ืคืจืฉืช ืžืงืฅ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

๏ปฟ

ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, Shakko

ืคืจืฉืช ืžืงืฅ ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืžึดืงึตึผืฅ ืฉึฐืื ึธืชึทื™ึดื ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึผืคึทืจึฐืขึนื” ื—ึนืœึตื ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึนืžึตื“ ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึฐืึนืจ" (ืž"ื,ื'). ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื›ืชื‘:" ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชื‘ืŸ. ื›ืš ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื" [1] . ืืš ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘: "ืึทืชึธึผื” ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืขึทืœ-ื‘ึตึผื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ืคึดึผื™ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉึทึผืืง ื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ืจึทืง ื”ึทื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ืึถื’ึฐื“ึทึผืœ ืžึดืžึถึผืšึธึผ" (ืž'). ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืขื•ืช.

ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืขืฉืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื• (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ - ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื) ืœืจื“ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื— ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืœื™ืฉืžืขืœื™ื™ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืฆืœื• ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ืจืขื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื™ "ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ืžื•ึผื‘ึธืึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื’ึนึผืœึตืœ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึทืช ืึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื—ึฒืžึนืจึตื™ื ื•ึผ" (ืž"ื’,ื™"ื—) - ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื ืงื˜ืขืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืชื—.

ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 2229 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” "ืžืงืฅ" ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืขื‘.

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ืชืื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคืจืขื” - ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื•ืžืจ :"ื—ืœื•ืค ืคืจืขื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื"(ื›"ื”). ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืคืจื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืจืขื•ืช "ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช" - ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืจืื”. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฆื ื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ืงื“ื™ื "ื‘ื•ืœืขื•ืช" - ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
  2. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื - ืคืจืขื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื "ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงื•ืจืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื" (ืจืฉ"ื™). ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืคืจืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื...ืคืขืžื™ื™ื...ื•ืžืžื”ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•" (ืœ"ื’).
  3. ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉื ื”- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื•ืคืจืขื” ืงื•ื‘ืข:"ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื•ืš" (ืœ"ื˜) . ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืืฃ ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ืฉื” ืืกื ืช ื‘ืช ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืคืจืข ื›ื”ืŸ - ืžืจืงืข ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื: ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืฉื”. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘. ื•ื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ื (ื "ื”).
  4. ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘"ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช" - ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืฉื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืš "ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ืžื•ืช" (ืž"ื‘, ื‘'). ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื: ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืจืง ืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืื— ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ.
  5. ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื ืขืฆืจ ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช "ืฆืจืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื•" (ืž"ื‘, ื›"ื). ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื›ืœ "ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื" (ืž"ื‘, ื›"ื’).
  6. ืื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื–ื•ืŸื”ื‘ื™ืชื” - ื”ืื—ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืจื“ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘. ื”ืจืขื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืจื‘ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
  7. ื—ืŸืกืฃ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื - ื”ืคืขื ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื "ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ". ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ืŸืžื›ืจื™ื– "ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœืชื™ ืฉื›ืœืชื™" (ื˜"ื•). ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืจื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ืืชื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืœื›ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ื•ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”.

ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืชืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช - ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืคื˜ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ืก - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, Eloquence
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืฆื™ื•ืจ:Bartholomeus Breenbergh - 1655 ื”ืžืงื•ืจ: ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, Eloquence
ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ืฆื™ื•ืจ:Claes_Cornelisz__Moeyaert 1633 ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ Eloquence

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ืœื ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื‘. ื‘ื ื•, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื—ืœื ื•ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืฉืจื™ ืคืจืขื” ื—ืœืžื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื—ืจืฅ ื’ื•ืจืœื. ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืžืžืœื›ืชื•, ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืœื•ื.

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฉื™ืฅ ืžืจืžืช- ื’ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื:ืชืฉืžืข ื—ืœื•ื ืœืคืชึนึผืจ ืื•ืชื•.

ื—ื–"ืœ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื ? "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืžืจืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืืœื ืžื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ 'ื ื ืชึฐ ืžืœื›ึธ ื ืจืขื™ื• ื  ืš ืขืœ-ืžืฉึฐ ื›ึผื‘ึธ ืš ืกึฐ ืœืงื•ึผ' (ืืชื” ื”ืžืœืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ืš ืขืœื•)" [2]. ื•ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ืืžืจ : ืืžืจื™ ืœื™ื” ืงื™ืกืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื: 'ืืžืจื™ื• ื“ื—ื›ืžื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ืื™ืžื ืœื™ื” ืžืื™ ื—ื–ื™ืชื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžืื™? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื—ื–ื™ืช ื“ืžืฉื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื” ืคืจืกืื™ ื•ืžื“ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืš ื•ืจืขื™ื™ ื‘ืš ืฉืงืฆื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ืจื ื“ื“ื”ื‘ื. ื”ืจื”ืจ ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœืื•ืจืชื ื—ื–ื• (ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืืจืื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื™. ืืžืจ ืœื• ืืชื” ืชืจืื” ืฉืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื•ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ืจื”ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืจืื” ื—ืœื•ื ื–ื”) [3] .

ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืคืจืขื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื“ืกื›ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™: ืคื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืœื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื•. ืฉื‘ืข ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื•ืœื™ื“, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืจืขื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืชื” ืงื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ืื™ืคืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืืชื” ืจื•ื›ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืขื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ืื™ืคืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืš. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืคืจืขื”: 'ืžื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขืš ืฉืœื ืคืชืจื•ื”ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™? ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื• ืคืจืขื”: 'ื›ืฉื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื›ืš ืจืื™ืชื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื• ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื (ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื) ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™'.

ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฉื™ืฅ: " ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืขื‘, ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื "ื›ึฐึผื’ึทืŸ- ื”' ื›ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื" [4] . ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื• ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืจืขื‘ ื•ืขืœ ืื‘ื™-ืกื‘ื• ืฉื™ืจื“ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืขืœ "ืืœื•ืžื•ืช" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ืคืจืขื”.

ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืจืฆื• ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืขื‘. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื:

  1. ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื - "ื™ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืคึทืจึฐืขึนื” ื•ึฐื™ึทืคึฐืงึตื“ ืคึฐึผืงึดื“ึดื™ื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื—ึดืžึตึผืฉื ืึถืช-ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื‘ึธืข" (ืž"ื,ืœ"ื“). ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืžืคืจื˜: ื•ื™ืžื ื” ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืงื—ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ื—ืœืงื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœืžืฉืžืจืช [5].
  2. ื”ืงืžืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ื - "ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื‘ึฐึผืฆื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึนื›ึถืœ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืื ึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึนึผื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึถึผื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึผ-ื‘ึธืจ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื™ึทื“-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืึนื›ึถืœ ื‘ึถึผืขึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึธืจื•ึผ" (ืœ"ื”) ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืชืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืชื’ื ื– ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”"ืขืจื™ื" ืžื‘ืืจ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”:" ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื ืชืŸ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”.ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืจื™. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื•ืืจืฅ ืžืขืžื“ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”."
  3. ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื’ื™ืจื” - "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐื‘ึนึผืฅ ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึนื›ึถืœ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ... ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึฐื‘ึนึผืจ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ื‘ึธึผืจ ื›ึฐึผื—ื•ึนืœ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึตึผื” ืžึฐืึนื“ ืขึทื“ ื›ึดึผื™-ื—ึธื“ึทืœ ืœึดืกึฐืคึนึผืจ ื›ึดึผื™-ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืกึฐืคึธึผืจ" (ืž"ื—) - ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืœืื™ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
  4. ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ - "ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึธืขึธื‘ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐืชึทึผื— ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผื”ึถื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึนึผืจ ืœึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ..." (ื "ื•) ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื›ืชื‘: ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื’ื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื›ืš.

ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื’ืฉ

ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ

ื‘ืžืงืจื ื ืืžืจ:" ื•ึทื™ึตึผืจึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึฒื—ึตื™ ื™ึนื•ืกึตืฃ ืขึฒืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ืœึดืฉึฐืื‘ึนึผืจ ื‘ึธึผืจ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื." [6]. ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืืœื ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ื™ื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืืคืจืช [7]

ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื™ืคื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ:" "ืืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืžื” ืขืฉื” ? ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืจืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžื• ื•ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ึธื‘ื™ืื• ืคืชืงื™ื, ื•ืขืฉื• ื›ืš. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื. ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ึตื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ื”ืคืชืงื™ื. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื—ื“ ืงื•ืจื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื•. ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ: ืกืชืžื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจืื” ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืœื™ื“ืš ืชืคื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ืฉื’ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™." [8]

ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื’ืจืชื™: "ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืชืžื›ืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื›ืจื• ืœืืจืฆื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืื• ืžืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื."

ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•.
  2. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชื ื›ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื.
  3. ื—ื–ืจื”: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•.
  4. ื”ืื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ "ื”ื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช" ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: "ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื•." ื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื›ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื; ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื“ืื™: "ืžื™ื“ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื™ืจื, ื•ืคื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื•, ื•ื™ืชื ื›ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืฉืฉื ื”ืžืฆื ืคืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื—ื• ื•ืงืฆืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•... ืื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืชื ื›ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืขืก ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชื ืœืคื ื™? ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื• ื–ื” ืื– ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืืžืช."

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช

"ื•ึทื™ึฐืžึทื”ึฒืจื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืจึดื“ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช-ืึทืžึฐืชึทึผื—ึฐืชึผื•ึน ืึธืจึฐืฆึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐืชึฐึผื—ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึทืžึฐืชึทึผื—ึฐืชึผื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึฐื—ึทืคึตึผืฉื‚ ื‘ึทึผื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื”ึตื—ึตืœ ื•ึผื‘ึทืงึธึผื˜ึนืŸ ื›ึดึผืœึธึผื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึธึผืฆึตื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื‘ึดื™ืขึท ื‘ึฐึผืึทืžึฐืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ" - ืฆื™ื•ืจ:Claes Cornelisz Moeyaert ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ:Eloquence

ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื ื’ื ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื. ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ืงืกืžืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืจืื• ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื. ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืงื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ; ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ; ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื”, ื—ืกื“ ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ (ืžื‘:ื›ื“), ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื–ื•ืžืŸ - ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.

ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืงื— ื•ื ื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ืฉื ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš [9]. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”"ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ" ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆื“ืง. ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื:

  • ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ [10].
  • ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืžื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื . ื›ืขืช, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื: ื”ื ื ื›ืœืื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื”ื” ืฉื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื.

ืžืกื›ื ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืงืกืžืŸ:" ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ืœืื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื•.

ื”ืคื˜ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื“ื•ืžื”:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทืฅ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทื ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืึฒืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช-ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ืขึนืœื•ึนืช ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ืฉึฐืืœึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึถึผื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื•." (ื',ื’',ื˜"ื•). ื’ื ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื™ื™ืงื™ืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืœื•ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืช.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื”:"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ื—ึดื™ืจื•ึนื ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื™ึนึผืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื™ึธึผืขึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึดึผื–ึฐืจึธืงื•ึนืช ื•ึทื™ึฐื›ึทืœ ื—ึดื™ืจึธื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึทืžึฐึผืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”' (ื',ื–',ืž').

ืื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื– ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืื– ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”. ื•ื–ืืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ:" ืชื“ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชื“ื™ืจ - ืชื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื"

ื“ื•ื“ ื ืชื™ื‘, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืชื "ืš ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื’- ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ "ื›ื™ืคื”". ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” :"ืจึธื ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืฉึดื‚ืžึฐื—ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผืช-ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™-ื‘ึธื ื•ึฐืฉึธืื›ึทื ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนื›ึตืšึฐ ื ึฐืึปื-ื”'" (ื‘,ื™"ื“) ื•ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉืจืื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื”. ืžืจืื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ.

ืืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ, ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื”. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืจืง "ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื - ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”.

ื•ืžืกื›ื ื ืชื™ื‘ :" ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ืคืกืงื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืจื”. ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”, ืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœ ืžืืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื."

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ืžื ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘:"ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึทื™ ืžึธื” ืึทืชึธึผื” ืจึนืึถื” (ื•ึธื™ืึนืžึทืจ) [ื•ึธืึนืžึทืจ] ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืžึฐื ื•ึนืจึทืช- ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื”ึผ ื•ึฐื’ึปืœึธึผื”ึผ ืขึทืœ-ืจึนืืฉึธืื”ึผ ื•ึฐืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื ึตืจึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื•ึฐืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืžื•ึผืฆึธืงื•ึนืช ืœึทื ึตึผืจื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ-ืจึนืืฉึธืื”ึผ" (ื“'.ื‘') ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข:"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึทื™ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื–ึถื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึทืจ-ื”' ืึถืœ-ื–ึฐืจึปื‘ึธึผื‘ึถืœ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืœึนื ื‘ึฐื—ึทื™ึดืœ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึฐื›ึนื—ึท ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื-ื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึผื—ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช (ื•')

ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคืกื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ: ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ืกืื™" ื•ืื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ :"ืžื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ"

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ (ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื "ื”, ื'
  2. โ†‘ ื‘',ื›"ื˜
  3. โ†‘ ื "ื” ืข"ื‘
  4. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™"ื’, ื™'
  5. โ†‘ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™' ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื•
  6. โ†‘ ืž"ื‘,ื’'
  7. โ†‘ ืฉื ื” ื™"ื— โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื˜
  8. โ†‘ ืฆ"ื,ื•'
  9. โ†‘ ืœ"ื–,ื‘',ื—' ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื
  10. โ†‘ ืž"ื‘,ื˜'-ื™"ื“


ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื—, ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ืฉืœื—, ื•ื™ืฉื‘, ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื™ื’ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื™

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืืจื, ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื—, ื™ืชืจื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื, ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ, ืคืงื•ื“ื™

ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืฆื•, ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืชื–ืจื™ืข, ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืฉืœื—, ืงืจื—, ื—ืงืช, ื‘ืœืง, ืคื™ื ื—ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™

ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืขืงื‘, ืจืื”, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ื›ึดึผื™-ืชึธื‘ื•ึนื, ื ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœืš, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืคืจืฉืช_ืžืงืฅ&oldid=103824"