขื ื”ื™ืœืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื. ืฆืขืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœื™ื•ื” ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง.

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืกื“" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•"ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื•" ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ื” (1946), ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ื—, ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”" ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื–' ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื‘ (1952) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค. ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•.

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง

ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืœืื‘, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ.

ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื—ืœ"ืช (ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”), ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ "ืื™ืชื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื˜ (1959) ืคื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื—ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•.

ื‘-ื”' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉ"ืš (1960) ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) ื”ื—ืœื” ื”"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช" ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ") ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื›ืจืš ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™.

ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืจืžื™"ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื.

ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืืฃ ืงื‘ืข ืœื›ืš "ืกื“ืจ" ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ืœ (1970) ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืจืžื™"ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืœืื‘,ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืื•, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ,ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืชืจื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) ื”ื•ื "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื", ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ "ื ืขื", ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ (1972). ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื•ื "ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”", ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื– (1977). ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ" ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื" ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื“ืื–. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืฉืจื ืกืงื™(ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™).

ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืฆืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื• ื”ื’ืขื•ืช ืืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.

ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฉื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982) ืขืœื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื.

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืข"ืค ื”ื•ืจืืชื•, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื’ (1983) ื ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื—ื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื– ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืชืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื’ืœื• ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฆืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืžื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื›ืืŸ ื–ื›ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฉื” ื•ืžืชืจืฅ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืคืจืง ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื™ื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื—.ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื—ื—ืก ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื”.

ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”'ืชืฉื "ื” (1995) ื—ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ื‘-ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช "ืฉืœื—-ืœืš", ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืžื™ืชื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.


ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืคืจืกื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืžืœื ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื–ืžืžื• ืœื’ืจืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืขืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืขื•ื– ื›ืืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชื•, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ื”ื™ื ื ืœื—ื ืœืœื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื•", ื•ืฉืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื "ื– ืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื” ืžืจื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ืื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ืื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืคืจืกืžื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•[16]. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ืงืžืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ‏[17]. ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืงื“ืžื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืงืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืจื ืœื ืœืคืœื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื— (2007), ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื‘ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื‘ืจ"ื— ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื— ื—ื“ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื’'ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื›ืื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืจื’ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš. ืœื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืœื ื•ืขืจ - "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”"[18], ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืกืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.


ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืกื“ืจ 'ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ื•'ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ', ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขืจื‘ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื' ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’' ื•ื“'.

ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื' ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื ืขืจื›ืช, ื ื“ืคืกืช ื•ืžื•ืคืฆืช ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”. ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืขืจื‘.

ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ื“ื•ืจืคื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืื•ืจื‘ืš. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ - ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืข"ื”.

ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืจื›ืช ืื–ื›ืจื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข.

ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”

ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืจ"ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ

ืจ"ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื

ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ

ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืจ"ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื:

ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ - ืื‘"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืืฉ "ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืœืช - ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืื•ืคื˜ืžืŸ - ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืžื”. ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ื—ืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื” ืžืฆื’ืจ).
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืค - ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื•ืฆืงื™ - ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ืฉืœืžื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ - ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืขืžื™ ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ - ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

  • ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื- ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”- ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืขื "ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”", ื›ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง.
  • "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง" (ืื• "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”")- ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ,ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื.
  • ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืจื- ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื
  • ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืื—ื– 'ื’ื‘ืขืช ืืกืฃ'- ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื
  • "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื—ืžืช ืจื—ืœ"- ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืชื—ื ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ.
  • ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืจืžืช ืฉืœืžื”" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื•ืฆืงื™.
  • ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ (ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื“).
  • "ืžื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ"- ืžื“ืจืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื” ืžื’ื ืก ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžื’ื ืก.
  • ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื" ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืฆ"ื” - ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ

(ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ื'-ื‘'):

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ

(ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื'-ื‘'):

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื

( ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืข"ืค ืกื“ืจ ื'-ื‘'):

