ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
(ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ืฉื‘)
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”:" ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึฐื’ื•ึผืจึตื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ" (ืœ"ื–,ื'). ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืŸ 17 ืฉื ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 22 ืฉื ื”.[1]

ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื“ ืขืœื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืž"ืขืžืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ืืœ "ืฉื›ื" -"ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช" [2] . ืื—ื™ื• ืžืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื• ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืฅ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืžื•ืจื“ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ึท" (ืœ"ื˜,ื‘'). ืืš ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœ"ื‘ื•ืจ" - ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืžืฆืจื™.

ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ืขื“ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืคึธึผืจึถืฅ ืœืชืžืจ, ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืจื•ืช:"ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืชึผื•ึนืœึฐื“ื•ึนืช ืคึธึผืจึถืฅ ืคึถึผืจึถืฅ ... ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึทืื™ ื”ื•ึนืœึดื™ื“ ืึถืช-ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“" (ื“,ื™"ื—-ื›"ื‘) ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš

ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก:"ื›ึนึผื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืขึทืœ-ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึธืื” ืคึดึผืฉึฐืืขึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืœึนื ืึฒืฉึดืื™ื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืขึทืœ-ืžึดื›ึฐืจึธื ื‘ึทึผื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื ึทืขึฒืœึธื™ึดื " (ื‘',ื•'). ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช "ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ".

ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืื– ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื :"ืจื ื™ ื•ืฉืžื—ื™, ื‘ืช-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™-ื‘ื ื•ืฉื›ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš, ื ืื-ื”'" ([[ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”]], ื‘, ื™"ื“).

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช - ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” "ืืœื•ืžื•ืช", ื’ืื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื”ื, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆืืŸ. ื”ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื, ืขืœ "ื”ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•" ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื”. ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ : ืฉ"ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ (ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช) ืžืœื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืงื ืื•ื”ื•, ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื• "ื”ึฒื‘ื•ึนื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึดืžึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึนืช ืœึฐืšึธ ืึธืจึฐืฆึธื”" (ืœ"ื–,ื™'), ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืš ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ". ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืงื ืื•ื”ื• - ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
  2. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื›ื - ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ "ืื™ืฉ" - ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ[3]. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ:"ืžึทื”-ืชึฐึผื‘ึทืงึตึผืฉื ?". ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื™ื‘:"ืึถืช-ืึทื—ึทื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐื‘ึทืงึตึผืฉื". ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” - ื‘ืฉื›ื. ืืš ื”ืžืœืืš ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ :"ื ึธืกึฐืขื•ึผ ืžึดื–ึถึผื”" - ื”ืกื™ืขื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ื•ื” ืŸืœื ืจืง ื–ื” :"ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืš ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื”ื" - ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชืš.
  3. ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” "ืœึทื”ึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน" (ื™"ื˜). ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ:"ืœื ื ื›ื ื• ื ืคืฉ" ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ "ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืขืœื ื• ืžืฉื, ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืœื ื™ืชืœื” ื”ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™". ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื ืฆ"ื–). ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื”, ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืŸืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื, ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื - ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ.ื•ื–ืืช ื ืจืžื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืคืกื™"ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ "ืขืœ ืฉื ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืœืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ ื•ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื".
  4. ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— - ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื“ื•ืœื. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ืขื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•" ื›ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช"(ื›"ื˜}
    ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืงื• ื•ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืชื•. ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืงื• ื•ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืชื•.ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืงื• ื•ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืชื•.
    ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ืœื™ืงื— ืœื• ืืฉื”.
    ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืง, ื‘ื•ืจื ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—". ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืคึธึผืจึถืฅ , ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” "ื™ึดืฉึทืื™ ืึฒื‘ึดื™ ื“ึธื•ึดื“" - ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš (ืกืคืจ ืจื•ืช, ื“', ื™"ื—- ื›"ื‘).
  5. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ - ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ืžืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจ "ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื”ื•ึผื ืขึนืฉึถื‚ื”, ื”' ืžึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน" (ืœ"ื˜,ื’'). ื’ื ืืฉืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืœื•:" ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืึตืฉึถืืช-ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ืึถืช-ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ื”ึธ ืึถืœ-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ืฉึดืื›ึฐื‘ึธื” ืขึดืžึดึผื™" (ื–'). ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ :"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ื—ึดื ึผื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ืฉึทื‚ืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช-ื”ึทืกึนึผื”ึทืจ" (ื›"ื). ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื:" ื‘ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”' ืึดืชึผื•ึน ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื”ื•ึผื ืขึนืฉึถื‚ื” ื”' ืžึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ึท" (ื›"ื’).
  6. ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื - ื”ื ืคืชื— ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”: ืœืฉืจ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื‘ื ืชืœื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืคืกื™ืžื™ืช:"ื•ึฐืœึนื ื–ึธื›ึทืจ ืฉึทื‚ืจ-ื”ึทืžึทึผืฉึฐืืงึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผื—ึตื”ื•ึผ" (ืž',ื›"ื’). ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืจืกืŸ, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืงืฅ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคืจืขื”: ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ - ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœืžื”. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ: ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฅ : ื ืขืจ - ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”:ืขื‘ืจื™ -ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ:ืขื‘ื“ - ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืžื•ืกื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ืœืš ื•ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื.

