ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืงืจืœื™ืฅ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
(ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™"ืฉ)
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืจ'''ื‘

ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื”.

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืœ"ื˜ ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ืืžื• ืจืืฉื” ืœืื”, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ืงืฆื ืœื ื‘ื•ื’ืŸ, ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื (ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ). ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ื‘ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืจื›ืฉ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืžืœืžื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืืš ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืœืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืœื ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกืง ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื• ื ื™ืฉื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืจ' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื™, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืŸ, ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืขื ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื–ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขืœ "ืฉืื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”", "ื ื–ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘). ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื›ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื ืžืœื˜ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืฅ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžืกื—ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืงื˜. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืกื•ืจื•ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ื•[1], ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ืจืฃ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืกื•ืจื•ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืกืจื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”[2]. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื” ืคืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ[3]. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืฅ, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืฉื ืฉื”ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืฅ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ื ืกืง ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช). ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืงื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”[4].

ืชืงื•ืคืช ื•ื™ืœื ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขื ืฉื•ืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื‘ ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืฅ (ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™), ื•ืžืฉื ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืœืœื™ื˜ื, ืฉื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื, ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืฉืชื• ื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื, ืฉื ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™., ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื™'ื ืกืงื™ "ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืชื•... ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•"ืฆ ืคื” ื•ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืœื–ื”"[5]. ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ื“ื™ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื• ืขื“ ืœืืคื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืงื™ื“ืชื•, ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™[6]. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื ืฉื”ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื ื˜ืœ ื’ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืœื•ื™ืœื ื (ืฉื‘ื” ืคืขืœ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช "ืจื‘ ืžื˜ืขื" ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™) ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ "ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช" ื•ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ื™, ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ื•ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช. ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง[7].

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืืฉืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ("ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜"). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืช[8], ืคื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืฉืคื ื” ืœืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ื™. ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจืช ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืืฉืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืกืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜, ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœื•ื™ืœื ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”[9], ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื•ืจืฉื”, ืžืžื ื” ืœื ืžืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืจืฆ"ื’. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืฉืฆ'ื™ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื“ื•ืง, ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืื–ื ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ, ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื ื™ืžืง ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื• ืœื ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช"): "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืœืื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง. ืื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืชื•ืœ? ืื–ื™ ืืœืš ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื ืขื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื›ืื—ื“"[10]. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื’ื‘ืขืช ืจื•ืงื—", ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื“ื•ืง, ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื[11]. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืœื ืฆืœื—ื• ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ืจื‘ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื•. ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–ื™'ื ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื“ื—ื•ืง, ืคื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืงืฆื‘ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื•[12]. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ืคืฃ ืฉื”ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืฆืคืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื˜ ืื˜ ืฉืžื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืฃ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[13]. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง (ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• "ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ"), ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ืกืคื•, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื‘, ืขื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช "ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš" ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง[14], ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืกืง-ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืคืกืงื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืคืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืคืกืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ื’ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืœื ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืคืกืงื• ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ืคืกืง ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืคืกืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืชืคืืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื ืขื ื•ืขื•ื“). ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš, ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช: "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืจืคื” ื•ืœื‘ื–ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื•ื–ื•ืช- -ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืจ ืจืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช"(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ). ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœ"ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”" ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช), ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš, ืขืžื“ื• ืขืžื• ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ "ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงืื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื–ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ

ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขื ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืกื™ืขืช "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ "ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช" (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื "ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", "ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื•"ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™") ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“, ื•ื’ืžืข ืขืžื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›"ื”ื›ืจื”" ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“, ืืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช[15]. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืขืžื“ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื ืืจืข ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื ื“ืง ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื’[16]. ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื "ื˜ืจื™ืคื”", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ).

ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืฉืขืœื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื™ืงืฉืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ื—ืกืจ-ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ[17]. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื—ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืจ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืช "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœืชื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ื™ ืืฉื” ืฉืงื‘ืœื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื–ื”[18].

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืœื-ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขืžื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืžื• "ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"[19]. ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ[20] ื‘ืžืฉืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื‘ ื‘) ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื’ืžืœื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ ืื ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžืœ ื”ืœื-ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ืžืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ; ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: "ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืžืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื - ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš". ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืœ, ืขื ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ: "ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื”? ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื”? ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื”?". ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ: "ืื ื”' ืœื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขื™ืจ - ืฉื•ื ืฉืงื“ ืฉื•ืžืจ" (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื›ื– ื). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืชื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืงืœ. ืžืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืกืžืœ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื›ืจืขืช, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ืื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ.

ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืชืงืฃ-ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื™"ื“. ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ.

ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ื“ืจื›ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”. ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘"ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช" ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ืช, ื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื ื™ืชื ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื•ืคื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืคืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื•, ื‘ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ-ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ "ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืขื“ ื›ืžื”, ืืฃ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–"ืœ"(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื•ื”ืจืž"ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคืกืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื[21]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืคืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–"ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช "ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”" - ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื[22]. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ "ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื"[23]

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ "ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”[24].

ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื ื—ืœืง ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš" ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžืจ ื ืฉืขืจ ื“), ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ (ืžืืžืจ ื‘' ืื•ืช ื›) ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื› ื‘), ืฉืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ 90ยฐ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืงื• ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืฆื“ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื–ื™ื–" ืืช ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืคืกืง ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ[25]. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื˜ืขื ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืงื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื• 180ยฐ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜[26].

ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”" ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจ"ื™, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ", ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืงืื™ื ืžืชืžื ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื—ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื›ื–ื™ืช, ืืžื”, ื˜ืคื— ื•ื›ื“'). ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื”. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื ื“ื (ืฆืœ"ื— ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜ ื), ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืกืื” (5760 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื) ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื ืคื—ืŸ ืฉืœ 5760 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื›-300 ืœื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ) ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ืคื•ืœ - ื›-600 ืœื™ื˜ืจ. ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื, "ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ" ืืช ื ืคื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื›-100 ืกืž"ืง, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืกื•ืคืจ(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›-2 ืก"ืž.

ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”[27], ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืื” ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ[28], ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช "ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ" ื•"ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื— ื ืื”". ืืžื ื, ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื•, ืื• ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” "ืœื—ื•ืžืจื”" ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”.

ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื•ื ื”ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ"ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”"[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ืื• ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื›ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ[29]. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื[30] (ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช).

ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงืจืžื ื™ืฅ, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’, ื“ืจืš ืฆืืฆืื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืจื’[31].

ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื” ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” (ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ). ืืžื• ืจืืฉื”-ืœืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ืงืฆื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ.

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื.

ืื—ื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื ื•ื“ืขื•:

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื›ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžืจืืฉื™ "ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช" ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืจ"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืฆืžืื™".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืจืœื™ืฅ -ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื”. ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืงืจืœื™ืฅ - ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื (ืžื—"ืก "ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ"). ื ืกืคื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ื’ื™ืกื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืฉืื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื:

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืงื”ืืŸ - ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืจืฆ'ื”, ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ - ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ" ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ[32] - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืฉื™ื’ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื ืกื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื™ืฆืงื™ - ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–'ื ืงื”, ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ ("ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืจ")- ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœ "ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘".

ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื—ืชื ื™ื•:

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ - ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ืขื˜ืจืช ืฉืœืžื”", "ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœืžื”" ื•"ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื”".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ - ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืžื ื”ืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ" (ืข"ืฉ ืื‘ื™ื•) ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“-ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ- ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืงื ื“ื”, ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืœืคื - ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื—ืชื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง (ืžื—"ืก "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคืชื™ื™ื"). ื ื›ื“ืชื• ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกืคื™ืฉ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ื‘ื•ื ืงื™ืŸ - ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื“ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘-ืžืื–ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆืง. ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ - ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ (ืข"ืฉ ื—ืžื™ื•) ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืฆื“ ื—ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’.

ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืชื ื™ื•:

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ - ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื: ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื‘ - ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ "ื”ื’ืจ"ื" ื‘ืฆืคืช, ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ -ืžืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื‘ืงืจื™ืช-ื™ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ" ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื—ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืื•ื - ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ - ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ื‘ืขืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื". ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ "ื•ื™ืœื ื" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง. ื—ืชื ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื‘ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื—ื ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“ ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ - ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื™ "ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ" ื•ื”ืกืคืจ "ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื ืงืœ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื—ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ, ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ. ื ื›ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืจื’ื ื•ื™ืœืžืŸ - ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืกืคืจื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื—ืชื ื™ ื’ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ ืงื ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•:

ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:

  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ืกื™ื ืงืจืœื™ืฅ - ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ "ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœื™ืฅ. ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืงืจืœื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ื”ืœื™ื’ืžืŸ" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง. ื—ืชื ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืืœ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื›ื™ื•ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื™ืฆืงื™ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื ืกื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื™ืฆืงื™.

ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ (ื‘ืขืœ "ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”"). ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงื•ืœื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]], ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงื•ืœื™ืฅ (ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื˜ื") ื•ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืจื—ืœ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช (ืืฉืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช) - ืืžื ื—ื ื” ืคื™ื™ื’ื ืงื•ืœื™ื“ืฆืงื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช-ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”, ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืื’ ืœืื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื“ืฆืงื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื.

ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ืกื ืจ

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ - ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื™ "ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘". ื’ื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืกืงืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ืจื“ื™. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ" ื•"ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืŸ ื•ื”ื ื“ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ.

ืกืคืจื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืขื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืกืงื™ื•.

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ - ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘, ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ - ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ื—"ื; ื—"ื‘; ื—"ื’; ื—"ื“; ื—"ื”; ื—"ื•; ื—"ื–).
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™"ืฉ, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉื "ื.
  • ืื”ืจืŸ ืกื•ืจืกืงื™, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉืž"ื“.
  • ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงื•ืœื™ืฅ (ืงื•ืœื™ื“ืฆืงื™), ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื˜ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื.
  • ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ - ื”ืคื•ืกืง, ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืข"ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื, ื”ืื™"ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ื•ื ื•, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื˜"ื•. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื›"ื“.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื•, ืขืž' ืจืฆ-ืฉื˜.
  • ื“ื’ืœื ื• - ื‘ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘'.
  • ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจืฉื˜ื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ: ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง (ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ), ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉื™"ื“.
  • ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืก, ืœืื•ืจื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชืคืืจืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืข"ื’.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ "ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ื—"ื ืขืž' ืจืœื‘.
  2. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, "ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ", ืขืž' 38.
  3. โ†‘ "ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ" ื—"ื ืขืž' ืงืฆื”.
  4. โ†‘ "ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ื—"ื, ืขืž' ืจืžื’-ืจืžื“.
  5. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘. ืฆ. ืฉืคื™ืจื (ืขื•ืจืš), "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืœืจืื™"ื”" (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”), ืื’ืจืช ืฉื˜ื– (ืขืž' ืชื ื”-ืชื ื•).
  6. โ†‘ "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•", ืขืž' ื ื“, ืฉื ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš.
  7. โ†‘ "ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”" ืขืž' ืžื–; "ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ" ืขืž' 55.
  8. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•", ืคืจืง ื˜.
  9. โ†‘ ื’ืจืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืื–, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉื–ื•ืจื™-ื•ื•ื‘ืจ. ("ืคืจืงื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื, ื‘ืŸ ื—ืŸ (ืขืจื•ืš), "ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’, ืขืž' 94-96; ื. ื•ืจื”ืคื˜ื™ื’ ื•ืฉ. ื›ืฅ, "ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื”", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื™-ื ืชืฉืก"ื‘, ื—"ื’ ืขืž' 1062-1054. ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื‘ืจืžืกื•ืŸ, "ื•ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ ื“' ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืŸ- ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื•, ืขืž' 84, ื•ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, "ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ", ืขืž' 56-67).
  10. โ†‘ "ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืœื—.
  11. โ†‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื” ื—ื™ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื ืงืจื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ืจื—' ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ.
  12. โ†‘ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืœืจืื™"ื”, (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”) ืขืž' ืชื ื”-ืชื ื•. ืจืื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื”, "ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื”" ืขืž' 236;
  13. โ†‘ "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจ" ื—"ื‘, ืชืจืœื•; ืชืฉืขื˜; ืชืจื›ื–.
  14. โ†‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืืฆืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื›ืฉืจ, "ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™" ื•ืขื•ื“.
  15. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” "ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ" ื—"ื’, ืขืž' ืจืžื’.
  16. โ†‘ "ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ืขืž' 86.
  17. โ†‘ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—"ื, ืื’ืจืช ืงื™ื‘.
  18. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉ.ื–. ืฉืจื’ืื™, ื‘"ื”ืฆื•ืคื”", 30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1953.
  19. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, "ื“ื‘ืจ" 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1952.
  20. โ†‘ ื›ืš ืข"ืค ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
  21. โ†‘ ืจืื” "ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื’ืจื•ืช" ื—"ื ืื’ืจืช ืœื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• "ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืขื“ ื›ืžื”, ืืฃ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–"ืœ".
  22. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื”"ืข ืกื™' ื›ื– ืก"ืง ื›'. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืจืื• ืœืงืžืŸ.
  23. โ†‘ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘"ื ืื”"ืข ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ืก"ืง ื– ื“"ื” "ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืž'" ื•ืขื•ื“.
  24. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื—ื–ื•"ื ืื•"ื—, ืžืก' ืจ"ื” ืกื™' ืงืœื— ืก"ืง ื”.
  25. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื—"ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช".
  26. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ".
  27. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•"ื—, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
  28. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
  29. โ†‘ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ื ' ืก"ืง ื˜'.
  30. โ†‘ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืœื— ืก"ืง ื“'.
  31. โ†‘ ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ "ื”ืคืจื“ืก".
  32. โ†‘ ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” "ืฆื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ืง", ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•.