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื“ืจื™- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื”ื“ ืคืœื“ืžืจ- ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ- ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื ื™ -ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขืจื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ื ืืœ ืืชืจื•ื’- ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื'.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื- ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื ืจ ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ืืกืฃ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืื•ืคื˜ืžืŸ- ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื’'ื™ืืžื™- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ื–ื‘ืจ- ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื- ืจื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื™ืจืฉ- ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ืก- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกื ื’ืจ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ- ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ืขื ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ- ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื ื–ื•ืžืจ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉืžืข ื›ื”ืŸ-ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื›ื”ื ื- ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื -ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™- ืžื•ืจื” ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžืžืคืจืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื•ืฆืงื™- ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืจืžืช ืฉืœืžื”".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ืžื•ื ื“ืฉื™ื™ืŸ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืจื ืžื•ืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืขืœื” ืืœื™ื”ื•.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ- ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื—ืกืคื™ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ื—ื - ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืกืฃ ื ืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’- ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื•ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื™ืืœ ื ืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ืฆืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืกืŸ -ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืœื‘ืฆืงื™- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืงื ื” ืกื’ืœ- ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื ื˜ื• - ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื“- ืจ"ืž ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ-ืื‘"ื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืคืจืœ-ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื”
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ- ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื™ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ืื™ืœืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืจื•ืชื- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื'.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืจื™ื™ืŸ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก- ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืค- ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืฉืœืžื•ื ื™- ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉ"ืก.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ-ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื. ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช 'ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื'.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจ- ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ -ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืขืžืง

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืจื•ื“ื™ืง, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, "ืžื’ื“ ื™ืจื—ื™ื", ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 146, ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื‘, ืขืž' 4.
  2. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื˜ืœื– ื‘ืชืจืค"ื—. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืจืก"ื‘ ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืœืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืคืจื™ืกืžืŸ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื•ื˜ืœื– ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื˜ืœื–, ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ืš, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื•. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœืžื“ ืื™ืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื. ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืจื™ื’, ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืื‘"ื“ ืจื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ื›ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘", ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“", ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื”" ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื‘"ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื›ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื›"ื‘. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื‘' ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ" ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžืคืืจื™ืฉ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื–) ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืจืš ื“' ืฉืœ 'ืจืื‘ื™"ื”' (ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื ืชืฉื›"ื”). ื›ืชื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช". ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืกื— ืคืจื ืง ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื ืง ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื›'ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืคืจื™ืกืžืŸ'. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™"ื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืœ"ื• ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ. ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื”, 'ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื”', ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ืชืฉื "ื, "ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”", ืขืž' 464-459.
  3. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชืจืค"ื’ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” (ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ) ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘". ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ืื™ ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืจืื• ื‘'ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื”: ืื•ืกืฃ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืช"ืฉ-ืชืฉ"ื”', ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืชืฉื˜"ื–, ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 322-318) ื•ืœืžื™ืจืœ, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ. ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืจื ืœื‘ื ื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ืกื‘ื•. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื”. ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืจื™ื’, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืกืคืจ "ื ืจ ืื”ืจืŸ" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื™"ื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืค"ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ืฃ ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื ื™ืฉื ืœืžืจืช ืœืื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื“ืจื•ืก ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœื•ืงืฉืฆืืŸ, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืื’ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืชืจืฆ"ื•, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืชื ื•. ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืจื‘ ื‘"ื–ืื’ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ" ืœืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื‘"ื–ืื’ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ" ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.("ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื”", ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 322-321). ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื•ื›ื“ืจืฉืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจืš ื‘"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืฉ"ื‘ (1941). ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง" (ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืž' 20-7) ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื”, 'ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื”', ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ืชืฉื "ื, "ื ืจ ืœืื—ื“", ืขืž' 458-449.
  4. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ืื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง (ื”ื’ืจื™"ื–) ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืง ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื’ืจื™"ื– ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ื•ื›ืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™"ืฃ ื”ื™"ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ืชืŸ, ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš (ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืคืจืกื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื–ื•ื–. ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืืจืฅ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ (ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ื) ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: "ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื"ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœื"ื™, ืฉืฉืืคืชื™ ืืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื"ื™ ืžืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืจื"ื™ ืงื•ืง". ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืคื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื›"ื› ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื•ื’ืฉื•. ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื•ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจืกื•ื. ืคืขื ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืจื‘ ืฉืš, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•: "ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš - ืืชื” ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”". ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื”' ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื• ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ื”, ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื”.
  5. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชืจืค"ื• ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงืœืฆืง ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื). ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืจืก"ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืกืœื•ืฆืง, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก. ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ืื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง (ื”ื’ืจื™"ื–) ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืจื™"ื– ืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื’ืจื™"ื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื•ื“, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืžืจ "ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข". ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื™ืฉืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉืจืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“" ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืœืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืŸ" ื•ื‘ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ ื’ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”‏, ื•ื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ "ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ("ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ื—ืœืง ื', ืขืž' 410). ืžืืžืจื• "ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•" ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ื ืกื• ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ : ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”". ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื–' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื˜"ื•. ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื” ื‘'ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื”', ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ืชืฉื "ื, "ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”", ืขืž' 512-498; 'ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”' ื’', 'ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืฅ ื–"ืœ', ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื—ื™ ืจืื™", ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ืชืฉื "ื”, ืขืž' 429-423.
  6. โ†‘ ื—ืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืชื ื•. ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ืžืœื–ื›ืจื• ื ืขืจืš ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ "ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ" ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื•. ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื ืงืกื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื ืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ื‘ื• ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืจ"ืก ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœ"ื‘.
  7. โ†‘ ืœืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืจืžืฆ'ื•ืง ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื” (ืฉื”ืชื” ืฉื ืชืจืค"ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืงืžื ื™ืฅ). ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืค"ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืงื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”. ื”ืชื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 4 ืžืื‘ื™ื•. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจืžื ืฆ'ื•ื’ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืืš ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื ืืกืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืจืื‘"ื“ ืจืืงื•ื‘, ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ื•ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง". ื‘ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ". ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”'-ื—'. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื". ืœืžื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”"ืœืฉื ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืื—ืœืžื”". ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืŸ ื™ืกื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืœืžื“ ื“ืขืช" ืขืœ ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช "ืœืžื“ ื“ืขืช :... ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ืื’ื“ื”, ืžื•ืกืจ", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืœืžื“ ื“ืขืช - ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื "ื’.
