ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
(ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื)
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื
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ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื” ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืข"ื
ืชืืจื™ืš ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืก"ื—
ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช
ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ื”ืœื›ื”, ืชืœืžื•ื“,ืืžื•ื ื”,ื’ืื•ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ,ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืกื— ืคืจื ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืกืจื ื
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื (ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• "ืจึตื‘ ืื‘ืจื•ื") ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืจืข"ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ื•ืื™ืžื• ื”ืขื ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฆืืฆืื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื›ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื. ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” "ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื" ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื".ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜, ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื“ ืื– ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉืœืฉื” ืกื“ืจื™ ืฉ"ืก ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืฉืงื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืกืคืกืœ. ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืื™ืชื•.

ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื” ืคืขืจืœ ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืืœื™ื”. ื›ืฉื ื—ืœืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื•, ื›ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ื” ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื˜"ื– ื ืชืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื–'ื•ืœื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื“ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืขืœ ื”'ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ'. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืž ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ (ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™), ื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™).

ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982), ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื’ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื™ื™ืกื“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืคืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืคืกืง ืคืกืงื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื›ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื•ืช[1], ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืืœืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื "ื’ ื’ืžืจ ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•) ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช.

ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื—, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”. ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ).

ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘. ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืžืŸ

ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื‘ืœื˜ ืžืื“ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’[2], ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืœื›ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”" ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื[3]. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืคืชื™ืœ ืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื”[4].

ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ืงืžืชื ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ืจืื” ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื”"ืจ ืขื“ ืชืฉื "ื’, ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืช"ื— ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฆืžื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• - ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” - ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืœืคืœื’ ื•ืœื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื–ื”".

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช "ืœืืกื•ืงื™ ืฉืžืขืขืชื ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื”ืœื›ืชื". ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื”(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ื›ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืœืคืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืขื“ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืจื"ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืžืจ: "ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื–ื”"[5]. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ"ืก ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ"ืก ืขื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืื•ืŸ.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื“ืคื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข (ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืื– ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“[6]).

ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื”, ืกืคืจื™ ืจืขืง"ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื ืžืงื ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”[7], ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ[8]. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื”.

ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื—ืื•ืช ื•ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืคืจืกื ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ (ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•), ื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ: "ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื ืข"ืž ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื“ืช ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื”... ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืฃ ืื“ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืชื”... ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื ืงื”, ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื: "ืจืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืคืกืงื™ื”ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืช"ืช ืค"ื” ื”"ื“): 'ืจืฉืข ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืก ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื”..." ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™: "ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืคืกืงื• ืœื”ื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื”, ืื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ"[9].ืœืคืกืง ื–ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช‏[10]. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื[11].

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืจืช. ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช "ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื"ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงืœื ื™ ืžืจืืฉ ืงืœื ื™ ืžื–ืจื•ืขื™[12], ื•ื“' ื™ืจื—ื"[13].

ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•. ื›ื— ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, (ืขื“ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื”ื• ืฉื›ื ื• ืœืกืคืกืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš), ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” (ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ื‘ืจืš ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ืขืฆื”, ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื• ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ืžืจ "ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืชื" ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื•.

ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื


|ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื


|ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื

|ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืจ"ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืกืคืจื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉืคื™ืจื - ืกื“ืจืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉ"ืก ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช: ืฉื‘ืช, ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช, ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ื“ืจื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื, ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื, ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื•ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ.
  • ืžื ื—ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื - ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื).
  • ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–' ืฉื”ื”ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
  • ืžื•ืจืฉื” (ื—ืœืง ื') - ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืขื”.
  • ืขืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ืคืฅ- ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื.
  • ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ- ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ืœ.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืคืจื–ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช- ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื•.
ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•
  • ืืžืจื™ ืฉืคืจ - ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, 'ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช' ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื“ื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื“ื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื“ื‘ืจืš - ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ืข
  • ืžื•ืจืฉื” (ื—ืœืง ื‘') - ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื.
  • ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื" - ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื.
  • ืžืขืžืง ืื‘ืจื”ื- ืื”ืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื- ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“- ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื.
  • ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืจื™ื’ืœื- ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื–ื›ืจื” ืœืจืฆื™"ื”
  • ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื- ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”


ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ
ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื:
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•
ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง
ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื:
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ืืชื—ืœืชื ื”ื™ื- ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื– ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”' ื—ืœืง ื‘.
  • ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžืชื•ืš "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื- ื‘ื˜ืื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ื•' ืขืž' 267-289.
  • ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ- ื‘ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื—, ืชืฉืข"ื’ ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจื•.
  • ืืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™: ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคื“ ืขืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืจืขื ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ื™-ื ืชืฉืก"ื—.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ
  2. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื—ืœืง ื™ื— ืขืž' 657-661 ื•ืขื•ื“.
  3. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืกืคื“ื• ืœืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื ื“ืคืก ื‘"ืžื•ืจืฉื”" ื”ื—ืœ ืžืขืž' ื™ื–, ื•ืขื•ื“
  4. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ ื–ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื”ืจืจื™, ื‘ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืœืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ื— ืขืž' 660.
  5. โ†‘ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ื— ืขืž' 657.
  6. โ†‘ ืžืคื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื’ืืœ ืœืจืจ
  7. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืจืฉื”, ืขืž' ืขื˜-ืคื”.
  8. โ†‘ "ืืžืจื™ ืฉืคืจ" ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื“ื•ืŸ; ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ื— ืขืž' 658-659. ื•ืจืื” ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืื™"ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ "ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืกืชืžืš ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง.
  9. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืœื‘ืฆืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืขืžื™ื˜ืœ ื‘"ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืืจืฅ" ื™"ื—, ืขืž' 294-336.
  10. โ†‘ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ,ืขืจื•ืฅ 7
  11. โ†‘ ืฉื
  12. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื• ื)
  13. โ†‘ ืžื ื—ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืœืง ื’ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื— (ืขืž' ืงืคื’)
  14. โ†‘ http://www.kiryatmoshe.co.il/ืจืืฉ-ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