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื :"ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึธื”ึทื‘ ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ-ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึถืŸ-ื–ึฐืงึปื ึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ืœื•ึน" (ืœ"ื–,ื’'). ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœืžืจื—ื•ืง ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขื ื”. ื’ื‘' ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ื– ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชื "ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื• ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื™ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจึนืขื” ืืช-ืึถื—ึธื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฆืืŸ. ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื•, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื”ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื›ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช), ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื—ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื’ื ืœืื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืื“ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ืืœ ืจื•ื ื›ืก ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืื– ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช .

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื›ืขื‘ื“ - ื›-ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” - ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช [4], ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜. ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ [5] . ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐื›ึนึผืจ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืึตืช ื”ึทื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธืœึทื ืœึธื”ึถื" (ืž"ื‘,ื˜') โ€“ ืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื—ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืจืง ืœืžืขื ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืจึนืขึตื” ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึทืึฒื–ึดื™ื ึธื” ื ึนื”ึตื’ ื›ึทึผืฆึนึผืืŸ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืจื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื ื”ื•ึนืคึดื™ืขึธื”" (ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืค',ื‘').

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืงืจื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืื” ื”ื™ื•ืงื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช:

  1. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืขื” ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืœื”ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืœืคื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ืชื ืจืขื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื - ืจืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืœืื” ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืžื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื“ื“ (ืœ"ื–, ื‘'). ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ื“ื‘ื‘" ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืœืื™ื˜ื•" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” "ื“ื‘ืชื ืจืขื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• - ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื - ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืจืขืชื. ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืžืกื›ื:"ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
  2. ืื‘ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื.(ืฉื,ื’',ื“') [6]. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื“ืคืชื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื• "ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื", ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืœื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช :"ื›ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื—ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• ืœืฉืจืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืœื ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืชื• ืœื–ืงื•ื ื™ื•"
  3. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. (ืฉื,ื”',ื—')
  4. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืžื• ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื• ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืื—ื™ื.
  5. ื”(ืจื“"ืฆ) ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืœืื” ืื™ืžื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื™.
  6. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช ืœืฉื ืื”. ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจืื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื™ืกืงื™ ื”ืฆืืŸ. ืคืจืฉืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึตื ื™ื•ืกึตืฃ ืึถืช ื“ึดึผื‘ึธึผืชึธื ืจึธืขึธื” ื›ืš :" ื‘ึฐึผืึธืžึฐืจื• ืœึฐืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ืฉึถืืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื˜ื•ืขึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึทืคึฐืกึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผื‘ึฐืœึดื™ ื“ึทึผืขึทืช ื›ึธึผืจึธืื•ึผื™ ื‘ึดึผืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืงึฐื ึถื”, ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืึธื– ืขึดืงึทึผืจ ื”ึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื“ึฐึผืœื•ึผืชึธื ื‘ึดึผืงึฐื ึดื™ึทึผืช ืขืฉึถืืจ ื•ึผื ึฐื›ึธืกึดื™ื."

ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื ืื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื "ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื". ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืฆื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื“"ืœ ืžืคืจืฉ :"ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื ืืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ืจ ื ื‘ื ืฆืœ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื• ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ:"ื•ื™ืชื ื›ืœื• ืืชื• ืœื”ืžื™ืชื•" (ืœ"ื–,ื™"ื—). ื”ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ืงื ืื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ "ืจื•ื“ืฃ". ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš. ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื—ื• ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื:ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง:ื™ืขืจื‘ ื•ืขืฉื™ืŸ - ื”ืื—ื“ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืื• ื”ืฉืืจ) ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ืจื‘ ื ื‘ื ืฆืœ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืจืื™ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื“ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข:"...ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื›ืœ ืœื—ื" (ืœ"ื–,ื›"ื—). ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื›ื“ื• ืืช ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื“ื ื• ืœืžื™ืชื” (ืžืกื›ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช, ืก"ื’,ื"). ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ืš ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื™ื ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื•.

ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืคืจืฉืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒืœึนื ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื•ึทื™ึทึผื’ึตึผื“ ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื™ื• (ืœ"ื–,ื”'):"ื—ืœื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืฆืœ ืคืจืขื”:"ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึดืฉึธึผืื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืึถืœ-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืคึทึผืขึฒืžึธื™ึดื ื›ึดึผื™-ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืžึตืขึดื ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ืชื•ึน"(ืž"ื,ืœ"ื‘).

  1. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ :"ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒืœึนื ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื•ึทื™ึทึผื’ึตึผื“ ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืกึดืคื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืฉึฐื‚ื ึนื ืึนืชื•ึน" (ืœ"ื–,ื”') ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•:"ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ-ื ึธื ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธืœึธืžึฐืชึดึผื™: ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ืžึฐืึทืœึฐึผืžึดื™ื ืึฒืœึปืžึดึผื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืงึธืžึธื” ืึฒืœึปืžึธึผืชึดื™ ื•ึฐื’ึทื-ื ึดืฆึธึผื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืชึฐืกึปื‘ึถึผื™ื ึธื” ืึฒืœึปืžึนึผืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึถื™ืŸึธ ืœึทืึฒืœึปืžึธึผืชึดื™. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื”ึฒืžึธืœึนืšึฐ ืชึดึผืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึดื-ืžึธืฉืื•ึนืœ ืชึดึผืžึฐืฉึนืืœ ื‘ึธึผื ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืกึดืคื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืฉึฐื‚ื ึนื ืึนืชื•ึน ืขึทืœ-ื—ึฒืœึนืžึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึธื™ื•: (ืฉื,ื•',ื—').
    ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื” ื”ืจื’ื™ื– ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ืขืœ ื“"ื” ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื ึธื ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” " ืœื ื“ึทึผื™ ืฉึถืืกึดึผืคึตึผืจ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ื›ึดึผื™ ื’ึทึผื ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื "ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื ึธื", ื›ึฐึผืœื•ืžึทืจ ื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ื•ืจึธืึทืช ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ! ื•ึผื‘ึธื–ึถื” ื”ื•ืกึดื™ืฃ ืœึฐื”ึทื˜ึดึผื™ืœ ืึตื™ื‘ึทืช ืึถื—ึธื™ื• ืขึธืœึธื™ื•, ื›ึฐึผืžื• ืฉึถืืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ "ื”ึฒืžึธืœืšึฐ ืชึดึผืžึฐืœืšึฐ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ" (ืคืกื•ืง ื—).
    ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื ึดืฆึธึผื‘ึธื” "ื”ื•ืจึธื” ืฉึถืืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืžึถืžึฐืฉึทืืœึฐืชึผื• ืงึทื™ึถึผืžึถืช ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืึธืจืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื”ึธื™ึธื”, ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ืžึธืœึทืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืžื•ื ึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื”, ืœื ื ึทืขึฒืฉึธื‚ื” ื›ึตึผืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผืžึฐืœึธื›ื•ืช ื”ึทื ึดึผื–ึฐื›ึธึผืจื•ืช ื‘ึฐึผื›ึดืชึฐื‘ึตื™ ื”ึทืงึผื“ึถืฉื."
    ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืื” ืขึทืœ ื—ึฒืœืžืชึธื™ื• "ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผืจึธื˜ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ืฉึถืืกึดึผืคึตึผืจ ื›ึดึผืžึฐื™ึทื—ึตืœ ืฉึถืื™ึดึผืชึฐืงึทื™ึฐึผืžื•ึผ ื‘ึผื•". ื”(ืจื“"ืฆ) ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืจืžื– ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืกืงื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงืจื”.
  2. ื”ื—ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒืœึนื ืขื•ึนื“ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืึทื—ึตืจ ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ืึนืชื•ึน ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื—ึธืœึทืžึฐืชึดึผื™ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืขื•ึนื“ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื”ึทืฉึถึผืืžึถืฉื ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึธึผืจึตื—ึท ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทื“ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึดื™ื ืœึดื™. ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึดึผื’ึฐืขึทืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœื•ึน ืžึธื” ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธืœึธืžึฐืชึธึผ ื”ึฒื‘ื•ึนื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึดืžึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึนืช ืœึฐืšึธ ืึธืจึฐืฆึธื”" (ืฉื, ื˜'-ื™'). ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ึฐืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ืฉึธืืžึทืจ. ืฉึถืื—ึธืฉึทืื‘ ืฉึถืื™ึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ืึฒืžึดืชึดึผื™, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึดืชึฐืึทื•ึถึผื” ื•ึผืžึฐืฆึทืคึถึผื” ืฉึถืื™ึดึผืชึฐืงึทื™ึตึผื, ื›ึฐึผืึธืžึฐืจึธื ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ื ึธื ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”: ื‘ึทึผื›ึผืœ ืึธื“ึธื ืžึดืชึฐืงึทื ึตึผื ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื ื• ื•ึฐืชึทืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื”, ื‘) - ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื.

ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึฐึผืจึทื‘ึทึผื ึฐืึตืœ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื ืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื• ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ื“ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื”ื. ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ,ื™ืชืฉื—ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืืœืžืชื™".
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื• ืจื•ืžื– ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ื•ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื• ืขืžื” ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื™ืกืฃ ื›ืžื•ื›ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ืž ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื• .

ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ื”, ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”"ื™ืจื—" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื™ืžื• ื•ื”ืจื™ ืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื ื›ืš ืœืžื” ื™ื™ืจืžื•ื– ื”ื—ืœื•ื. ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื‘ืœื”ื” ืฉืคื—ืช ืจื—ืœ "ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื• ื›ืืžื•". ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ "ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ืจืžื– ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ื• ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•". ืืš ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื— ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• :"ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืš, ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ". ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื ืืœื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’.

ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืžื›ืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื:

  1. "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผื—ึปื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืืœึดื›ื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทื‘ึนึผืจึธื”" (ืœ"ื–, ื›"ื“)
  2. "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึนืจึฐื—ึทืช ื™ึดืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึธื”" (ื›"ื”) - ืจืง ืจืื•.
  3. "ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐื›ึฐึผืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ืœึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื" (ื›"ื–) - ื”ืฆืขืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.
  4. "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืกึนื—ึฒืจึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึฐืฉึฐืื›ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืœื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจ" (ื›"ื—) - ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ .
  5. "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึฐื›ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืœึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื›ึธึผืกึถืฃ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื”" (ืฉื) - ืžื”ื ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืฆืจื™ื.
  6. "ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผื“ึธื ึดื™ื ืžึธื›ึฐืจื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืึถืœ-ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืœึฐืคื•ึนื˜ึดื™ืคึทืจ ืกึฐืจึดื™ืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืฉึทื‚ืจ ื”ึทื˜ึทึผื‘ึธึผื—ึดื™ื" (ืœ"ื•). ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื ื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืœื™ื.

ืคืจืฉืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืŸืžืกื‘ื™ืจ:ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื•ืขืง ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื”, ืŸื™ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžืกืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืืžื ื ื™ืŸืกืฃ ืื•ืžืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืืœ ืื—ื™ื•:"ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืจืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื ืืœื ืฉื’ืจืžืชื ืœื›ืš - ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžืžืฉ. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™:ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื” ืื›ืœืชื”ื•". ื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ืงืจื• ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืœื ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ืื›ืœืช ืื•ืชื•. ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ:" ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืžืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื“' ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื•ื”ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ื ื•ื ื—ื™ ืื• ืžืช". ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกืคืง, ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื™ืžื•.

ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™. ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ. ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืงื ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ื™ืžืฉืขืืœื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื›ื•ืฉื™" (ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื) ื™ื™ืžื›ืจื• "ื’ืจืžื ื™" (ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ - ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง). ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”"ื’ืจืžื ื™". ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื.

ื ื—ืžื” ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช - ืกืคืจื™ืช ืืœื™ื ืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ืš:ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฆื ืข ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืขื ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื’ื ื•ื‘ื”

ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืคืกืง ืœืคืชืข, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืกืงื”. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง:"ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผื“ึธื ึดื™ื ืžึธื›ึฐืจื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืึถืœ-ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืœึฐืคื•ึนื˜ึดื™ืคึทืจ ืกึฐืจึดื™ืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืฉึทื‚ืจ ื”ึทื˜ึทึผื‘ึธึผื—ึดื™ื"(ืœ"ื–,ืœ"ื•) ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš, ื›ืืœื• ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง :"ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื”ื•ึผืจึทื“ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐื ึตื”ื•ึผ ืคึผื•ึนื˜ึดื™ืคึทืจ ืกึฐืจึดื™ืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืฉึทื‚ืจ ื”ึทื˜ึทึผื‘ึธึผื—ึดื™ื ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึดื™ ืžึดื™ึทึผื“ ื”ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ื•ึนืจึดื“ึปื”ื•ึผ ืฉึธืืžึธึผื”"(ืœ"ื˜,ื').

ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื(ืœื—,ื') - "ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืืžืจ: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” - "ื•ื™ืจื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ื•ื™ืจื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ื”ื›ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจ -ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•:"ื”ึทื›ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืชึนื ึถืช ื‘ึดึผื ึฐืšึธ" (ืœ"ื–,ืœ"ื‘) ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ, ืชืžืจ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื—ืžื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: "ื”ึทื›ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ืœึฐืžึดื™ ื”ึทื—ึนืชึถืžึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐึผืชึดื™ืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึทึผื˜ึถึผื” ื”ึธืึตืœึถึผื”"(ืœ"ื—, ื›"ื”).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ "ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”":

  1. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื”ื• ืืช ื”ืืชื ืŸ:"ื’ึฐึผื“ึดื™-ืขึดื–ึดึผื™ื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ"(ืœ"ื—,ื™"ื–) ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื–ื•ื ื” - ื”ื™ื ืชืžืจ ื›ืœืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื‘ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ:"ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืชึดึผืงึทึผื—-ืœึธื”ึผ ืคึถึผืŸ ื ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื‘ื•ึผื–"

ื•ื”ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ืฉึฐื‚ืขึดื™ืจ ืขึดื–ึดึผื™ื ื•ึทื™ึดึผื˜ึฐื‘ึฐึผืœื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึปึผืชึนึผื ึถืช ื‘ึทึผื“ึธึผื"(ืœ"ื–, "ื). ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ:ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“"ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืืชื” ืจื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ืš ื‘ื’ื“ื™-ืขื–ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืš, ืฉืชืžืจ ืžืจืžื” ื‘ืš ื‘ื’ื“ื™-ืขื–ื™ื". ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” [7] ืžืฉืœื™ื "ื•ื™ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื–ื™ื" (ืœื– ืœื—) - ื•ืฉื™ืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื™ ืขื–ื™ื ) ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืจื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื™ื, "ื•ื™ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื ืช ื‘ื“ื".

  1. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืชืื›ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืขื ื›ืชืžื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื•:"ื”ึทื›ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืชึนื ึถืช ื‘ึดึผื ึฐืšึธ ื”ึดื•ื ืึดื-ืœึนื"(ืฉื, ืœ"ื‘). ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืชืžืจ, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืœื™ื• ืœืืžืจ:"ื”ึทื›ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ืœึฐืžึดื™ ื”ึทื—ึนืชึถืžึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐึผืชึดื™ืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึทึผื˜ึถึผื” ื”ึธืึตืœึถึผื”"(ืœ"ื—,ื›"ื”") ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ:"ืฆื“ืงื” ืžืžื ื™".

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื˜.

ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื• ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื“ืฉื” ื•ืืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื’ืจืฉื” ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืžืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื“ื•ืœื ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ืชืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ [8]) : "ืœืžื™ ื–ืืช ื ืจืฉืžืช / ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช / ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืคืชื™ืœื™ื? ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื“ืฉื” / ื•ืืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื’ืจืฉื” / ื•ื”ืืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉื” ื•ื ืกื• ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื".

ืžืกื›ื ื”ืจื‘ : "ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืžืจ ื•ื”' ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื’ื“ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžืช: ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืคืชื™ืœื™ื. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื: "ื”ื›ืจ ื ื"."

ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืฉืจ ื–ืืช ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”,ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืคืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื•ืžื”ืคืชื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืจื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ืฉื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื™ืื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉื ื• ื•ื™ื ื•ืกื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื.

ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” - ืคืจืง ืž' - ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื ืืžืจ: ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” - (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™) "ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืืจื•ืจื” (ืืฉืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ) ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืคื™ ื›ื•ืœื (ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื) ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืœื’ื ื•ืชื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืกื•ืจื—ื ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•(ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื) ืฉื™ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื (ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื) ื•ืœื ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืœืฆื“ื™ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื (ื•ืชื ื™ื— ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื•).

ื”ืคืจืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืืš ื’ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ื”ืื—ื“, ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžื ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื• ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืœืš, ื›ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•, ื—ื–ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืจื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข โ€โ€[9] ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™:" ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื’ืื•ืœื•ืช (ืฉืžื•ืช ื•) ืœื›ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื™ ื”' ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืœื™ ืœืขื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื™ ื•ื’ืืœืชื™ ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: "(1)ื•ึฐื›ื•ึนืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ึดื™ ื•ึธืึถืงึทึผื— ืึถืช-ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึธืึถืฉึฐื‚ื—ึทื˜ ืึนืชึธื ืึถืœ-(2)ื›ึผื•ึนืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื•ึธืึถืชึตึผืŸ ืึถืช-(3)ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืก ืขึทืœ-ื›ึทึผืฃ ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื”" (ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืž',ื™"ื) "ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึธึผ (4)ื›ื•ึนืก-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื›ึทึผืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึตื”ื•ึผ" (ื™"ื’). ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• - ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื’ืื•ืœื”" - "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ (5)ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืก ืขึทืœ-ื›ึทึผืฃ ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื”"(ื›"ื).

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ? ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ื“ ?

ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืกืœืื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืข โ€โ€[10] ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ "ืืจื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”" ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืž"ืืจื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”", ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืืจื‘ืข" ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฉืงื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคืจืฉืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง.

ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื—ื•ื•ืชื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• : "(ื•)ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื" (ืœ"ื–, ื“'). ื•ืžืกืงื ืชื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืชืžืจ ื›ืœืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื” - ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• - ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจึตืคื” (ืœ"ื—, ื›"ื“). ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืœืฆื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืชื.