  8. โ†‘ *ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™ - ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืก"ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ืžื™ืืฅ' (ื›ื™ื•ื ืชืช-ืžื—ื•ื–) ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืง ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœืืžื• ื’ื™ื ืกื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคื‘ื–ื ืจ), ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืจืข"ื” ื ื“ื“ ื”"ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื" ืžืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืžื™ืืฅ' ื›-3 ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ืืกืฃ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—"ื— ืœืกืžื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื•ืžืื– ืœื ืคื’ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ื ื“ื“ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื•ืกืจืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื ืกืงื™. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ืฉืืฃ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื•ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืค"ื” ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืงโ€ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื˜ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘". ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืขื™ืžื• ืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช, ืœืงื— ืขื™ืžื• ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืชืจืค"ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžืฉื ื“ืจื•ื‘ ืœืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืชืจืค"ื— ื ื™ืฉื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื) ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ืฉ-ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืกื— ืคืจื ืง ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœืฆืจ. ื‘ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš 29 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื—. ื‘ืชืจืฆ"ื‘ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืž"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžืคืจื™ื–, ื•ื›ืŸ "ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื”" ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”". ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื”. ืขืกืง ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘", ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื—ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืชืจื•ืžืช ื—ืœื”" ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช, "ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜", "ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”" ื•"ืžืฉื ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื" (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช), ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืกืžืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ื˜. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 44 ืขื ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื•ืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื˜"ื–, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 52, ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ "ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื•" ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœ"ื”. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื›ืจื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", "ืงื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”", "ืชื•ืจืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", "ื ืขื", "ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”", "ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืŸ" ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืจืกื ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ "ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ". ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื. ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ 72 ืฉื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื™ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช). ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ" ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื•.
  9. โ†‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืงื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื’ืจื "ื˜, ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืฉืงื“ืŸ ื›ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืืžืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง : ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื•"ืืžืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉืœ"ื“.
  10. โ†‘ ืœืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื“ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืงื•ืค (ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื˜ืœื–), ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื‘ืงืžื ื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ. ื ืกืข ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ "ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืคืกื—" ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืžื‘"ื, "ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜" ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœืจืžื‘"ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื•), ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื, "ื—ื›ืžืช ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ" - ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื "ื– ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง" - ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื "ื”), ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” "ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉ"ืŸ) ื•"ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื).
  11. โ†‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›"ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืก"ื˜ ื‘ืกืœื•ืฆืง ืœืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืจืืœื™ื˜, ืจืื‘"ื“ ืงื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื•ืœืžื“ ืฉื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื‘ืจืžืกืงื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืœืžื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืกื’ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื" ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ (ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืชืŸ" ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื–ืก (ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื). ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจ"ืฆ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ ืืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื) ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื“ืžื™ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ "ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื‘ื•ืœ"). ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช) ื”ื ืคื ื• ืœืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืœืžืก ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช) ืฉื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœืžืก ืงื™ื™ื ืœื”ื "ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื" ื•ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืคื ื• ื•ืกืขื• ืœื›ื ื•ื‘ืื• ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื' ื•'). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืš. ื‘ื›"ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆ"ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืจื•ืกื™ ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื’ ื”ื ื›ื™ืกื• ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ื“ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ ื ืชืคืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ื ืคื ื• ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฉื™ื ืฆืœ ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ื•ื™ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช "ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื" (ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”). ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ืขื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื™ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฅ, ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืคื ื™ื™ืชื ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืคืขืœ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื’ืจืชื ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื“ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืขื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืจืฆ"ื“. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฉื™ืชืคื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื—-ืชืฉื›"ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” (ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง), ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉื›"ื”-ืชืฉ"ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘". ื‘ืชืฉืž"ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ืœืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื‘. ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช "ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” : ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื›ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื"; ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืกื—; ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื; "ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" (ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืืžืจื™ื, ื ืื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ); "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”'" (ืœืงื˜ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช); "ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ" (ืžืืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”); "ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื”" (ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”); "ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ" (ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื); "ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™" (ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื•"ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”); "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ" (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘'); "ืฉืืœื• ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" (ืœืงื˜ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืขืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘' ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ 'ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”'); "ืฉื™ื— ืฉืื•ืœ" (ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื”); "ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ืœืงื˜ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขืจืš). ื ืคื˜ืจ ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื”.
  12. โ†‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช "ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื•ืจืฉื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงืœืฆืง ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" ื‘ืงืžื ื™ืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืคื”.
  13. โ†‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ื”ืฉื’ืช ืืฉืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื‘ืจืžืกืงื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื. ืœืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืืš ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืชืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจืงื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืงื•ื. ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืจื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื™ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื". ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืจื“ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื ืจ ืœืฉืžืขื™ื”" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืื ืŸ (ืจื‘ ื•ื“ื™ื™ืŸ), ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉืœ"ื˜, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘'ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”' ื’', ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื—ื™ ืจืื™", ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื”, ืชืฉื "ื”.
  14. โ†‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืื™ืจ : ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”" (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื›"ื–; "ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื”"; "ืฉืขืจื™ ืžืื™ืจ : ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" (ื™ืฆื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื' ืขืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกื—, ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืœื”), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื’; ื•'ืฉืขืจื™ ืžืื™ืจ : ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉ"ืก ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื'.
  15. โ†‘ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื—ื“ื• ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื”' ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคืจืง ืœืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื•ืŸ-ื™ื—ื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื ื ืงื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื‘'ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”' ื•ื‘'ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”' ื—ืœืง ื’'.
  16. โ†‘ (ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื•ืจืฉื”" ื—ืœืง ื'; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื™, "ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—" ืขืž' 61-62; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจ 'ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”'.
  17. โ†‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ; ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื, ื ืกืคื— ืฉื ื™.
  18. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” - http://www.bishvilhanshama.wip.co.il/
ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜: ื”ืชื’ <ref> ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื "ื—ืจื•ืช" ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ึพ<references> ื‘ืฉื "" ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ.