ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื

ืœื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื™: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ืชื’ื™ื•ืช: ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“
ืž (ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืœื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื™)
ย 

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ16:20, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2019

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืœื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ (ืœื•ื— ืœื•ื ื™ืกื•ืœืืจื™). ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” 12 ืื• 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ื™ืžืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืื• ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.

ืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื 353โ€“355 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื 383โ€“385 ื™ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืขึตื“ื•ึผืช-ืจึฐืื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘. ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (359 ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื).

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™.

ื”ื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื/ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ืื”, ืื• ืขื ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช "ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”", ื•ืžื—ืœื—ืœืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช" ืื• "ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’, ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ื–ืจื™ื—ื”, 'ื”ึตื ึตืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”' (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืฆื” - ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืจืžื– ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•) ื•ืฉืขืช 'ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื', ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจื: ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•'; ืจืง ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื: ืฉื‘ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ื ืœืžื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘, ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ, ื™ื•ึนื..." (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘:

Geresh.png ืึทึกืšึฐ ื‘ึถึผืขึธืฉื‚ึฃื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนึฉื“ึถืฉืึฉ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดึจื™ ื”ึทื–ึถึผึœื” ื™ึงื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึดึผืคึปึผืจึดึฃื™ื ื”ึ—ื•ึผืโ€ฆ

ื‘ึฐึผืชึดืฉึฐืืขึธึคื” ืœึทื—ึนึ™ื“ึถืฉืึ™ ื‘ึธึผืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ืžึตืขึถึฃืจึถื‘ ืขึทื“ึพืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืชึ–ื•ึผ ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผืชึฐึผื›ึถึฝืืƒ

Geresh.png
โ€“ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš

ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื”ืœื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื". ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™) ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืฉืช ืืžื•ืจ): "ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ืฉึถื‚ื”: ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“."

ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“ - ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘'ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน' - ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
ืืช ื–ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื:
ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 'ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“', ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘'ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•': 'ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“'.
ืžื” 'ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“' ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
ืืฃ 'ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“' ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘'ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•' ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.

ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“) ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”:

ืืช ื–ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ),
ื•ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื...

ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื (ืื™ืกื™ื™ื) ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื’ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ื, ื ืงื˜ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ‏[1].

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” "ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ? ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ!" ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช, ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉื™, ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ื•ืงื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ‏[1].

ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ื”ืคืฉื˜ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™) ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ " ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘, ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ..." ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื "ื ื”ื™ื”" ืื• "ื ื‘ืจื", ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”‏[2]. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืฉื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงืจืื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ืขืจื‘, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ืคืจืฉื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ืžึตืขึถืจึถื‘ ืขึทื“ ืขึถืจึถื‘ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผ ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผืชึฐึผื›ึถื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘, ืขืงื‘ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช‏[3].

ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ืžื—ื•ืจื– ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืœื—ืžืชื• ื‘ืงืจืื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื‏[3].

ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืืžืจื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืžืžื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "...ื•ึฐื”ึธื’ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื”... ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฆื‘, ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "...ื•ึผืคึธื—ึทื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึทืึฒืžึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึทื™ึถึผื™ืšึธ..." ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื’ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ืขื™ื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• "...ืชึตึผืจึทื“ึฐื ึธื” ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ื“ึดึผืžึฐืขึธื” ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืžึธื - ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึดึผื“ึฐืžึถื™ื ึธื”! ื›ึดึผื™ ืฉึถืื‘ึถืจ ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผืœึทืช ื‘ึทึผืช ืขึทืžึดึผื™..." ื‘ืงื™ื ืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• 'ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช'.

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขืจื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืขืจื‘" ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื‘ึนืงึถืจ" ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื‏[4].

ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืž'ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ืข, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข, ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืืชื ื•:

ืจืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืงื•ื“ื - ื“ืงืœื™ืคื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืคืจื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืขื“ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื•ื™ื”.

ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ: "ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื™ - ืืฆืœื•: ื”ืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงืœื™ืคื”!

โ€“ ืกืคืจ ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™"ื (ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™"ื“)

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื•, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉ. ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื™ืจื— ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ื ืงืจื "ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™", ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื 29.5305888531 ื™ืžื™ื (29 ื™ืžื™ื, 12 ืฉืขื•ืช, 44 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•-2.9 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘).

ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-7 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-12 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืงืฆืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 29.27 ื™ืžื™ื ืœ-29.83 ื™ืžื™ื), ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืงืคืœืจ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจืš ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืืจืš ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— (ืฉื ืช ื“' ืงื™"ื˜ - ืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข 29.5305934241163 (ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืก).

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœ 29 ื™ืžื™ื ืื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืกืจ", ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื". ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืื• ืžืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืœื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-29 ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ืงื‘ืข ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืกืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•. ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจืš ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืื•ืจื›ื ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•.

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื
ืชืฉืจื™ ืœ'
ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื›"ื˜ โ€“ ืœ'
ื›ืกืœื• ื›"ื˜ โ€“ ืœ'
ื˜ื‘ืช ื›"ื˜
ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœ'
ืื“ืจ ื' ืœ'
ืื“ืจ ื‘'/ืื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›"ื˜
ื ื™ืกืŸ ืœ'
ืื™ื™ืจ ื›"ื˜
ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ'
ืชืžื•ื– ื›"ื˜
ืื‘ ืœ'
ืืœื•ืœ ื›"ื˜

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืž-29.5 ื™ื•ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-354 ื™ื•ื. ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ. ืืžื ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืž-354 ื™ื•ื.

ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Gezer Calendar - Replica 1.jpg
ืœื•ื— ื’ื–ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืœ ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” (ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชืง ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ)

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ‏[5]‏[6] ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืกืŸ) ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:

Geresh.png {{{ืชื•ื›ืŸ}}} Geresh.png
โ€“ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš

ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื”ื (ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ): ื ึดื™ืกึทืŸึป, ืึทืจึป, ืกึดืžึทืŸึป, ื“ึปึผืžึปื–ึป, ืึทื‘ึปึผ, ืึปืœึปืœึป, ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืจึดืชึปึผื, ืกึทืžึฐืŸ ึป, ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœึดืึป, ื˜ึถื‘ึถึผืชึปึผื, ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผื˜ึป, ืึทื“ึทึผืจึป ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืžึทื›ึทึผืจึปืฉึทื ืึทื“ึทึผืจึด.

ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ืืกืชืจ, ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื ื™ืกืŸ:

  • ื•ึทืชึดึผืœึธึผืงึทื— ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื, ืึถืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน, ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉึดื‚ื™ืจึดื™, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื˜ึตื‘ึตืช ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน‏[7].
  • ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืœึฐืขึทืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™-ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉึฐืื‘ึธื˜, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ืœึฐื“ึธืจึฐื™ึธื•ึถืฉื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”' ืึถืœ-ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึถึผืจึถื›ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึดื“ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื ึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ืœึตืืžึนืจ‏[8].
  • ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื ึดื™ืกึธืŸ, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ื ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื” ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื: ื”ึดืคึดึผื™ืœ ืคึผื•ึผืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืžึธืŸ, ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึผืžึตื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึฐื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืึฒื“ึธืจ‏[9].
  • ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืกึนืคึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึธึผืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืกึดื™ื•ึธืŸ, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืœื•ึนืฉึธืื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึทื™ึดึผื›ึธึผืชึตื‘ ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึทื™ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื‏[10].
  • ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื ึฐื—ึถืžึฐื™ึธื”, ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื—ึฒื›ึทืœึฐื™ึธื”: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœึตื• ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื”‏[11].
  • ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึธึผืื” ืœึถืึฑืœื•ึผืœ ืœึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ื™ื•ึนื‏[12],

ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื™ืจื— ื”ืื™ืชื ื™ื" ืœืชืฉืจื™‏[13], "ื™ืจื— ื‘ื•ืœ" ืœื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ‏[14] ื•"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื•" ืœืื™ื™ืจ‏[15]. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขื ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื.

ื‘ืœื•ื— ื’ื–ืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฉื "ื™ืจื—ื•" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื™ืจื—", ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื ื”ืจืก ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื—: "ืื‘ื™". ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”"ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื", ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื:‏[16]

ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ืึธืกึด(ื™)ืฃ - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืืกื™ืฃ - ืชืฉืจื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื—ื’ ื”ืืกื™ืฃ - ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื ื”" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื "ืš).
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ื–ึถืจึทืข - ื”ื–ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืช.
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ืœึถืงึถืฉื - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช - ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืื“ืจ.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืขึฒืฆึทื“ ืคึดึผืฉึฐืืชึธ(ื”) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืชื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ‏[17].
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึฐืฆึด(ื™)ืจ ืฉึฐื‚ืข (ื•ึน)ืจึดื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึธืฆืจื•ึฐ ื›ึดืœึธ(ื”) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงืฆื™ืจ "ื›ืœื™ื•ืช" ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ‏[18].
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ื–ึถืžึถืจ (ืื• ื–ืžื™ืจ) - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ - ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืื‘.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึตืฅ (ืื• ืงึทื™ืฅ) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืงื˜ื™ืคืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืื ื™ื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ.

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืฉืชืจืฉื• ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช:

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”
ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
ืชืฉืจื™ "ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ (ื)ืœืื•ืœ" (ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุง๏ปทูˆู„) "ืืงื™ื" (Ekim) ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ
"ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ (ืืœ)ืช'ืื ื™" (ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ) "ืงืืกื•ื" (Kasฤฑm) ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ
ืฉื‘ื˜ "ืฉื‘ืื˜" (ุดุจุงุท) "ืฉื•ื‘ืื˜" (ลžubat) ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ
ืื“ืจ "ืื“'ืืจ" (ุฃุฐุงุฑ) "ืžืืจื˜" (Mart) ืžืจืฅ
ื ื™ืกืŸ "ื ื™ืกืืŸ" (ู†ูŠุณุงู†) "ื ื™ืกืืŸ" (Nisan) ืืคืจื™ืœ
ืื™ื™ืจ "ืื™ืืจ" (ุฃูŠุงุฑ) "ืžืื™ื•ืก" (Mayฤฑs) ืžืื™
ืชืžื•ื– "ืชืžื•ื–" (ุชู…ูˆุฒ) "ื˜ืžื•ื–" (Temmuz) ื™ื•ืœื™
ืื‘ "ืืื‘" (ุขุจ) "ืืื•ืกื˜ื•ืก" (AฤŸustos) ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜
ืืœื•ืœ "ืื™ืœื•ืœ" (ุฃูŠู„ูˆู„) "ืื™ื™ืœื™ืœ" (Eylรผl) ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื-ืจื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื‏[19] ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช:

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื™ื
ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
ื™ืื ื• ื™ืืŸ - ืืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ / ื ื™ืกืŸ
ืคื‘ืจื• ืคื‘ืจื• - ื˜ืงืก ื˜ื”ืจื” ืื“ืจ
ืžืืจืก ืžืืจืก - ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ
ืืค-ืจื™ืœ ืื• ืื‘ืจื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืคืจื™ืจ - ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ืื‘
ืžืื™ ืžืื™ื™ืกื™ืก - ืืœืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžืื™ื•ืจ - ื–ึทืงึตืŸ ืชืžื•ื–
ื™ื•ื  ื™ื•ื ื• - ืืœืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืืœื™ื

ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช.

ื ื™ืกืŸ
ื™ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ืืœื•ืœ
ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”

ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ื•ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:

ืฉึธืืžื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ืคึถึผืกึทื— ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ,
ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืœึธื™ึฐืœึธื”. (ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื)

ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืงืจื ืื“ืจ ื' ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ "ืฉื‘" ืœืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™.

"ืฉื ืช ื—ืžื”" ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›-365.242189 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ืžื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ - ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื‘ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”), ืืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช" ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”". ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืคืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ืœืื“ืจ ื' ื•ืื“ืจ ื‘'.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›-11 ื™ืžื™ื ืž-12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 12 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืจืขื™ (ื”ืืกืœืืžื™), ื”ื™ื” ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— "ื ื•ื“ื“" ืžื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ืžื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืก, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื, ืื• "ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื”" ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“‏[20] ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืฉื ืœืชื ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืคืชื.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).

ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื•: ื”' - 5000, ืช - 400, ืฉ - 300, ืข - 70, ื• - 6 = 5776; ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”'ืŸ ืข"ื•: ื”' - 5000, ืŸ - 700, ืข - 70, ื• - 6 = 5776. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืืœืฃ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื– ื ืจืฉืžืช ืชืฉืก"ื–. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืค"ืง - ืœืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืค"ื’ - ืœืคืจื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื.

ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื "ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืื• "ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ืง ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืœ 7 ืฉื ื™ื - ืฉื ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื›ืœ 7 ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ืช - ืฉื ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ.

ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉื ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘-7. (ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื”.)

ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื—, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ); ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 50 ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ึผืช-ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ; ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืจ, ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื•' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื• ื™ืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื“ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืื ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“‏[21], ืื• ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื— ื•ืœื ื‘ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ‏[22].

ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืขึตื“ื•ึผืช-ืจึฐืื™ื™ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืžืžืฉ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง). ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ื™ืจื— ื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. (ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืจื— ืžืœื.) ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืกื”ืจ ื“ืงื™ืง, ืฉื•ืงืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื ื ืจืื” ืกื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-29 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื. ืื ืœื, ื ื“ื—ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-29 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ื™ื•ื.

ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ". ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขื–ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืช ืืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ื. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื—, ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ‏[23].

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ืœืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืื™ ืงื‘ืœืชื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ‏[24].

ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ (ืžื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™) ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™: ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืฆื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืœืคื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช (ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจืก"ื’, ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ) ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื• ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื”.

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.png
ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื—

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™"), ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืžืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืืœื ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.

ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื”, ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืจืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื: ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ", ืžืืช ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12, ื•ืžืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช". ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืจืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ‏[25] ื ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 840 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช.

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื™ืงื™ืื”, ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 325, ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื ืฆืœื‘ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืกื—, ื•ืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•. ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื™ืงื™ืื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื™ื™ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉื ืจืื” ืื—ืจื™ 21 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” (ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืื–, ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื).

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืชืืžื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.

ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—, (ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื). ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• (ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™). ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•' (ื›ืš ื ืžื ืข ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช). ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ.

ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื) ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช), ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืก"ื’ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืœื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื™

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืก"ื’ (ืจื‘ื™ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ) ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืก"ื’ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ; ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ. ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœ-3 ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ": ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืจืง ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื™"ื— ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘"ื˜ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ื•-ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“, ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘"ื˜ื– ืงื "ื ื•-ื’"ื˜ ืชืชืž"ื•.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื“'ืชืจืค"ื‘-ื“'ืชืจืค"ื“. ืžื•ืœื“ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื‘ (ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช) ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 11 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-932 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’', 9 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-441 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืก"ื’ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ 'ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“', ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ (ื’"ื˜ ืชืชืž"ื•), ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžื•ืœื“ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื“ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-237 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืก"ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจื”"ืฉ ("ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ") ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืœื“ "ื ื•ืคืœ" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจื”"ืฉ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื“, ื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื•. ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจืก"ื’ ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื›ื™ ืื•ืžื ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ื•ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื—ื›ื ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื•ืื•ืžื ื, ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœืœื•ื— ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื—. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืก"ื’ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ-ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืžื“ืช ืจืก"ื’ ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืืœื™ื•.

ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืจืจื” ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืขื ืจืก"ื’ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”). ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื•ืœื“ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื ื” ื - ื“-ื˜-ืชืจืž"ื‘ - ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื–ืงืŸ‏[26].

ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื•‏[27], ืฉื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจ, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœ'ืขื™ืงืจ' ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“ ื•-ื˜ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืœื ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื ืคื•ืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘'ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—' (ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš, ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆื 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื), ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื–ื”. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื›-80 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจ 40 ื“ืงื•ืช (ืื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื), ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื - ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ 642 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”‏[28]

ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืืžืฅ ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื–ืงืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ: ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ื™ื“ื—ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉื‘ื”ืขืชื™ืงื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืžืฉื (ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ), ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืคื ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ื•ืœื ืชืฉ"ื› (720) ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœ-10 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช:

  1. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.
  2. ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
  3. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 353โ€“355 ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 383โ€“385. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืื• ืื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืœ' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•.
  4. ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”.
  5. ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช.
  6. ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืคืกื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื (ืจืื• ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ).

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-12.368 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-234.997 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• 235 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, 7 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื‘-19 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ", ื™ืฉ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื•: 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช: ื’', ื•', ื—', ื™"ื, ื™"ื“, ื™"ื–, ื™"ื˜, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื’ื•"ื— ืื“ื–"ื˜.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘-19 ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: 0, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, ืื• 17. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื•, ืžืกืคืจื” 5776 (ื” ืืœืคื™ื=5000 + ืช=400 + ืฉ=300 + ืข=70 + ื•=6). ื—ืœื•ืงืช 5776 ื‘-19 ื ื•ืชื ืช 304 ื•ืฉืืจื™ืช 0 (ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 304 = 5776/19). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉืข"ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช.

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื” ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื” ื—ืœ ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1985 ื•ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื“ ื—ืœ ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2004), ืื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื– ื—ืœ ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1987 ื•ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื• ื—ืœ ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006), ื•ืขื“ 4 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ‏[29].

ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืžื™ 'ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ' ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื•-30 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ.

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื”ื, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื: ืชืฉืจื™ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (29-30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื›ืกืœื• (29-30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื˜ื‘ืช (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืฉื‘ื˜ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื“ืจ (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ื ื™ืกืŸ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื™ื™ืจ (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืชืžื•ื– (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื‘ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืืœื•ืœ (29 ื™ืžื™ื). ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื' ืฉื‘ื• 30 ื™ื•ื (ื•ืื– ืื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ - 29 ื™ืžื™ื - ื ืงืจื ืื“ืจ ื‘').

ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ืชืžื™ื“ 29 ื™ื•ื: ื˜ื‘ืช, ืื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืžื•ื–, ืืœื•ืœ
ืชืžื™ื“ 30 ื™ื•ื: ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉื‘ื˜, ืื“ืจ ื' (ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘
ืœืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื—, ืœืคืขืžื™ื 29 ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื 30 ื™ื•ื: ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืกืœื•.

ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 29 ื™ื•ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœ' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื, ื•'ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืฉื ื™' ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.

  • ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“: ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉื‘ื˜, ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘
  • ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื: ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืจ (ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืžื•ื–, ืืœื•ืœ
  • ืชืœื•ื™:
    • ื›ืกืœื• - ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-29 ื™ื•ื; ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื - ืื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื.
    • ื˜ื‘ืช - ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ืกืœื• ืœ-29 ื™ื•ื; ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื - ืื ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื: ื›ืกืœื•, ื˜ื‘ืช, ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืกืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ (ื’ื ื›ืกืœื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืช ื‘"ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจื”" (ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื” "ืžืœืื”"\"ื—ืกืจื”" ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš) ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”) ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ (ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจ"ื— ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื). ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจ"ื— ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืจ"ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืจ"ื— ื”ืฉื ื™) ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืฉื ื™ ืื– ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื– ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™).

ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ:

  1. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื' ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ื™ื•ื
  2. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•
  3. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœ' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•)

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื—ืกืจื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 353 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-383 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื 29 ื™ืžื™ื
  • ื›ืกื“ืจื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 354 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-384 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉืœืžื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 355 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-385 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื

ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื), ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื“) ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ื•). ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ".

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœ-14 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื "ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช".

ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™:

  • ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
  • ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—\ื›\ืฉ, ืœืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืกืจื”, ื›ืกื“ืจื” ืื• ืฉืœืžื”
  • ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—

ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช "ื‘ื—ื’" ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื”, ื•ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื™ื

ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื– ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›-18% ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ื‘-3.3% ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืฉืœ ื–ืืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”.

ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืœื›ื”:

  • ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื“' ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•': ืื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“' ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•', ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช (ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”). ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช:
    • ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืฆืžื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืœืงื˜ื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. (ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื’, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื).
    • ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืžื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืช'. (ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืชื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ)
  • ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื': ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช‏[30].

ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืงื“ื•ื ื–ื”.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 'ืœื ืื“"ื•' ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ (ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืจืง ื–', ื”ืœื›ื” ื—'). ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืจืง ื–, ื”ืœื›ื” ื—), ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื”.

ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื: ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 'ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื“' ืœ'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืœืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื' ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช (ื‘ื˜"ื– ื”-15 ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ืœืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื™ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื 'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”') ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“', ื•ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•'.

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืœืœื™ื.

ืืœื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ:

ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ,
ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ - ื‘ืœ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ,
ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“ - ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื’ืจื•ืฉ,
ื‘ื˜"ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ - ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืขืงื•ืจ ืžืœืฉืจื•ืฉ‏[31]

ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื:

  • ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืชื•ื”ื• - ืฉืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  • ืขืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— - ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.
  • ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื” - ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
  • ืืจื‘ืข ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช - ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ.

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš:

  1. ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.
  2. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื”.
  3. ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื 3 ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“:
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช.
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' (ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ื‘ืฉืขื” ื˜' (9) ื•-ืจ"ื“ (204) ื—ืœืงื™ื (ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืขื”).
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜"ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘' (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™) ื‘ืฉืขื” ื˜"ื• (15), ื•ืชืงืค"ื˜ (589) ื—ืœืงื™ื.
  4. ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืื“"ื• - ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื') ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื“') ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ื•').
  5. ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”; ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื• ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื - ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•", ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘'ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข' ืฉืœ 29 ื™ืžืžื•ืช, 12 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-793 "ื—ืœืงื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื” (ื›ืืฉืจ "ื—ืœืง" ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-1/1,080 ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉ-793 "ื—ืœืงื™ื" ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœ-44 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•-31/3 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ื›"ื˜ ื™"ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ"ื’.

ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-<math>C = 29\frac{12\frac{793}{1080}}{24}=29\frac{13753}{25920}=29.5305941...</math> ื™ืžืžื•ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ืžืžื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื›-0.456 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืฉ ื›ืœืœ (ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 0.061 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื–ื•ื–ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื›-1.5679 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืœ 1,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืคืจืง 'ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ')

{{{ืชื•ื›ืŸ}}}

ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื‏[32] ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื›ืฉื“ื™ ืงื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืื  ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื" ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื›ืš: 29, 31, 50, 8, 20 ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก 60, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื›"ื˜ ื™"ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ"ื’ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื.

ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘:
ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• (ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘'ื”'ืจื“') ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•-204 ื—ืœืงื™ื (ื‘ืฉืขื” 23:11:20 ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•) ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื M ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื– ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” Y ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”:

<math>M=235\left \lfloor \frac{Y-1}{19} \right \rfloor + 12[(Y-1)\mod 19] + \left \lfloor \frac{7[(Y-1)\mod 19] + 1}{19} \right \rfloor</math>

ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ,
<math>M = \left \lfloor \frac{235(Y-1)+1}{19} \right \rfloor</math>
(ื›ืืฉืจ <math>\lfloor\rfloor</math> ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืœื).

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื‘ (Y-1=5771) ื ืงื‘ืœ: <math>M = \left \lfloor \frac{235 \cdot 5771+1}{19} \right \rfloor = \lfloor 71378.21...\rfloor = 71378</math>.

ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” Y ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืŸ:

M ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื– ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• ร— ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— + ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•
R = M ร— C + T
ื›ืืฉืจ R - ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื”, M - ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•, C - ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—, T - ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•

ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” Y ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ืื• ื™ื™ื“ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืืจื‘ืขืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืŸ 'ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข':

  • ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืข"ืค ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘) ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”-18).
  • ื’-ื˜-ืจ"ื“: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื’), ืื—ืจื™ ืชืฉืข (ื˜') ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-204 (ืจ"ื“) ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
  • ื‘-ื˜ื•-ืชืงืค"ื˜: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ (ื‘), ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” (ื˜"ื•) ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-589 (ืชืงืค"ื˜) ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช.

ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช:

  • ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ: ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•' ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื—ืจืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื; ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ").

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœ'ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ'[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ (ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉืžืฉ) ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื”.‏[33]

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช‏[34], ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื ืื ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ืœื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ.

ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ‏[35].

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”‏[36].

ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘-ื˜ื•-ืชืงืค"ื˜ ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื’-ื˜-ืจ"ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื•-204 ื—ืœืงื™ื (ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”-18 ืœื™ืžืžื”, ื•ื™ื•ื ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืœืœ "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื - ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ (ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ"); ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 356 ื™ืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” (ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 353โ€“355 ื™ืžื™ื). ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื“ื—ื” ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืžืฉื - ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืชืงืฆืจ ืœ-354 ื™ืžื™ื - ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจื”.

ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘"ื˜ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช: ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 15 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-589 ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืžืžื”. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื•-"ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ", ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ืขื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช 382 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื (383โ€“385). ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื•ื ื’' ื•ืžืžื™ืœื "ืชืชืืจืš" ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ 383 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืชืชืื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช.

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (168 ืฉืขื•ืช) ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื”. ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.

ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ ืž ืžื•ืœื“ ืขื“ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–' 18 ื' 9 204 15 204 9.041 ื‘ื—ื’ 12 5.710 5.7
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื' 9 204 ื‘' 15 589 30 385 18.069 ื‘ืฉื” 12 11.412 11.8
ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘', ื”', ื™', ื™ื’, ื˜ื– ื‘' 15 589 ื‘' 18 2 491 1.461 ื‘ืฉื” 5 0.384
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื', ื“, ื–', ื˜', ื™ื‘, ื˜ื•, ื™ื— ื‘' 15 589 ื‘' 18 2 491 1.461 ื’ื›ื” 7 0.538 6.3
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘' 18 ื’', 9 204 15 204 9.041 ื’ื›ื” 12 5.710
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื’' 9 204 ื”' 9 204 48 0 28.571 ื”ื›ื– 12 18.045 18.0
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”' 9 204 ื”' 18 8 876 5.245 ื”ืฉื 12 3.313 3.3
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”' 18 ื•' 0 408 6 408 3.796 ื–ื—ื 12 2.397 4.3
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘', ื”', ื–', ื™', ื™ื’, ื˜ื–, ื™ื— ื•' 0 408 ื•' 9 204 8 876 5.245 ื–ื—ื 7 1.932
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื', ื“, ื˜', ื™ื‘, ื˜ื• ื•' 0 408 ื•' 9 204 8 876 5.245 ื–ืฉื’ 5 1.380 13.7
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•' 9 204 ื–' 18 32 876 19.530 ื–ืฉื’ 12 12.334
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื–' 18 ื' 20 491 26 491 15.747 ื‘ื—ื” 7 5.802 5.8
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื' 20 491 ื‘' 18 21 589 12.825 ื‘ืฉื– 7 4.725 4.7
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘' 18 ื’' 18 24 0 14.286 ื’ื›ื– 7 5.263 5.3
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื’' 18 ื“' 11 695 17 695 10.502 ื”ื—ื 7 3.869 3.9
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“' 11 695 ื”' 18 30 385 18.069 ื”ืฉื’ 7 6.657 6.7
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”' 18 ื•' 20 491 26 491 15.747 ื–ื—ื’ 7 5.802 5.8
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื•' 20 491 ื–' 18 21 589 12.825 ื–ืฉื” 7 4.725 4.7

ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•), ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

  • ืœื ื‘ื“"ื• ืคืกื—: ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— (ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื• ื’ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘', ื“', ื•'.
  • ืœื ืื“"ื• ืกื•ื›ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•'.
  • ืœื ืื’"ื• ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ: ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื’', ื•'.
  • ืœื ื’ื”"ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื’', ื”', ื–'.
  • ืœื ื‘ื“"ื– ืคื•ืจื™ื - ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื“ืคืจื–ื™ืŸ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ (ื‘ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช: ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘')) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘', ื“', ื–'.

ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ" ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื (ืืœื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื) ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืกื•ื›ื•ืช), ื•ื—ืœืง (ืืœื• ืฉืžืื“ืจ ื‘' ื•ืื™ืœืš) ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”ื (ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช).

ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™.

ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘', ื•ืœื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื'. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื• ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.

ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—. ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืืชื‘"ืฉ. ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืฉืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื-ื– (ืœืžืฉืœ - ื' - ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื‘' - ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”), ื™ืฉ ื—ื’ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข:

  • ื - ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื‘ - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื’ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื“ - ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช).
  • ื” - ืฆื•ื (ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื).
  • ื• - ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
  • ื– - ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื–' ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืžืชืื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช - ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉ"ื˜ (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ-ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช). ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืช "ืข" ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื’ื ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืขื’ืœ". ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื’ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืจืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื–' ืฉืœ ืคืกื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืขืฆื™ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื”.

ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• (ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข) ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžื“ื™ 13 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื 247 ืฉื ื”. ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจืง ืžื“ื™ 689,472 ืฉื ื™ื.

ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ. ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ, ืฉืงื•ึผืฆึทืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ื“ื” ืกื™ืœื•ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืก"ื‘, ืชืจืก"ื’, ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื 365.24682 ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 365.24219. ืคืขืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžืžื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ 216 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืžืื– ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจืš.

ืœืคืขืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—. ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘". ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”"ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘", ืฉืžื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืคืกื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื”ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืกื— (ื˜"ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ) ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”-26 ื‘ืžืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืฉืคืกื— ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืกื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื”-25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ (ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื”ืžืงืœ) ื”ืคืขืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ 1400 ืฉื ื”). ื”ืคืขืจ ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (216*15=3240), ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘). ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ 6500 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš (216*30=6480) ืคืกื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื (ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”).

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™. ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ (ืฉืžื•ืขื“ื•: ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื ืฉืื—ืจื™ 20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ) ืกื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชื•ืงื ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ืœ-10 ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš - ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœื•.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื "ืš; ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื. ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ: ื ืฉืืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื ื•ืช 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื) ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 432 ืœืคื ื”"ืก.

ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”; ืžืื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื›ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘-7. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื.

ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข‏[37]. ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ืื•ืชื•ืช" ืื• "ื™ืžื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื". ื’ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ื™ืžืžื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื•ืžืฆื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื• ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื“ืช ื–ื•‏[37]‏[38].

ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื" ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืžื ื” 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืช 91 ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื' ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื:

  • ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื ืข"ื‘-ืค"ื‘;
  • ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื•';
  • ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืžืงืฆืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”;
  • ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ 24 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืŸ 13 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”' ื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ืžื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉื™;
  • ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ื”ื ืงืจื 4Q252, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื‘ืŸ 364 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 30 ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.

ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืช 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื™ืกืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 30 ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื•ืกืคื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”-31 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื 'ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื', ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื’ืข=ืคื’ืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ื ืืžืจ "ื•ืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื" (ื—ื ื•ืš ืขื“, ื™ื‘; ืฉื, ืขื”, ื‘; ืคื‘, ื•, ื™ื-ื›). ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืชืฉืจื™: ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' 14 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 15 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืžื—ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘-26 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืžื—ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, 15 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 15 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืช 364 ื™ืžื™ื ื•-52 ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ืคืคื• ืœื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™; ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ืœื™ืžื™ื, 364, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, 52, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, 12, ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื›ื ื•ืื•ืจ ื›ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืืœ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื
ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”' ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจ
ื•ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจ
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื”
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื
ื›ื•ืœ ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

โ€“ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”,The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert IV, ed. J. A. Sanders, Oxford 1965, P. 48

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื, ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœื•ื— ืฉืžืฉื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ืžืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื“, ืฉืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ืคืจืงื™ื ืข"ื‘-ืค"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื“'. ื”ืœื•ื— ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืง ื•; ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 364 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืขืœื• ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื•ื— ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื—ืคืคื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉื™ ืื• ื™ืจื—ื™, ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช‏[39].

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืจืื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงืจืื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ื ื•ืกืคื• ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—" ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื™ ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข.

ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื•ื— ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื™ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื ื” 29 ืื• 30 ื™ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื. ื”ืœื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš‏[40]. ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ื˜ื "1571 ืœื™ืฉื•ืข ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, 7071 ืœื’ืคื˜ื™ื ื•-6642 ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื"‏[41], ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 7082. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Hdate-applet.png
ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” hdate-applet

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœื•ื— ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™", ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช, ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช‏[42].

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืœืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืš) ื•ื™ืžื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืขื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืื• ื™"ื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 'ื—ื’ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”' ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. 'ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉ"ื—', ื”ื’ืขืช ืื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื 'ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืชืฉ"ื–' (ืฉื‘ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ื’ื ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™) ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘"ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช", ืคืจืขื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืช"ื˜, ืคืจืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื—ื’ื™ื‏[43], ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื ื—ื–ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื’ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“.)

ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ('ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘', 'ื™ืžื™ ืชืžื•ื–', 'ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ', 'ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘' ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื ืขืœ ืฉื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืฉื) ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ (ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช).

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื™ืจื—ื™, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืžืคืจืข, ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ืขื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืื“ืœืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื•ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืžืžื ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ืช‏[44].

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื ืขืจ, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืก ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•) ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช‏[45].

ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉืžื™‏[46]. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื‏[47].

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื—"ื› ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”‏[48], ืœืคื™ื• ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืœื ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ื ื•‏[49].

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018 ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืฉืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืข: "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ื›ืœื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™".

ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ืืžืจ:

"ืฉื ื”" ื•"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ" - ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื•ืื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืื• ืกื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™.

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื– ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžืจืฉื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื ืื—ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช, ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืื–ื›ืจื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื ืคื˜ืจ.
"ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื“ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ืช-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ืช-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื"‏[51]

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืฉืืœืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืกืง ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืคืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื•ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, (ืกืขื™ืฃ 18ื) ื›ื™ "ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ".

ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืžืจืฉืชืช ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื‏[52], ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™‏[53].

ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื•ื ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื‏[54].

ืจืื• ื’ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืžื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืชื—ื™ืœื” - ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืฉื ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืจืื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ื–ื ืคืกื—- ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—.

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื- ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื!

ืชื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ืœื•ื’ื™ - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืฉืคืชื ื•.

ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื - ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืจื›ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืืชืจ.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ 1.0 1.1 ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ: ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ' ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื” (ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘)
  2. โ†‘ "ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ: "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื™ื•ื",
    ืืœื: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘" - ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืงืข ื”ืื•ืจ.
    "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ" - ื‘ึนืงืจื•ึน ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ!
    ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื™ ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึนืช (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื ืฉืœื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืืžืจื• ืขืฉืจ ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”: 'ื™ึฐื”ึดื™...')
    ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™. (ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ)
  3. โ†‘ 3.0 3.1 ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ - ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ (ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช). ืžืืžืจื• ืฉื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืจื”? ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื‘, ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืฉื‘ืช (ืืชืจ 'ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™' - ืžื™ื™ื ื˜)
  4. โ†‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืื” (ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœ'ื”ื™ื›ืœื ื“ืจืฉื‘"ื™' ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ)
  5. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื”ืืจืฅ
  6. โ†‘ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืชื ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื”: "ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ"" ([[:ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™]]).
  7. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  8. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  9. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  10. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  11. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  12. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  13. โ†‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผื”ึฒืœื•ึผ ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื”ึธืึตืชึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึถึผื—ึธื’ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  14. โ†‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึทืช ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื‘ึผื•ึผืœ, ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึดื™ื ึดื™, ื›ึธึผืœึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึธื•; ื•ึทื™ึดึผื‘ึฐื ึตื”ื•ึผ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  15. โ†‘ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ืช ื™ึปืกึทึผื“ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”' ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื–ึดื•, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  16. โ†‘ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžื’ื–ืจ, ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ืŸ (ื•ื™ืงื™ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ: ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื "ืš)
  17. โ†‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืช - ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช
  18. โ†‘ ืจืื• ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจ
  19. โ†‘ ืกืคื˜ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืข, ืื•ืงื˜ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื ื•ื‘ื” - ืชืฉืข, ื“ืฆื™ - ืขืฉืจ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ืงืจื ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ, ืงื™ื˜ื ื” - ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกื™ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื” - ืฉืฉ, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœืฉื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก
  20. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื‘ื‘ืœื™
  21. โ†‘ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื•' ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช, ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ืงืก "ืฉืืœืช ื—ืœื•ื" ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉ'ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœ'ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”' (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”) (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืง"ืค).
  22. โ†‘ ื ืงืจื ื›ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืืจื™ืš ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืœืงื—ื• ืฉื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. (ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื–"ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื)
  23. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืฉื ื” - ื˜'
  24. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืชื”, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืชืฉ"ืŸ, ืขืžื•ื“ ื—', ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ืฉื›ืš ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืžืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
  25. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™
  26. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™
  27. โ†‘ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื, "ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืก"ื’ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ", ืกื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื (ืชืฉื "ื’), ืขื•ืชืง ืœืœื ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ 'ื“ืขืช'.
  28. โ†‘ ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื™"ื’ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ, ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ื˜, ืขืž' ืชืงืฆื–
  29. โ†‘ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื (ื—ืกืจื”, ื›ืกื“ืจื”, ืฉืœืžื”), ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื (ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื (ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช 19 ืฉื ื™ื).
  30. โ†‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืžื•ืช' ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
  31. โ†‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœ"ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—.
  32. โ†‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืœื™ื’ ืกืœื•ื ื™ืžืกืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžืจ ื’' ืคืจืง ืž"ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ 16
  33. โ†‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžืœืื™, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื 6 ืฉืขื•ืช:
    ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ืชื•: ื ื•ืœื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื ืจืื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”; ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”.
    โ€“ ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ืฃ ื›', ืข"ื‘

    ืœืžืขืฉื” 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.

  34. โ†‘ ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ื‘ืฉืขืช 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช)
  35. โ†‘ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจ
  36. โ†‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื“ืฃ 2
  37. โ†‘ 37.0 37.1 ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืœื•ืกืจ, ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื (ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช), ื›ืจืš ืฆ', ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964, ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช)
  38. โ†‘ ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืจืœ ื”ื™ืœื’ืจื˜, 1963, ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืืžืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืืชืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื–)
  39. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. 4Q320-334. ืจืื•: ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ื” ื’ืœืกืžืจS. Talmon, J. Ben-Dov and U. Glessmer (eds.), Qumran Cave 4.XLVI: Calendrical Texts (DJD, XXI), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001. ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืื• ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื–; ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ื” ืจืื• ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ, "ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื“", ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœ, 2 114 (ืชืฉื "ื—) ืขืž' 105 - 114; ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืื•: ืจื—ืœ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ, ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืื’ื ืก ืชืฉืก"ื’, ืขืž' 41โ€“58, 108 - 112. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘, "ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 364 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช",ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจืš ืž' ืงื™ืกื˜ืจ, ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืž' 435 - 476.
  40. โ†‘ Michael Corinaldi, "The Relationship Between the Beta Israel Tradition and the Book of Jubilees" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors) Jews of Ethiopia: The Birth of an Elite, Routledge, 2005 ,ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ISBN, p. 200-201
  41. โ†‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ื–ืื‘ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™, ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœืฉื™ื - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœ"ื’, ืขืž' 56
  42. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ
  43. โ†‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™, ืื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ
  44. โ†‘
    ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื”:
    {{ื”ืขืจื”|ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ}}

    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืื ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” (=), ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

    {{ื”ืขืจื”|1=ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ}}
    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืกืคืช "1=".
  45. โ†‘ ืคืกืง ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืจืง ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” (ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื”)
  46. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืขืจื™ื‘
  47. โ†‘ 47.0 47.1 ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื—ื™ืœืŸ
  48. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” (ืžืก' 110), ื”ืชืฉืข"ื“-2014, ืก"ื— 2462 ืž-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014
  49. โ†‘
    ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื”:
    {{ื”ืขืจื”|ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ}}

    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืื ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” (=), ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

    {{ื”ืขืจื”|1=ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ}}
    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืกืคืช "1=".
  50. โ†‘ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช
  51. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืฉ"ื˜-1949, ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืขืžื•ื“ 10
  52. โ†‘ ืจืื• #ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘'ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื'
  53. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:Ynet
  54. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ื (ืžืคื“"ืœ) ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืค"ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืžืœืฅ



ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช

ื”ื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื/ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ืื”, ืื• ืขื ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช "ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”", ื•ืžื—ืœื—ืœืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช" ืื• "ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’, ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ื–ืจื™ื—ื”, 'ื”ึตื ึตืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”' (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืฆื” - ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืจืžื– ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•) ื•ืฉืขืช 'ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื', ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจื: ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•'; ืจืง ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื: ืฉื‘ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ื ืœืžื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื• ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘, ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ, ื™ื•ึนื..." (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘:

Geresh.png ืึทึกืšึฐ ื‘ึถึผืขึธืฉื‚ึฃื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนึฉื“ึถืฉืึฉ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดึจื™ ื”ึทื–ึถึผึœื” ื™ึงื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึดึผืคึปึผืจึดึฃื™ื ื”ึ—ื•ึผืโ€ฆ

ื‘ึฐึผืชึดืฉึฐืืขึธึคื” ืœึทื—ึนึ™ื“ึถืฉืึ™ ื‘ึธึผืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ืžึตืขึถึฃืจึถื‘ ืขึทื“ึพืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืชึ–ื•ึผ ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผืชึฐึผื›ึถึฝืืƒ

Geresh.png
โ€“ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš

ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื”ืœื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื". ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™) ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืฉืช ืืžื•ืจ): "ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ืฉึถื‚ื”: ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“."

ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“ - ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘'ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน' - ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
ืืช ื–ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื:
ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 'ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“', ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘'ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•': 'ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“'.
ืžื” 'ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“' ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
ืืฃ 'ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“' ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘'ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•' ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.

ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“) ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”:

ืืช ื–ื• ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ),
ื•ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื...

ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื (ืื™ืกื™ื™ื) ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื’ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ื, ื ืงื˜ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ‏[1].

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” "ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ? ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ!" ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช, ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉื™, ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ื•ืงื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ‏[1].

ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ื”ืคืฉื˜ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™) ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ " ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘, ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ..." ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื "ื ื”ื™ื”" ืื• "ื ื‘ืจื", ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”‏[2]. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืฉื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงืจืื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ืขืจื‘, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ืคืจืฉื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ืžึตืขึถืจึถื‘ ืขึทื“ ืขึถืจึถื‘ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผ ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผืชึฐึผื›ึถื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘, ืขืงื‘ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช‏[3].

ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ืžื—ื•ืจื– ื•ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืœื—ืžืชื• ื‘ืงืจืื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื‏[3].

ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืืžืจื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืžืžื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "...ื•ึฐื”ึธื’ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื”... ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฆื‘, ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "...ื•ึผืคึธื—ึทื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึทืึฒืžึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึทื™ึถึผื™ืšึธ..." ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื’ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ืขื™ื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• "...ืชึตึผืจึทื“ึฐื ึธื” ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ื“ึดึผืžึฐืขึธื” ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืžึธื - ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึดึผื“ึฐืžึถื™ื ึธื”! ื›ึดึผื™ ืฉึถืื‘ึถืจ ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผืœึทืช ื‘ึทึผืช ืขึทืžึดึผื™..." ื‘ืงื™ื ืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• 'ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช'.

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขืจื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืขืจื‘" ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื‘ึนืงึถืจ" ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื‏[4].

ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืž'ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ืข, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข, ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืืชื ื•:

ืจืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืงื•ื“ื - ื“ืงืœื™ืคื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืคืจื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืขื“ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื•ื™ื”.

ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ: "ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื™ - ืืฆืœื•: ื”ืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงืœื™ืคื”!

โ€“ ืกืคืจ ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™"ื (ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™"ื“)

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื™ืจื—, ืžืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื•, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื. ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉ. ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื™ืจื— ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ื ืงืจื "ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™", ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื 29.5305888531 ื™ืžื™ื (29 ื™ืžื™ื, 12 ืฉืขื•ืช, 44 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•-2.9 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘).

ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-7 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-12 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืงืฆืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 29.27 ื™ืžื™ื ืœ-29.83 ื™ืžื™ื), ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืงืคืœืจ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจืš ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืืจืš ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— (ืฉื ืช ื“' ืงื™"ื˜ - ืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข 29.5305934241163 (ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืก).

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœ 29 ื™ืžื™ื ืื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืกืจ", ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื". ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืื• ืžืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืœื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-29 ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ืงื‘ืข ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืกืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•. ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจืš ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืื•ืจื›ื ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•.

ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื
ืชืฉืจื™ ืœ'
ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื›"ื˜ โ€“ ืœ'
ื›ืกืœื• ื›"ื˜ โ€“ ืœ'
ื˜ื‘ืช ื›"ื˜
ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœ'
ืื“ืจ ื' ืœ'
ืื“ืจ ื‘'/ืื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›"ื˜
ื ื™ืกืŸ ืœ'
ืื™ื™ืจ ื›"ื˜
ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ'
ืชืžื•ื– ื›"ื˜
ืื‘ ืœ'
ืืœื•ืœ ื›"ื˜

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืž-29.5 ื™ื•ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-354 ื™ื•ื. ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ. ืืžื ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืž-354 ื™ื•ื.

ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Gezer Calendar - Replica 1.jpg
ืœื•ื— ื’ื–ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืœ ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” (ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชืง ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ)

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ‏[5]‏[6] ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืกืŸ) ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:

Geresh.png {{{ืชื•ื›ืŸ}}} Geresh.png
โ€“ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš

ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื”ื (ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ): ื ึดื™ืกึทืŸึป, ืึทืจึป, ืกึดืžึทืŸึป, ื“ึปึผืžึปื–ึป, ืึทื‘ึปึผ, ืึปืœึปืœึป, ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืจึดืชึปึผื, ืกึทืžึฐืŸ ึป, ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœึดืึป, ื˜ึถื‘ึถึผืชึปึผื, ืฉึทืื‘ึทึผื˜ึป, ืึทื“ึทึผืจึป ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืžึทื›ึทึผืจึปืฉึทื ืึทื“ึทึผืจึด.

ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ืืกืชืจ, ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื ื™ืกืŸ:

  • ื•ึทืชึดึผืœึธึผืงึทื— ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื, ืึถืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน, ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉึดื‚ื™ืจึดื™, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื˜ึตื‘ึตืช ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน‏[7].
  • ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืœึฐืขึทืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™-ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉึฐืื‘ึธื˜, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ืœึฐื“ึธืจึฐื™ึธื•ึถืฉื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”' ืึถืœ-ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึถึผืจึถื›ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึดื“ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื ึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ืœึตืืžึนืจ‏[8].
  • ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื ึดื™ืกึธืŸ, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ื ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื” ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื: ื”ึดืคึดึผื™ืœ ืคึผื•ึผืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืžึธืŸ, ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึผืžึตื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึฐื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืึฒื“ึธืจ‏[9].
  • ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืกึนืคึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึธึผืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืกึดื™ื•ึธืŸ, ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืœื•ึนืฉึธืื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึทื™ึดึผื›ึธึผืชึตื‘ ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึทื™ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื‏[10].
  • ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื ึฐื—ึถืžึฐื™ึธื”, ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื—ึฒื›ึทืœึฐื™ึธื”: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœึตื• ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื”‏[11].
  • ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึธึผืื” ืœึถืึฑืœื•ึผืœ ืœึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ื™ื•ึนื‏[12],

ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื™ืจื— ื”ืื™ืชื ื™ื" ืœืชืฉืจื™‏[13], "ื™ืจื— ื‘ื•ืœ" ืœื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ‏[14] ื•"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื•" ืœืื™ื™ืจ‏[15]. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขื ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื.

ื‘ืœื•ื— ื’ื–ืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฉื "ื™ืจื—ื•" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื™ืจื—", ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื ื”ืจืก ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื—: "ืื‘ื™". ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”"ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื", ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื:‏[16]

ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ืึธืกึด(ื™)ืฃ - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืืกื™ืฃ - ืชืฉืจื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ื—ื’ ื”ืืกื™ืฃ - ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื ื”" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื "ืš).
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ื–ึถืจึทืข - ื”ื–ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืช.
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ืœึถืงึถืฉื - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช - ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืื“ืจ.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืขึฒืฆึทื“ ืคึดึผืฉึฐืืชึธ(ื”) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืชื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ‏[17].
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึฐืฆึด(ื™)ืจ ืฉึฐื‚ืข (ื•ึน)ืจึดื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึธืฆืจื•ึฐ ื›ึดืœึธ(ื”) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงืฆื™ืจ "ื›ืœื™ื•ืช" ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ‏[18].
ื™ึทืจึฐื—ื• ื–ึถืžึถืจ (ืื• ื–ืžื™ืจ) - ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ - ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืื‘.
ื™ึถืจึทื— ืงึตืฅ (ืื• ืงึทื™ืฅ) - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืงื˜ื™ืคืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืื ื™ื - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ.

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืฉืชืจืฉื• ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช:

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”
ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
ืชืฉืจื™ "ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ (ื)ืœืื•ืœ" (ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุง๏ปทูˆู„) "ืืงื™ื" (Ekim) ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ
"ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ (ืืœ)ืช'ืื ื™" (ุชุดุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ) "ืงืืกื•ื" (Kasฤฑm) ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ
ืฉื‘ื˜ "ืฉื‘ืื˜" (ุดุจุงุท) "ืฉื•ื‘ืื˜" (ลžubat) ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ
ืื“ืจ "ืื“'ืืจ" (ุฃุฐุงุฑ) "ืžืืจื˜" (Mart) ืžืจืฅ
ื ื™ืกืŸ "ื ื™ืกืืŸ" (ู†ูŠุณุงู†) "ื ื™ืกืืŸ" (Nisan) ืืคืจื™ืœ
ืื™ื™ืจ "ืื™ืืจ" (ุฃูŠุงุฑ) "ืžืื™ื•ืก" (Mayฤฑs) ืžืื™
ืชืžื•ื– "ืชืžื•ื–" (ุชู…ูˆุฒ) "ื˜ืžื•ื–" (Temmuz) ื™ื•ืœื™
ืื‘ "ืืื‘" (ุขุจ) "ืืื•ืกื˜ื•ืก" (AฤŸustos) ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜
ืืœื•ืœ "ืื™ืœื•ืœ" (ุฃูŠู„ูˆู„) "ืื™ื™ืœื™ืœ" (Eylรผl) ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื-ืจื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื‏[19] ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช:

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื™ื
ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
ื™ืื ื• ื™ืืŸ - ืืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ืชืฉืจื™ืŸ / ื ื™ืกืŸ
ืคื‘ืจื• ืคื‘ืจื• - ื˜ืงืก ื˜ื”ืจื” ืื“ืจ
ืžืืจืก ืžืืจืก - ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ
ืืค-ืจื™ืœ ืื• ืื‘ืจื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืคืจื™ืจ - ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ืื‘
ืžืื™ ืžืื™ื™ืกื™ืก - ืืœืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžืื™ื•ืจ - ื–ึทืงึตืŸ ืชืžื•ื–
ื™ื•ื  ื™ื•ื ื• - ืืœืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืืœื™ื

ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช.

ื ื™ืกืŸ
ื™ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ืืœื•ืœ
ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”

ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ื•ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:

ืฉึธืืžื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ืคึถึผืกึทื— ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ,
ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืœึธื™ึฐืœึธื”. (ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื)

ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืงืจื ืื“ืจ ื' ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ "ืฉื‘" ืœืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™.

"ืฉื ืช ื—ืžื”" ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›-365.242189 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ืžื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœื. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ - ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื‘ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”), ืืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช" ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”". ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืคืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ืœืื“ืจ ื' ื•ืื“ืจ ื‘'.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›-11 ื™ืžื™ื ืž-12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 12 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืจืขื™ (ื”ืืกืœืืžื™), ื”ื™ื” ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— "ื ื•ื“ื“" ืžื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ืžื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืก, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื, ืื• "ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื”" ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“‏[20] ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืฉื ืœืชื ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืคืชื.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).

ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื•: ื”' - 5000, ืช - 400, ืฉ - 300, ืข - 70, ื• - 6 = 5776; ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”'ืŸ ืข"ื•: ื”' - 5000, ืŸ - 700, ืข - 70, ื• - 6 = 5776. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืืœืฃ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื– ื ืจืฉืžืช ืชืฉืก"ื–. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืค"ืง - ืœืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืค"ื’ - ืœืคืจื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื.

ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื "ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืื• "ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ืง ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืœ 7 ืฉื ื™ื - ืฉื ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื›ืœ 7 ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ืช - ืฉื ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ.

ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉื ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘-7. (ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื”.)

ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื—, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ); ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 50 ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ึผืช-ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ; ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืจ, ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื•' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื• ื™ืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื“ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืื ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“‏[21], ืื• ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื— ื•ืœื ื‘ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ‏[22].

ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืขึตื“ื•ึผืช-ืจึฐืื™ื™ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืžืžืฉ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง). ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ื™ืจื— ื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. (ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืจื— ืžืœื.) ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืกื”ืจ ื“ืงื™ืง, ืฉื•ืงืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื ื ืจืื” ืกื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-29 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื. ืื ืœื, ื ื“ื—ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-29 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ื™ื•ื.

ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ". ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขื–ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืช ืืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ื. ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื—, ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ‏[23].

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ืœืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืื™ ืงื‘ืœืชื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ‏[24].

ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ (ืžื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™) ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™: ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืฆื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืœืคื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช (ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจืก"ื’, ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ) ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื• ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื”.

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.png
ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื—

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™"), ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืžืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืืœื ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.

ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื”, ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืจืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื: ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ", ืžืืช ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12, ื•ืžืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช". ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 359 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื ื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืจืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ‏[25] ื ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 840 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช.

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื™ืงื™ืื”, ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 325, ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื ืฆืœื‘ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืกื—, ื•ืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•. ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื™ืงื™ืื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื™ื™ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉื ืจืื” ืื—ืจื™ 21 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” (ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืื–, ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื).

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืชืืžื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.

ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—, (ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื). ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• (ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™). ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•' (ื›ืš ื ืžื ืข ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช). ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ.

ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื) ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช), ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืก"ื’ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืœื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื™

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืก"ื’ (ืจื‘ื™ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ) ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืก"ื’ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ; ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ. ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœ-3 ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ": ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืจืง ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื™"ื— ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘"ื˜ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ื•-ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“, ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘"ื˜ื– ืงื "ื ื•-ื’"ื˜ ืชืชืž"ื•.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื“'ืชืจืค"ื‘-ื“'ืชืจืค"ื“. ืžื•ืœื“ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื‘ (ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช) ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 11 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-932 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’', 9 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-441 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืก"ื’ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ 'ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“', ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ (ื’"ื˜ ืชืชืž"ื•), ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžื•ืœื“ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื“ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-237 ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืก"ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจื”"ืฉ ("ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ") ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืœื“ "ื ื•ืคืœ" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจื”"ืฉ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื“, ื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื•. ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจืก"ื’ ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื›ื™ ืื•ืžื ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ื•ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื—ื›ื ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื•ืื•ืžื ื, ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœืœื•ื— ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืจืค"ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื—. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืก"ื’ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ-ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืžื“ืช ืจืก"ื’ ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืืœื™ื•.

ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืจืจื” ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืขื ืจืก"ื’ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”). ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื•ืœื“ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื ื” ื - ื“-ื˜-ืชืจืž"ื‘ - ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื–ืงืŸ‏[26].

ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื•‏[27], ืฉื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจ, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืœ'ืขื™ืงืจ' ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“ ื•-ื˜ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืœื ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื ืคื•ืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘'ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—' (ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš, ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆื 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื), ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืง ื–ื”. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื›-80 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจ 40 ื“ืงื•ืช (ืื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื), ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื - ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ 642 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”‏[28]

ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืืžืฅ ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื–ืงืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ: ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ื™ื“ื—ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉื‘ื”ืขืชื™ืงื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืžืฉื (ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ), ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืงืื™ืคื ื’, ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืคื ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืจืž"ื‘ (642) ื—ืœืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ื•ืœื ืชืฉ"ื› (720) ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœ-10 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช:

  1. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.
  2. ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
  3. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 353โ€“355 ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 383โ€“385. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืื• ืื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืœ' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•.
  4. ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”.
  5. ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช.
  6. ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืคืกื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื (ืจืื• ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ).

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-12.368 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-234.997 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืจื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• 235 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, 7 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื‘-19 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ", ื™ืฉ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื•: 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช: ื’', ื•', ื—', ื™"ื, ื™"ื“, ื™"ื–, ื™"ื˜, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื’ื•"ื— ืื“ื–"ื˜.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘-19 ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: 0, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, ืื• 17. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื•, ืžืกืคืจื” 5776 (ื” ืืœืคื™ื=5000 + ืช=400 + ืฉ=300 + ืข=70 + ื•=6). ื—ืœื•ืงืช 5776 ื‘-19 ื ื•ืชื ืช 304 ื•ืฉืืจื™ืช 0 (ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 304 = 5776/19). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉืข"ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช.

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื” ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื” ื—ืœ ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1985 ื•ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื“ ื—ืœ ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2004), ืื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื– ื—ืœ ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1987 ื•ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื• ื—ืœ ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006), ื•ืขื“ 4 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ‏[29].

ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืžื™ 'ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ' ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื•-30 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ.

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื”ื, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื: ืชืฉืจื™ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (29-30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื›ืกืœื• (29-30 ื™ืžื™ื), ื˜ื‘ืช (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืฉื‘ื˜ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื“ืจ (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ื ื™ืกืŸ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื™ื™ืจ (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืชืžื•ื– (29 ื™ืžื™ื), ืื‘ (30 ื™ืžื™ื), ืืœื•ืœ (29 ื™ืžื™ื). ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื' ืฉื‘ื• 30 ื™ื•ื (ื•ืื– ืื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ - 29 ื™ืžื™ื - ื ืงืจื ืื“ืจ ื‘').

ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ืชืžื™ื“ 29 ื™ื•ื: ื˜ื‘ืช, ืื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืžื•ื–, ืืœื•ืœ
ืชืžื™ื“ 30 ื™ื•ื: ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉื‘ื˜, ืื“ืจ ื' (ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘
ืœืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื—, ืœืคืขืžื™ื 29 ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื 30 ื™ื•ื: ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืกืœื•.

ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 29 ื™ื•ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœ' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื, ื•'ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืฉื ื™' ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื' ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.

  • ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“: ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉื‘ื˜, ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘
  • ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื: ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ืื“ืจ (ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืžื•ื–, ืืœื•ืœ
  • ืชืœื•ื™:
    • ื›ืกืœื• - ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-29 ื™ื•ื; ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื - ืื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื.
    • ื˜ื‘ืช - ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ืกืœื• ืœ-29 ื™ื•ื; ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื - ืื ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ืŸ 30 ื™ื•ื.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื: ื›ืกืœื•, ื˜ื‘ืช, ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืกืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ (ื’ื ื›ืกืœื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืช ื‘"ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจื”" (ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื” "ืžืœืื”"\"ื—ืกืจื”" ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš) ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”) ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ (ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจ"ื— ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื). ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจ"ื— ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืจ"ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืจ"ื— ื”ืฉื ื™) ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืฉื ื™ ืื– ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื– ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™).

ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ:

  1. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื' ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ื™ื•ื
  2. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•
  3. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ืื™-ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœ' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ืœ' ื‘ื›ืกืœื•)

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื—ืกืจื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 353 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-383 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื 29 ื™ืžื™ื
  • ื›ืกื“ืจื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 354 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-384 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ 29 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉืœืžื” - ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 355 ื™ื•ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•-385 ื™ื•ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 30 ื™ืžื™ื

ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื), ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื“) ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ื•). ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ".

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœ-14 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื "ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช".

ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™:

  • ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
  • ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—\ื›\ืฉ, ืœืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืกืจื”, ื›ืกื“ืจื” ืื• ืฉืœืžื”
  • ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—

ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช "ื‘ื—ื’" ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื”, ื•ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื™ื

ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื– ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›-18% ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ื‘-3.3% ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืฉืœ ื–ืืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”.

ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื’ื™ืื”: ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

 ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืœื›ื”:

  • ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื“' ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•': ืื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“' ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•', ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช (ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”). ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช:
    • ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืฆืžื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืœืงื˜ื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. (ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื’, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื).
    • ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืžื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืช'. (ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืชื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ)
  • ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื': ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช‏[30].

ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืขื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืงื“ื•ื ื–ื”.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 'ืœื ืื“"ื•' ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ (ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืจืง ื–', ื”ืœื›ื” ื—'). ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืจืง ื–, ื”ืœื›ื” ื—), ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื”.

ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื: ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 'ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื“' ืœ'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืœืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื' ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช (ื‘ื˜"ื– ื”-15 ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ืœืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื™ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื 'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”') ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“', ื•ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•'.

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืœืœื™ื.

ืืœื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ:

ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ,
ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ - ื‘ืœ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ,
ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“ - ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื’ืจื•ืฉ,
ื‘ื˜"ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ - ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืขืงื•ืจ ืžืœืฉืจื•ืฉ‏[31]

ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื:

  • ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืชื•ื”ื• - ืฉืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  • ืขืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— - ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.
  • ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื” - ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
  • ืืจื‘ืข ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช - ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ.

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš:

  1. ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื.
  2. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื”.
  3. ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื 3 ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“:
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช.
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’"ื˜ ืจ"ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' (ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ื‘ืฉืขื” ื˜' (9) ื•-ืจ"ื“ (204) ื—ืœืงื™ื (ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืขื”).
    • ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜"ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘' (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™) ื‘ืฉืขื” ื˜"ื• (15), ื•ืชืงืค"ื˜ (589) ื—ืœืงื™ื.
  4. ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืื“"ื• - ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื') ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื“') ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ื•').
  5. ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”; ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื• ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื - ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•", ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘'ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื— ืžืžื•ืฆืข' ืฉืœ 29 ื™ืžืžื•ืช, 12 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-793 "ื—ืœืงื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื” (ื›ืืฉืจ "ื—ืœืง" ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-1/1,080 ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉ-793 "ื—ืœืงื™ื" ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœ-44 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•-31/3 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ื›"ื˜ ื™"ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ"ื’.

ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-<math>C = 29\frac{12\frac{793}{1080}}{24}=29\frac{13753}{25920}=29.5305941...</math> ื™ืžืžื•ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ืžืžื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื›-0.456 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืฉ ื›ืœืœ (ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 0.061 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื–ื•ื–ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื›-1.5679 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืœ 1,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืคืจืง 'ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ')

{{{ืชื•ื›ืŸ}}}

ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื‏[32] ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื›ืฉื“ื™ ืงื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืื  ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื" ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื›ืš: 29, 31, 50, 8, 20 ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก 60, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื›"ื˜ ื™"ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ"ื’ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื.

ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘:
ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• (ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘'ื”'ืจื“') ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•-204 ื—ืœืงื™ื (ื‘ืฉืขื” 23:11:20 ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•) ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื M ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื– ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” Y ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”:

<math>M=235\left \lfloor \frac{Y-1}{19} \right \rfloor + 12[(Y-1)\mod 19] + \left \lfloor \frac{7[(Y-1)\mod 19] + 1}{19} \right \rfloor</math>

ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ,
<math>M = \left \lfloor \frac{235(Y-1)+1}{19} \right \rfloor</math>
(ื›ืืฉืจ <math>\lfloor\rfloor</math> ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืœื).

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื‘ (Y-1=5771) ื ืงื‘ืœ: <math>M = \left \lfloor \frac{235 \cdot 5771+1}{19} \right \rfloor = \lfloor 71378.21...\rfloor = 71378</math>.

ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” Y ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืŸ:

M ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื– ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื• ร— ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— + ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•
R = M ร— C + T
ื›ืืฉืจ R - ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื”, M - ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•, C - ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—, T - ืžื•ืœื“ ืชื•ื”ื•

ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” Y ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ืื• ื™ื™ื“ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืืจื‘ืขืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืŸ 'ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข':

  • ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืข"ืค ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘) ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”-18).
  • ื’-ื˜-ืจ"ื“: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื’), ืื—ืจื™ ืชืฉืข (ื˜') ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-204 (ืจ"ื“) ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
  • ื‘-ื˜ื•-ืชืงืค"ื˜: ืื ืžื•ืœื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ (ื‘), ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” (ื˜"ื•) ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-589 (ืชืงืค"ื˜) ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช.

ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช:

  • ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ: ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•' ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื—ืจืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื; ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ").

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœ'ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ'[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ (ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉืžืฉ) ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื”.‏[33]

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช‏[34], ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื ืื ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ืœื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ.

ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ‏[35].

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื“ื—ื™ื™ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœืœื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”‏[36].

ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘-ื˜ื•-ืชืงืค"ื˜ ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื’-ื˜-ืจ"ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื•-204 ื—ืœืงื™ื (ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”-18 ืœื™ืžืžื”, ื•ื™ื•ื ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืœืœ "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื - ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ (ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ"); ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 356 ื™ืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” (ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 353โ€“355 ื™ืžื™ื). ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื“ื—ื” ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืžืฉื - ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืชืงืฆืจ ืœ-354 ื™ืžื™ื - ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจื”.

ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘"ื˜ื• ืชืงืค"ื˜ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช: ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 15 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-589 ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืžืžื”. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ" ื•-"ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ", ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ืขื ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืช 382 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื (383โ€“385). ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื•ื ื’' ื•ืžืžื™ืœื "ืชืชืืจืš" ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ 383 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืชืชืื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช.

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (168 ืฉืขื•ืช) ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื”. ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.

ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ ืž ืžื•ืœื“ ืขื“ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–' 18 ื' 9 204 15 204 9.041 ื‘ื—ื’ 12 5.710 5.7
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื' 9 204 ื‘' 15 589 30 385 18.069 ื‘ืฉื” 12 11.412 11.8
ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘', ื”', ื™', ื™ื’, ื˜ื– ื‘' 15 589 ื‘' 18 2 491 1.461 ื‘ืฉื” 5 0.384
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื', ื“, ื–', ื˜', ื™ื‘, ื˜ื•, ื™ื— ื‘' 15 589 ื‘' 18 2 491 1.461 ื’ื›ื” 7 0.538 6.3
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘' 18 ื’', 9 204 15 204 9.041 ื’ื›ื” 12 5.710
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื’' 9 204 ื”' 9 204 48 0 28.571 ื”ื›ื– 12 18.045 18.0
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”' 9 204 ื”' 18 8 876 5.245 ื”ืฉื 12 3.313 3.3
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”' 18 ื•' 0 408 6 408 3.796 ื–ื—ื 12 2.397 4.3
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘', ื”', ื–', ื™', ื™ื’, ื˜ื–, ื™ื— ื•' 0 408 ื•' 9 204 8 876 5.245 ื–ื—ื 7 1.932
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื', ื“, ื˜', ื™ื‘, ื˜ื• ื•' 0 408 ื•' 9 204 8 876 5.245 ื–ืฉื’ 5 1.380 13.7
ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•' 9 204 ื–' 18 32 876 19.530 ื–ืฉื’ 12 12.334
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื–' 18 ื' 20 491 26 491 15.747 ื‘ื—ื” 7 5.802 5.8
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื' 20 491 ื‘' 18 21 589 12.825 ื‘ืฉื– 7 4.725 4.7
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘' 18 ื’' 18 24 0 14.286 ื’ื›ื– 7 5.263 5.3
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื’' 18 ื“' 11 695 17 695 10.502 ื”ื—ื 7 3.869 3.9
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“' 11 695 ื”' 18 30 385 18.069 ื”ืฉื’ 7 6.657 6.7
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”' 18 ื•' 20 491 26 491 15.747 ื–ื—ื’ 7 5.802 5.8
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื•' 20 491 ื–' 18 21 589 12.825 ื–ืฉื” 7 4.725 4.7

ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•), ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” - ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

  • ืœื ื‘ื“"ื• ืคืกื—: ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— (ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื• ื’ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘', ื“', ื•'.
  • ืœื ืื“"ื• ืกื•ื›ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื“', ื•'.
  • ืœื ืื’"ื• ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ: ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื', ื’', ื•'.
  • ืœื ื’ื”"ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื’', ื”', ื–'.
  • ืœื ื‘ื“"ื– ืคื•ืจื™ื - ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื“ืคืจื–ื™ืŸ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ (ื‘ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช: ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘')) ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘', ื“', ื–'.

ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืœื ืื“"ื• ืจืืฉ" ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื (ืืœื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืœื•, ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื) ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืกื•ื›ื•ืช), ื•ื—ืœืง (ืืœื• ืฉืžืื“ืจ ื‘' ื•ืื™ืœืš) ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”ื (ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช).

ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™.

ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘', ื•ืœื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื'. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื• ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.

ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—. ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืืชื‘"ืฉ. ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืฉืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื-ื– (ืœืžืฉืœ - ื' - ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื‘' - ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”), ื™ืฉ ื—ื’ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข:

  • ื - ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื‘ - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื’ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื.
  • ื“ - ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช).
  • ื” - ืฆื•ื (ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื).
  • ื• - ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
  • ื– - ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื–' ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืžืชืื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช - ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉ"ื˜ (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ-ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ืื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช). ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืช "ืข" ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื’ื ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืขื’ืœ". ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื’ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืจืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœ ื–' ืฉืœ ืคืกื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืขืฆื™ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื”.

ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• (ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข) ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžื“ื™ 13 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื 247 ืฉื ื”. ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจืง ืžื“ื™ 689,472 ืฉื ื™ื.

ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ. ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ, ืฉืงื•ึผืฆึทืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ื“ื” ืกื™ืœื•ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืก"ื‘, ืชืจืก"ื’, ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื 365.24682 ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 365.24219. ืคืขืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžืžื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ 216 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืžืื– ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจืš.

ืœืคืขืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—. ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘". ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”"ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ "ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘", ืฉืžื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืคืกื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื”ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืกื— (ื˜"ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ) ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”-26 ื‘ืžืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืฉืคืกื— ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืกื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื”-25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ (ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ). ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื”ืžืงืœ) ื”ืคืขืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืจืš ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ 1400 ืฉื ื”). ื”ืคืขืจ ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (216*15=3240), ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืคืกื— ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘). ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ 6500 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš (216*30=6480) ืคืกื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื (ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”).

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื™. ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ (ืฉืžื•ืขื“ื•: ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื ืฉืื—ืจื™ 20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ) ืกื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชื•ืงื ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ืœ-10 ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš - ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœื•.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื "ืš; ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื. ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ: ื ืฉืืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื ื•ืช 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื) ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 19 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 432 ืœืคื ื”"ืก.

ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”; ืžืื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื›ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืœื•ื— ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื” 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘-7. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื.

ื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข‏[37]. ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื• "ืื•ืชื•ืช" ืื• "ื™ืžื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื". ื’ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ื™ืžืžื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื•ืžืฆื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื• ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื“ืช ื–ื•‏[37]‏[38].

ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื" ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืžื ื” 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืช 91 ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื' ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื:

  • ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื ืข"ื‘-ืค"ื‘;
  • ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื•';
  • ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืžืงืฆืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”;
  • ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ 24 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืŸ 13 ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”' ื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข;
  • ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ืžื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉื™;
  • ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžืงื•ืžืจืืŸ, ื”ื ืงืจื 4Q252, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื‘ืŸ 364 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 30 ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.

ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืช 364 ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื™ืกืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 30 ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื•ืกืคื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”-31 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื 'ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื', ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื’ืข=ืคื’ืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ื ืืžืจ "ื•ืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื" (ื—ื ื•ืš ืขื“, ื™ื‘; ืฉื, ืขื”, ื‘; ืคื‘, ื•, ื™ื-ื›). ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืชืฉืจื™: ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' 14 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 15 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืžื—ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘-26 ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืžื—ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, 15 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 15 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืช 364 ื™ืžื™ื ื•-52 ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ืคืคื• ืœื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™; ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ืœื™ืžื™ื, 364, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, 52, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, 12, ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื›ื ื•ืื•ืจ ื›ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืืœ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื
ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”' ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจ
ื•ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ื•ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจ
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช
ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื”
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื
ื›ื•ืœ ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

โ€“ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”,The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert IV, ed. J. A. Sanders, Oxford 1965, P. 48

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื, ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœื•ื— ืฉืžืฉื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ืžืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื“, ืฉืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ืคืจืงื™ื ืข"ื‘-ืค"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื“'. ื”ืœื•ื— ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืง ื•; ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 364 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืขืœื• ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื•ื— ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื—ืคืคื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ืฉืžืฉื™ ืื• ื™ืจื—ื™, ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช‏[39].

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืจืื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงืจืื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ื ื•ืกืคื• ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—" ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื™ ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข.

ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื•ื— ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื™ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื ื” 29 ืื• 30 ื™ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœื. ื”ืœื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš‏[40]. ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ื˜ื "1571 ืœื™ืฉื•ืข ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, 7071 ืœื’ืคื˜ื™ื ื•-6642 ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื"‏[41], ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 7082. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Hdate-applet.png
ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” hdate-applet

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœื•ื— ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™", ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช, ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช‏[42].

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืœืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืš) ื•ื™ืžื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืขื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืื• ื™"ื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 'ื—ื’ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”' ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. 'ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉ"ื—', ื”ื’ืขืช ืื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื 'ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืชืฉ"ื–' (ืฉื‘ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ื’ื ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™) ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘"ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช", ืคืจืขื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืช"ื˜, ืคืจืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื—ื’ื™ื‏[43], ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื ื—ื–ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื’ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“.)

ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ('ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘', 'ื™ืžื™ ืชืžื•ื–', 'ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ', 'ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘' ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื ืขืœ ืฉื ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืฉื) ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ (ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช).

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื™ืจื—ื™, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืžืคืจืข, ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ืขื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืื“ืœืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื•ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืžืžื ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ืช‏[44].

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ื ืขืจ, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืก ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•) ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช‏[45].

ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉืžื™‏[46]. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื‏[47].

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื—"ื› ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”‏[48], ืœืคื™ื• ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืœื ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ื ื•‏[49].

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018 ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืฉืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืข: "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ื›ืœื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™".

ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ืืžืจ:

"ืฉื ื”" ื•"ื—ื•ื“ืฉ" - ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื•ืื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื ืื• ืกื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™.

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื– ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžืจืฉื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื ืื—ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช, ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืื–ื›ืจื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื ืคื˜ืจ.
"ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื“ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ืช-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ืช-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื"‏[51]

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืฉืืœืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืกืง ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืคืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื•ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, (ืกืขื™ืฃ 18ื) ื›ื™ "ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ".

ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ืื ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืžืจืฉืชืช ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื‏[52], ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™‏[53].

ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื•ื ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื‏[54].

ืจืื• ื’ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืžื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืชื—ื™ืœื” - ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืฉื ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืจืื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ื–ื ืคืกื—- ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—.

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื- ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื!

ืชื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ืœื•ื’ื™ - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืฉืคืชื ื•.

ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื - ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืจื›ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืืชืจ.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ 1.0 1.1 ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ: ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ' ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ื” (ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘)
  2. โ†‘ "ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ: "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื™ื•ื",
    ืืœื: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึถืจึถื‘" - ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืงืข ื”ืื•ืจ.
    "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึนืงึถืจ" - ื‘ึนืงืจื•ึน ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ!
    ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื™ ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึนืช (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื ืฉืœื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืืžืจื• ืขืฉืจ ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”: 'ื™ึฐื”ึดื™...')
    ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™. (ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ)
  3. โ†‘ 3.0 3.1 ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ - ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘ (ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช). ืžืืžืจื• ืฉื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืจื”? ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื‘, ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืฉื‘ืช (ืืชืจ 'ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™' - ืžื™ื™ื ื˜)
  4. โ†‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืื” (ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœ'ื”ื™ื›ืœื ื“ืจืฉื‘"ื™' ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ)
  5. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื”ืืจืฅ
  6. โ†‘ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืชื ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื”: "ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ"" ([[:ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™]]).
  7. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  8. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  9. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  10. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  11. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  12. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  13. โ†‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผื”ึฒืœื•ึผ ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื”ึธืึตืชึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึถึผื—ึธื’ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  14. โ†‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึทืช ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื‘ึผื•ึผืœ, ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึดื™ื ึดื™, ื›ึธึผืœึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึธื•; ื•ึทื™ึดึผื‘ึฐื ึตื”ื•ึผ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  15. โ†‘ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ืช ื™ึปืกึทึผื“ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”' ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถืจึทื— ื–ึดื•, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืชื "ืš
  16. โ†‘ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžื’ื–ืจ, ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ืŸ (ื•ื™ืงื™ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ: ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื "ืš)
  17. โ†‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื—ืช - ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช
  18. โ†‘ ืจืื• ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจ
  19. โ†‘ ืกืคื˜ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืข, ืื•ืงื˜ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื ื•ื‘ื” - ืชืฉืข, ื“ืฆื™ - ืขืฉืจ, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ืงืจื ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ, ืงื™ื˜ื ื” - ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกื™ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื” - ืฉืฉ, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœืฉื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก
  20. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื‘ื‘ืœื™
  21. โ†‘ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื•' ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช, ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ืงืก "ืฉืืœืช ื—ืœื•ื" ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉ'ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœ'ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”' (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”) (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืง"ืค).
  22. โ†‘ ื ืงืจื ื›ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืืจื™ืš ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืœืงื—ื• ืฉื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. (ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื–"ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื)
  23. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืฉื ื” - ื˜'
  24. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืชื”, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืชืฉ"ืŸ, ืขืžื•ื“ ื—', ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ืฉื›ืš ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืžืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
  25. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™
  26. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™
  27. โ†‘ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื, "ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืก"ื’ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ", ืกื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื (ืชืฉื "ื’), ืขื•ืชืง ืœืœื ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ 'ื“ืขืช'.
  28. โ†‘ ืžื•ืœื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื™"ื’ ื‘ืงื”ื•ืคืจ, ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ื˜, ืขืž' ืชืงืฆื–
  29. โ†‘ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื (ื—ืกืจื”, ื›ืกื“ืจื”, ืฉืœืžื”), ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื (ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช), ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื (ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช 19 ืฉื ื™ื).
  30. โ†‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืžื•ืช' ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
  31. โ†‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœ"ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—.
  32. โ†‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืœื™ื’ ืกืœื•ื ื™ืžืกืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžืจ ื’' ืคืจืง ืž"ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ 16
  33. โ†‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžืœืื™, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื 6 ืฉืขื•ืช:
    ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ืชื•: ื ื•ืœื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื ืจืื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”; ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”.
    โ€“ ืžืกื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ืฃ ื›', ืข"ื‘

    ืœืžืขืฉื” 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.

  34. โ†‘ ืื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ื‘ืฉืขืช 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช)
  35. โ†‘ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจ
  36. โ†‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื“ืฃ 2
  37. โ†‘ 37.0 37.1 ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืœื•ืกืจ, ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื (ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช), ื›ืจืš ืฆ', ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964, ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช)
  38. โ†‘ ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืจืœ ื”ื™ืœื’ืจื˜, 1963, ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืืžืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืืชืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื–)
  39. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. 4Q320-334. ืจืื•: ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ื” ื’ืœืกืžืจS. Talmon, J. Ben-Dov and U. Glessmer (eds.), Qumran Cave 4.XLVI: Calendrical Texts (DJD, XXI), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001. ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืื• ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื–; ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ื” ืจืื• ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ, "ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื“", ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœ, 2 114 (ืชืฉื "ื—) ืขืž' 105 - 114; ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืื•: ืจื—ืœ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ, ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืื’ื ืก ืชืฉืก"ื’, ืขืž' 41โ€“58, 108 - 112. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘, "ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืช 364 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช",ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจืš ืž' ืงื™ืกื˜ืจ, ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืž' 435 - 476.
  40. โ†‘ Michael Corinaldi, "The Relationship Between the Beta Israel Tradition and the Book of Jubilees" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors) Jews of Ethiopia: The Birth of an Elite, Routledge, 2005 ,ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ISBN, p. 200-201
  41. โ†‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ื–ืื‘ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™, ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœืฉื™ื - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก, ืชืฉืœ"ื’, ืขืž' 56
  42. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ
  43. โ†‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™, ืื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ
  44. โ†‘
    ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื”:
    {{ื”ืขืจื”|ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ}}

    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืื ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” (=), ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

    {{ื”ืขืจื”|1=ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ}}
    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืกืคืช "1=".
  45. โ†‘ ืคืกืง ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืจืง ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” (ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื”)
  46. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืขืจื™ื‘
  47. โ†‘ 47.0 47.1 ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื—ื™ืœืŸ
  48. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” (ืžืก' 110), ื”ืชืฉืข"ื“-2014, ืก"ื— 2462 ืž-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014
  49. โ†‘
    ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื”:
    {{ื”ืขืจื”|ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ}}

    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ืื ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” (=), ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:

    {{ื”ืขืจื”|1=ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ}}
    ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืกืคืช "1=".
  50. โ†‘ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช
  51. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืฉ"ื˜-1949, ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืขืžื•ื“ 10
  52. โ†‘ ืจืื• #ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘'ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื'
  53. โ†‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:Ynet
  54. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ื (ืžืคื“"ืœ) ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืค"ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืžืœืฅ



ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช

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