ื“ืจ' ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• 'ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘: " ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืืœื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื›ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื• ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืœืฉืขื”, ืืš ืชื•ืฆืืชืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ."

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื”ืคื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ - ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” "ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื" ื•"ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื", ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• "ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช" ื•"ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจื”" ื›ืื—ืช

ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœืžื“ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื - ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื".

  • "ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘" - ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื”. ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืืœื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.(ืจืฉ"ื™).
  • ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืกื™ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื: ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืœืขื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ('ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืœืขื™ื' ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ื ืงื˜; ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™: ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืคืกื™ื - ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืก ื™ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœืช, ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ืช) ืฉื ืชืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• - ื ืชืงื ืื• ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื.
  • "ื•ื™ืกืคืจ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•" - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื.
  • ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื -ืžืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื, ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื? ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•. ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื™ืง - ืžืžื” ?
  • "ื•ื’ืžืœื™ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืื•ืช - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืœื ื ืคื˜ ื•ืขื˜ืจืŸ ืฉืจื™ื—ืŸ ืจืข. ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ืžื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื.
  • "ื•ึทื™ึฐืžึธืึตืŸ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื ึทื—ึตื" (ืœ"ื–,ืœ"ื”) - ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืช ืžืฉืชื›ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:"ื ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ื›ืžืช ืžืœื‘".
  • "ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•" - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืงืจื•ื ืœื—ืชื ื• ื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื›ืœืชื• ื‘ืชื•:
  • ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื™: ื ื•ื— ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืคื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ื•ืืœ ื™ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื' โ€“ ืžื ืœืŸ? ืžืชืžืจ (ืืฃ ื–ื• - ื ื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืฃ ื•ืืœ ืชืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื•, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื•: ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื’ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ื’ืœื”, ื•ืื ืœืื• - ืชืฉืจืฃ ื•ืœื ืชื’ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ). (ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื˜ื”ื™',ื‘')

ืจืžื– ืœื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืœืœื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืจืžื– ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ืœื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืžื”ืคืจืฉื” :" "ื”ืœื ืื—ื™ืš ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ืœื›ื” ื•ืืฉืœื—ืš ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื ื ื™... ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื”ื• ืžืขืžืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื”. ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื ื” ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”... ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ" (ืœ"ื–,ื™"ื’-ื˜"ื–)

ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“, ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื”'ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช' (ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜)? ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืžื™ื“: 'ื”ื ื ื™!' (ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜)? ืžื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืœื ื ื™ื“ ืขืคืขืฃ "ืžืขืžืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" - ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจ "ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื•" ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ - ืืœ 'ืฉื›ื' ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ืช ืœืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช (ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื)? ื•ื•ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ: ืžื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื - ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ "ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื™ื•"? ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืœืชืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—: "ืืช ืื—ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ืจื•ืขื™ื" (ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜)?

ื•ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ (ื›ืจืš ืœื” ืขืž' 169. ืžืขื•ื‘ื“):

"ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื‘ื? ื”ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ืš? ื•ืขื•ื“: ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ "ืœืš ืจืื”... ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ". ื•ื”ืœื ืื ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ ืื• ื™ื•ืฉืœืš ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื ื•? ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ-ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื™ืกื•ื”"ืช ื”,ื“) ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช 'ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ืจื’': "ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืกื™ื“, ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืš, ืจืฉืื™ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื”". ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื‘... ืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• 'ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•' ืฉืžืกืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉึทืžึตืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื•, ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ."

ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช


ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉืจื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ืžืชืœืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื–ื• ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืจืื™:"ื•ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืžื›ืจื•".([[ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช]], ื›"ื, ื˜"ื–)


ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืžืŸืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช : ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืชืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื›ื™ื ืื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื, ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื. , ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืงื™ื ื” ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื”, ื”ื ืืžืจืช ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืงื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืข"ืค ื"ื‘. ื•ืื—"ื› ื—ืชื•ื ืฉื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื–ืง:

ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ "ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื”" โ€“ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช[11]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜: "ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืœื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืคืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืืœื ื‘ื ื• ? ื”ืžืœืืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ, ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžืฉื™ื‘:"ืฉืžื™ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืคื•ืจืข ืžื›ื". ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ ื›ืืฉืจ :" ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžืจื” ืื ืืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ืื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื•."

