ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื”ื“ืฃ "ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ" ืžืคื ื” ืœื›ืืŸ. ืœืขืจืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ืจืื• ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•.
ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื, ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ  : ื”ืžืงื•ืจ - ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆืœื = M. Disdero, Madaba

ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื”"ื ื˜ืฃ" ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื”"ืฆืจื™" - ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืžืฆื•ืขืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข" [1] "ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ืžื” ืœืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ (balsamum). ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื "ืขืžืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ "ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•" (ืชื•ืกืคืชื, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืค"ื– ื”"ื™; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘; ืœื— ืข"ื“).

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืœืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ืœืจืคื•ืื” - ืœื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ - ื•ืœืžืฉื™ื—ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” โ€โ€[2].

ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ : "ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ืกืจ" ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž"ื’ , ืข"ื).

ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:" ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ืจืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื–ืคืง ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื ืขืœื” ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื›ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืคืงืช ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืคืขืคืข ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืืจืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื›ื ื (ื”ื ื—ืฉ) ( ืค"ื“ ,ื™"ื—).

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกืžืžื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื ื˜ืฃ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ- ื”ืฆืจื™. ื“ืจ' ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื›ื™ "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื“ืื™". "

ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื•ื : Diospyrus_Kaki.

ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืžืงืจื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฆืจื™ ืžื”ื’ืœืขื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”"ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื Commiphora gileadensis , ืฉื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืœืขื“. ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” Commiphora Opobalsamum. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื–ื”ืจื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื’ืœืขื“. โ€ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฆื•ืจื™ ืžื”ื’ืœืขื“ ( ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืžืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง:

"ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ, ืœึถืึฑื›ึธืœ-ืœึถื—ึถื, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ, ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึนืจึฐื—ึทืช ื™ึดืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึธื” ืžึดื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“; ื•ึผื’ึฐืžึทืœึตึผื™ื”ึถื ื ึนืฉึฐื‚ืึดื™ื, ื ึฐื›ึนืืช ื•ึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ ื•ึธืœึนื˜ ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ื, ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื”. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืึถืœ-ืึถื—ึธื™ื•: ืžึทื”-ื‘ึถึผืฆึทืข, ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึทื”ึฒืจึนื’ ืึถืช-ืึธื—ึดื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐื›ึดืกึดึผื™ื ื•ึผ, ืึถืช-ื“ึธึผืžื•ึน (ืœ"ื–, ื›"ื”).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžืชืื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื. "ื”ึทืฆึณึผืจึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื’ึดืœึฐืขึธื“, ืึดื-ืจึนืคึตื ืึตื™ืŸ ืฉึธืื: ื›ึดึผื™, ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืœึนื ืขึธืœึฐืชึธื”, ืึฒืจึปื›ึทืช, ื‘ึทึผืช-ืขึทืžึดึผื™.(ืคืจืง ื—', ื›"ื‘)

ื”ื ื˜ืฃ, ื”ืฆืจื™, ื”ืงื˜ืฃ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคื™ื: ื”"ื ื˜ืฃ"โ€โ€[3], "ืฆืจื™" , "ืงื˜ืฃ" ื•"ื‘ื•ืฉื" . ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™: "ื”ืฆืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืฉืจืฃ [ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฃ] ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ" (ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื•' ื'). ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืžืชืจื’ื ืฉื”"ื ื˜ืฃ" ื”ื•ื "ื‘ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ" ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื‘ื•ืกืžื™ ืงื˜ืฃ". ื”"ื‘ืฉื" ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืฆืžื— ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžืคื•ืจืกื โ€โ€[4]. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ ืขื "ื‘ืœืกื-ืงื˜ืฃ" โ€โ€[5]. ื”ืฆืจื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›"ื” - ื›"ื• ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™" ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืขื "ืคื ื’" (ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื›"ื–, ื™"ื–)โ€ ื•ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืœืฉืžื".

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ึทืชึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื›ึดึผื›ึทึผืจ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉึธื‚ืžึดื™ื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึตึผื” ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึถืŸ ื™ึฐืงึธืจึธื”; ืœึนื ื‘ึธื ื›ึทื‘ึนึผืฉึถื‚ื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื ึธืชึฐื ึธื” ืžึทืœึฐื›ึทึผืช-ืฉึฐืื‘ึธื ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”. (ื™', ื™'). ื›ึทื‘ึนึผืฉึถื‚ื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืคืง ืžื”ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืก (371 ืœืคื ื”"ืก - 286 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื ืืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืื•ื ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืžื” (ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”) ". ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”, ืจื™ื— ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืขื– ืžืื“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.

ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืœืกื-ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื“ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” "ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™" ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” Xylobalsamo. ื‘ืœืกื-ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ โ€ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืจืช โ€โ€[6]

ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ืงื˜ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื˜ืฃ ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืขืฅ, ืืœื” ืืช "ืขืฆื™-ื”ืงื˜ืฃ" ืขืฆืžื , ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, "ื‘ืœืฉื ื”ืขืฅ" (Xylobalsamo) ืžื”ื ืžื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ " ืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ื”ื–ืงืŸ" ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ืžื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš (ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”) ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืื‘ืŸ ืื• ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืขืฆื...ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฃ ืžื”ื—ืชืš ื ืงืจื ืื•ืคื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื•ื (Opobalasamon) ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื ื•ื˜ืฃ ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื˜ืฃ ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืงืขื™ื•ืช ืฆืžืจ ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืกืžื™ืš. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆื‘ืขื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืชืงืฉื”...ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื ืคื™ื. ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 70 ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžื”ืŸ 800,000 ืกืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ืœืื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืžื). ื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ื‘ืœืกื-ื”ืขืฅ" (Xylobalsamo). ืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื ื™ื ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื• ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš: ื ื˜ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื—ืจื™ื• - ื”ืขืœื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื• - ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ "

ืขืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ.

  • ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ "ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ" - ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื‘ืืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื™ื ืจื™ื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืœื”ื ืื” ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืฉื ื ืืžืจ: "ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ "ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื" (ืž"ื’,ื')
  • ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ: "ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ืกืจ".(ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž"ื’ , ืข"ื) -
  • ืจืฉ"ื™" ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•".

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉืจืฃ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ :"ื”ืฆืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืฉืจืฃ [ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฃ] ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ" (ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื•' ื') ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ : "ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ". ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืฉืจืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื ื˜ืฃ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืขืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืฆื™ืขืชื• โ€โ€[7]. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ ืฉื‘ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื "ื‘ืœืกื-ื”ืขืฅ". ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื โ€โ€[8] ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”"ื ื˜ืฃ" ื•ืืช ื”"ืฆืจื™" ืขื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืœืกื - ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืขื•ื“" ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืžืงืœ ืื• ืขื ืฃ.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื•. ืืš ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ืงื˜ื•ืจืช.

ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆืžื™ื’, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืฉืžื• ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™: Opobalasamon, ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืกืžื™ืš ืื• ืžืฉื—ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช . ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช: "ืฉื ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ื ืš ืžืขืฆืจ ืœื”ื• ื•ืจื™ื—ื, ื“ื”ืื™ ืžืื™ืœื ื ื ืคื™ืง" ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืชื™ืฉื” ืœืื‘ืง. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื•ืฉืจ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช. ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืœื™ืงืก ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘. ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ื (ืœื”ื›ื ืช) ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช.

ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืง[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžื”ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื”. ืžื•ื‘ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื—ื–ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉ ื•ื ืฉืจืคื”โ€โ€[9]. ืžืกืงื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ. ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื ืฉืืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื. ื›ืš ืคื—ืชื” ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ืš ื—ื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื•"ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื”" (ืžืกื›ืช ืชืžื™ื“, ื•'ื’'). ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ ื ืขืฉื” :"ื‘ื ื—ืช ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืจืงื“ ืกื•ืœืช" (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื 'ื—').

ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืขืชื• ื›ื™ ื”"ืฆืจื™" ืฉื”ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืกื ื”ืขืฅ ื•ืœื ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ.

  • ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื—ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœืช "ืœื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืจื™ื—ื” ืจืข (ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•',ื‘') ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ "ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืฉ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™,ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื, ืคืจืง ื“' ื”ืœื›ื” ื”' - ืž"ื ื“')
  • ื›ืชื™ืฉืช ื‘ืœืกื- ื”ืขืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืงืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื, ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืคื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื‘ืงื”. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืจื•ืงื— ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงืฉื™ื•ืชื ื•ืฉืืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืœื•ื– ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฃ ืžื•ืฆืง, ืืœื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื’ืžืจ. ืœื“ืขืชื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืกื•ื“ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืžื›ืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ืฃ ืžื”ืฆืžื— ื•ืžื”ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืจื•ืžื”.

ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•


ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช: ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ "ืฉืžืŸ ืขึธโ€ืจึตื‘", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืŸ ืจื™ื—ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืžืกื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ืฃ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ โ€โ€[10]. ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœ"ืกื™ื›ื”", ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื ืจื›ื– ืžืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฉืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืฉืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช โ€โ€[11]

ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœื”. ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืœืžืื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื - ืขื ืคื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืจืœื” ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืคืจื™ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืคืœ [12]. ืœื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืกืจืง ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.

ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืจืคื ืœืื“ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ืืกืจื” โ€โ€[13]. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืื›ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืจืฃ - ื”ื ื˜ืฃ - ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ืžืื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืžื”ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื• "ืฉืžืŸ ืขืจื‘", ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช โ€โ€[14] . ืจืง ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• "ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื ืจื“" ื—ื–"ืœ ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืžืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืžื—ื•"ืœ. ื”ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ "ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืžืŸ ืืจืฆื ื•" โ€โ€[15]. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื›ื™ืช ืื“ื. ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืขื™ืจื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ . ืฉืžืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืจื• ืžื“ื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืกืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืื›ืœ. ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ื”ืงื ืงื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช "ื‘ืœืกื ื”" ืื• ื‘ืœื–ืžื”" - ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ. โ€โ€[16] ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืœืคืจืฉืช ื ื— ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ "ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ" - ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืŸ ืžื”ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื˜ืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืคื›ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘"ืžื•ื’ืžืจ" ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: "ื‘ื•ืจื ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื" ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ "ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืžืŸ ืขืจื‘".

ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืคืกื™ืคืก ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ : ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ - GFDL, ื”ืฆืœื:ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื”

ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืขืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘"ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ". ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™. ืœืคื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื™ืกืคืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื• ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื” - ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ื ืช ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ , ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฆื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ""ื–ื” ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ ืกืœื”" ืžืงื•ืจ=ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื” ืงืœืœื” ื ืžืจืฆืช, ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช:

"ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื•ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื•ื”" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืงืœืœื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ ื—ืคืฆื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื™ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”"ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ" ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ื•ื”ืชืงื ืช ืฉืžื ื•. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื™ื , ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืžืกื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื"ืจ ื™ื•ืกื ื”ื“ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื“ื ืชืจืชื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื• ื–ื’ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื’ื’ื™ื™ื ืœื ืืœืคื™ืŸ ื•ืงืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืชืขืงืจื•ืŸ (ื›ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•, ื–ื’ื’ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืคื ื™ื. ื”ื–ื’ื’ื™ื ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื ืœื ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•, ื”ืฆืขื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื•ื ืขืงืจื•" (ืคืจืง ื‘', ื”ืœื›ื” ื' ื’ืžืจื) ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืœืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืืš ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืจื™ืกื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”. ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื” ื”ื”ื–ื”ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื , ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ืกืจ. ืืฉืจ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืื” ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช (ืคืจืง ื' ื”ืœื›ื” ื”'). ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ. ืฉื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืกืคืง. ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ื - ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืžื•ื™ - ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ , ื›ืžื• ืฉืืœืžื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžื˜ ืžืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืจื‘ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช. " ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ-ื’ื“ื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืจืื• ื•ื™ื™ืจืื•. ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืœืคื™, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“, ืฉื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื”ื " ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื: ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ.

ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ืืš ืืœื” ืฉืžืจื• ื•ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—. ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื“, ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ. ืคืœื™ื ื•ืก ืžืกืคืจ:" ื›ืขืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ื“ื" โ€โ€[17] ืื•ืกื‘ื™ื•ืก ืžืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-3 - |ืžืื” ื”-4 ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœ|ืžืื” ื”-8 ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื (ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™) ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ โ€โ€[18].

ื‘ืžืฆื“ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืžืฆื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืงื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืจืกื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช. ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื "ืงื˜ืคื™". ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืงื˜ืฃ" ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ[19]. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช : "ื“ื‘ืœื”" "ื“ื‘ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฉื” ื™ืคื”" "ื’ืจื•ื’ืจืช" โ€โ€[20].