ื”ืคื˜ืจื”- ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ: "ื›ึนึผื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืขึทืœ-ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึธืื” ืคึดึผืฉึฐืืขึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืœึนื ืึฒืฉึดืื™ื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืขึทืœ-ืžึดื›ึฐืจึธื ื‘ึทึผื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื ึทืขึฒืœึธื™ึดื " (ื‘',ื•').

ืขืžื•ืก ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ .ื™ืจื‘ืขื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš 41 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื”. ืขืžื•ืก ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืคืข ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื’ื•ื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.

ื‘ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืขืžื•ืก ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ "ืจึทืง ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึตึผืŸ ืึถืคึฐืงึนื“ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึฒื•โ€ึนื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื". ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”' "ื™ื•ื“ืข", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ (ืจืฉ"ื™), ื‘ื•ื—ืจ (ืจื“"ืง) ืื• ืžืฉื’ื™ื— (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื), ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืžื›ืขื™ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื- "ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื›ืขื•ืก ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•" (ืจื“"ืง).

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘"ื”ึฒื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึธึผื• ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึดื ื ื•ึนืขึธื“ื•ึผ". ืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื–ืœื–ืœื• ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืื’ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื˜ืจืคื•, ื›ืš ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื• ืืœื ืื ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืžืœืคื ื™ื•. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื›ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื ื›ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืžืืช ื”' ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื”. ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื™ืฉืื’ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืคื— ืืฃ ืœืœื ืžื•ืงืฉ- ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืืœื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ืœืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ :" ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™: ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆืคื” ืื“ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื”"- ([[ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช]], ื "ื”,ื‘') ืœืคื™ื” ,ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ืขื“ 22 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 30 ื‘ืขืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ 2 ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืขื‘ ื•-7 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
  2. โ†‘ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™:" ืฉื ืงืœืงืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ืขื ื• ืืช ื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ื ื—ืœืงื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“
  3. โ†‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื˜', ื›"ื) "ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ"
  4. โ†‘ ื–ืืช ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื›ืฉื ืชืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืืช ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—ืกืžื ื•ืืช ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื, "ืฉืœื— ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•, ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืฉืœื— ื•ื‘ืื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื ืฉืฉืจืจื” ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื? ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื!" (ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™, ื- ื‘).
  5. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ืคืจ ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื•
  6. โ†‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘',ื™"ื’,ื™"ื— ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ื ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ (ืงืคื) ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืช"ื™ ื‘ื’ื ื–ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
  8. โ†‘ ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”
  9. โ†‘ โ€ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื :ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืโ€
  10. โ†‘ โ€ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ โ€
  11. โ†‘ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื (ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ืขืžื•ื“ ืชืœื˜ ื“"ื” ื›ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช

ืชืœ ื“ื•ืชืŸ - ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 1894 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 1946

  • Dothan, where Joseph was sold by his brethren American Colony, Jerusalem.jpg
  • ื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืžืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ

    ื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืžืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ

  • ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ


ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื—, ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ืฉืœื—, ื•ื™ืฉื‘, ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื™ื’ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื™

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืืจื, ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื—, ื™ืชืจื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื, ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ, ืคืงื•ื“ื™

ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืฆื•, ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืชื–ืจื™ืข, ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืฉืœื—, ืงืจื—, ื—ืงืช, ื‘ืœืง, ืคื™ื ื—ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™

ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืขืงื‘, ืจืื”, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ื›ึดึผื™-ืชึธื‘ื•ึนื, ื ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœืš, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืคืจืฉืช_ื•ื™ืฉื‘&oldid=150102"