ื‘ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื ืชืœืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื—ื• . ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืคื™ื’ื (Ruta)) ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื โ€โ€[21] . ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื: ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ (ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจื›ืœืื™ืก), ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืžืชื. ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืžืœืงื˜ื™ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืจืžืชื" )ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ื›"ื•, ืข"ื). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืœืคื™ ืžืคื” ืžื™ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื•ื–ืช ืืจื›ืœืื™ืก (ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืจื‘ืช ืืœื‘ื™ื•ื“ืืช), ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืžื™ืžื™ื” ืžืืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœืขื•ื’'ื”. ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืช ื•ืฉื”ืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ืžืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจื›ื™ืœืื™ืก, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืžื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืฆืคื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื ื’ื ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-6, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ืื—ืจืช โ€“ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-7, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื“ "ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืžื™ื”" ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช

ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช-ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืืœืฉืžืก ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืกื—ืจ ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ โ€CHAP. 54. (25.)--BALSAMUM; OPOBALSAMUM; AND XYLOBAL- SAMUM โ€
  2. โ†‘ โ€ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”', ื‘โ€'
  3. โ†‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ: "ื ื˜ืฃ" ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™โ€
  4. โ†‘ โ€ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ืโ€
  5. โ†‘ โ€ืงื—ื• ืžื–ืžืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื›ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื“ืกื›ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื–ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ, ื—ืžืจ, ืงื˜ืฃ, ื•ืžื•ืจ, ืื™ื’ื•ืจื™, ื•ืžืขื˜ ืฆืจื™, ื‘ืœืกื, ืงื˜ืฃ, ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืฉ. (ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืง ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ)โ€
  6. โ†‘ โ€ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช 89-90 ืชืฉ"ืŸ ืขืž' 54-58โ€โ€
  7. โ†‘ โ€ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ "ื”ืฆืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื” ืฉืจืฃ ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื˜ืฃ"โ€
  8. โ†‘ โ€ืจืก"ื’ ื‘ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ (ื‘ืชืื’') ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืœ', ืœ"ื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื“ ืขืž' ืฆ"ื• ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘', ื”'โ€
  9. โ†‘ โ€ "ืœื™ืžื ืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฃ ื—ื“ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงืืžืจ ื—ื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฃ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืžื ื™ืกืชืคืง ืžืžื ื• ื”ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืชื ื“ื”ื•ืช ืกื ื™ืื” ืœื” ืœื›ืœืชื” ืืžืจื” ืœื” ื–ื™ืœ ืื™ืงืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื—ื ื“ืืคืจืกืžื ืื–ืœื ืื™ืงืฉื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืืชืช ืืžืจื” ืœื” ื–ื™ืœ ืื™ืชืœื™ ืฉืจื’ื ืื–ืœื ืืชืœื ืฉืจื’ื ืื™ื ืคื— ื‘ื” ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื›ืœืชื”:" (ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›"ื•,ื')โ€
  10. โ†‘ โ€ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•โ€
  11. โ†‘ โ€ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืื ื™ื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืžื ืขื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื ื™ื™ืชื•โ€
  12. โ†‘ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• - ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ
  13. โ†‘ โ€ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›"ื‘, ื™"ืโ€
  14. โ†‘ โ€ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืžืกื›ืช ื“ืžืื™, ืืจืง ื' ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’': " ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ืŸ"โ€
  15. โ†‘ โ€ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž"ื’, ื,โ€
  16. โ†‘ โ€Y.Yadin & G .Nave , Masada I The Yigael Yadin Excavacation 1963-1965 Final Report , Jerusalem 1989,p.47 ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• - ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ โ€
  17. โ†‘ โ€Plinius, Historia Naturalis 12,15,24โ€
  18. โ†‘ โ€ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ - ื”ืฉืคืœื” - ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš - ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื‘โ€
  19. โ†‘ โ€ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืฆื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฆื“ื”โ€
  20. โ†‘ โ€ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื“ื” - "ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช"โ€
  21. โ†‘ โ€ืชื™ืื•ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืก, IX, 6; ื“ื™ื•ืกืงื•ืจื™ื“ืก I 18; ืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก XIIโ€

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจโ€, "ืขืฅ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงื˜ื•ืจืช", ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื™"ื–, ืชืฉื "ื–, ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืฉื.
  • ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ, ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื›"ื—, ืชืฉืก"ื—
  • ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ, "ื”ืขืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™", (ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—", ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ , ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข , 1973. ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉื ื” ืž' ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื'
  • ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ , ื ื•ื” ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•, (ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—", ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ , ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, 1973.
  • ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ , ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1991
  • ื–ืื‘ ืืจืœื™ืš, ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื“
  • ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ, ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจื ืจื˜ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืจืฅ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2002 - ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ื‘ื•ืฉื_ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ&oldid=49184"