ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
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(25 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 3 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Stairs.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” - ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœย  ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]
{{ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช}}
{{ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช}}
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Stairs.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” - ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœย  ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]
'''ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ''' ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-4,500 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื :"ื•ึฐื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึฐื ึฐืชึธื” ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฆึนืขึทืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื"{{ืžืงื•ืจ|[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ]],ื™"ื’,ื›"ื‘|ื›ืŸ}}. ืฉื ื’ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”:"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืœื•ึผ ื‘ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืขึทื“-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉึธืื ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืชึทืœึฐืžึทื™ ื™ึฐืœึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธืง". [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื” ืืช [[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]] ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]]:"ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘"{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื›"ื’,ื™"ื–|ื›ืŸ}}. ืœืžืขืจื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื "ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”".
ย 
'''ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ''' ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-4,500 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื :"ื•ึฐื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึฐื ึฐืชึธื” ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฆึนืขึทืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื"{{ืžืงื•ืจ|([[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ]],ื™"ื’,ื›"ื‘)}}. ืฉื ื’ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”:"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืœื•ึผ ื‘ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืขึทื“-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉึธืื ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืชึทืœึฐืžึทื™ ื™ึฐืœึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธืง". [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื” ืืช [[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]] ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]]:"ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘"{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื›"ื’,ื™"ื–)}}. ืœืžืขืจื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื "ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”".


ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœ[[ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืžืœืš ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]]. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ [[ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™]] ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘[[ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจื]] ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืžื›ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•. [[ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื]] ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืขืœื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘[[ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ืฉื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-7, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘[[ื“ืจื•ืžื]] - ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช [[ืื“ื•ื]].
ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœ[[ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืžืœืš ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]]. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ [[ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™]] ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘[[ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจื]] ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืžื›ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•. [[ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื]] ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืขืœื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘[[ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ืฉื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-7, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘[[ื“ืจื•ืžื]] - ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช [[ืื“ื•ื]].
ืฉื•ืจื” 23: ืฉื•ืจื” 23:
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]]}} ย 
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]]}} ย 


'''ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”''' ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], [[ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•]], [[ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], [[ืจื‘ืงื” ืื™ืžื ื•]], [[ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•[[ืœืื” ืื™ืžื ื•]]. ืจืง [[ืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื•]] ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื‘[[ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื]] ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ืงืจื [[ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ]]. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ: "ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืจืฆื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช-ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœืื—ื–ืช-ืงื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืขืคืจืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืžืžืจื".{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื ')}}. ย 
'''ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”''' ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], [[ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•]], [[ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], [[ืจื‘ืงื” ืื™ืžื ื•]], [[ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•[[ืœืื” ืื™ืžื ื•]]. ืจืง [[ืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื•]] ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื‘[[ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื]] ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ืงืจื [[ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ]]. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ: "ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืจืฆื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช-ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœืื—ื–ืช-ืงื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืขืคืจืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืžืžืจื".{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื '|ื›ืŸ}}. ย 


ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืขืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœ[[ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื]] ื‘ื—ืœืงื”: ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœืื”. ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”.
ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืขืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœ[[ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื]] ื‘ื—ืœืงื”: ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœืื”. ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”.
ืฉื•ืจื” 29: ืฉื•ืจื” 29:
ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื”. ืœืžืขืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœ"ืคืชื— ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ" - ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืืœื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉืœ ื ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื”"ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื”. ืœืžืขืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœ"ืคืชื— ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ" - ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืืœื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉืœ ื ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื”"ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.


ื”ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืืช [[ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•]]. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] : ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึถึผืŸ-ืœึดื™, ืึถืช-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืœื•ึน, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืฆึตื” ืฉึธื‚ื“ึตื”ื•ึผ:ย  ื‘ึฐึผื›ึถืกึถืฃ ืžึธืœึตื ื™ึดืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ืœึดึผื™, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนื›ึฐื›ึถื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ. ื•ึฐืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน ืœึตืืžึนืจ.ย  ืœึนื-ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™--ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึธืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึฐืšึธ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ; ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ ืœึธึผืšึฐ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ ืžึตืชึถืšึธ.ย  ื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ื•ึผ, ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™, ืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ืขึทื-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืึทืšึฐ ืึดื-ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœื•ึผ, ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™:ย  ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืงึทื— ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™, ื•ึฐืึถืงึฐื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” ืึถืช-ืžึตืชึดื™, ืฉึธืืžึธึผื”.ย  ื™ื“ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืœื•ึน.ย  ื˜ื• ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ-ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึฐืšึธ ืžึทื”-ื”ึดื•ื; ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึตืชึฐืšึธ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ.ย  ื˜ื– ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืงึนืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืขึถืคึฐืจึนืŸ, ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช--ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ, ืขึนื‘ึตืจ ืœึทืกึนึผื—ึตืจ.ย  ื™ื– ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื:ย  ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘.ย  ื™ื— ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐื ึธื”, ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนืœ, ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน.ย  ื™ื˜ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ืงึธื‘ึทืจ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึถืช-ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน, ืึถืœ-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื--ื”ึดื•ื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ:ย  ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ, ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ.ย  ื› ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ:ย  ืžึตืึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช. {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื›"ื’, ื˜'-ื›')}}
ื”ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ [[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืืช [[ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•]]. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] : ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึถึผืŸ-ืœึดื™, ืึถืช-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืœื•ึน, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืฆึตื” ืฉึธื‚ื“ึตื”ื•ึผ:ย  ื‘ึฐึผื›ึถืกึถืฃ ืžึธืœึตื ื™ึดืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ืœึดึผื™, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนื›ึฐื›ึถื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ. ื•ึฐืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน ืœึตืืžึนืจ.ย  ืœึนื-ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™--ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึธืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึฐืšึธ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ; ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ ืœึธึผืšึฐ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ ืžึตืชึถืšึธ.ย  ื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ื•ึผ, ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™, ืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ืขึทื-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืึทืšึฐ ืึดื-ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœื•ึผ, ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™:ย  ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืงึทื— ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™, ื•ึฐืึถืงึฐื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” ืึถืช-ืžึตืชึดื™, ืฉึธืืžึธึผื”.ย  ื™ื“ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืœื•ึน.ย  ื˜ื• ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ-ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึฐืšึธ ืžึทื”-ื”ึดื•ื; ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึตืชึฐืšึธ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ.ย  ื˜ื– ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืงึนืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืขึถืคึฐืจึนืŸ, ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช--ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ, ืขึนื‘ึตืจ ืœึทืกึนึผื—ึตืจ.ย  ื™ื– ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื:ย  ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘.ย  ื™ื— ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐื ึธื”, ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนืœ, ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน.ย  ื™ื˜ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ืงึธื‘ึทืจ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึถืช-ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน, ืึถืœ-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื--ื”ึดื•ื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ:ย  ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ, ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ.ย  ื› ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ:ย  ืžึตืึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช. {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื›"ื’, ื˜'-ื›'|ื›ืŸ}}


==ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ==
==ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ==


ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข, ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืœื›ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื’ื“ [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ]], ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข]]: " ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™-ืฆึถื“ึถืง ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ืึถืœ-ื”ื•ึนื”ึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ืคึดึผืจึฐืึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื™ึทืจึฐืžื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื™ึธืคึดื™ืขึท ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืœึธื›ึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ--ืœึตืืžึนืจ.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื™', ื’')}}.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข, ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืœื›ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื’ื“ [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ]], ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข]]: " ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™-ืฆึถื“ึถืง ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ืึถืœ-ื”ื•ึนื”ึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ืคึดึผืจึฐืึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื™ึทืจึฐืžื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื™ึธืคึดื™ืขึท ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืœึธื›ึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ--ืœึตืืžึนืจ.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™', ื’'|ื›ืŸ}}.


[[ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื”]] ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœ[[ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื”ื•ึผ, ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท; ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืึถืช-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื”, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”. ืขึทืœ-ื›ึตึผืŸ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื”-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื” ื”ึทืงึฐึผื ึดื–ึดึผื™, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืขึทื“, ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”--ื™ึทืขึทืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึดืœึตึผื, ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™, ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข, ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืขึฒื ึธืงึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื; ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืฉึธืืงึฐื˜ึธื”, ืžึดืžึดึผืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื”.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื™"ื“,ื™"ื’-ื˜"ื•)}}.
[[ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื”]] ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœ[[ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื”ื•ึผ, ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท; ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืึถืช-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื”, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”. ืขึทืœ-ื›ึตึผืŸ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื”-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื” ื”ึทืงึฐึผื ึดื–ึดึผื™, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืขึทื“, ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”--ื™ึทืขึทืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึดืœึตึผื, ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™, ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข, ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืขึฒื ึธืงึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื; ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืฉึธืืงึฐื˜ึธื”, ืžึดืžึดึผืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื”.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื“,ื™"ื’-ื˜"ื•|ื›ืŸ}}.


ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื]], [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]] ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ: "ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึฐืฉึตืื-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื, ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข; ื•ึทื™ึทึผื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึทืŸ, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึธื™."{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื',ื™')}}.
ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื]], [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]] ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ: "ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึฐืฉึตืื-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื, ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข; ื•ึทื™ึทึผื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึทืŸ, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึธื™."{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื',ื™'|ื›ืŸ}}.


==ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš==
==ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš==


ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ]] ื‘':"ื•ื™ืœื“ื• (ื•ึทื™ึดึผื•ึธึผืœึฐื“ื•ึผ) ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ; ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื›ื•ึนืจื•ึน ืึทืžึฐื ื•ึนืŸ, ืœึทืึฒื—ึดื™ื ึนืขึทื ื”ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืจึฐืขึตืืœึดืช.ย  ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื›ึดืœึฐืึธื‘, ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ืœึทืึฒื‘ึดื™ื’ึทื™ึดืœ) ืึตืฉึถืืช ื ึธื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึทึผืจึฐืžึฐืœึดื™; ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดืฉึดืื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื”, ื‘ึทึผืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึทื™ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื’ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืจ. ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ึธึผื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ื—ึทื’ึดึผื™ืช; ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉึดืื™, ืฉึฐืืคึทื˜ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื˜ึธืœ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึดึผืืฉึดึผืื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืจึฐืขึธื, ืœึฐืขึถื’ึฐืœึธื” ืึตืฉึถืืช ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“; ืึตืœึถึผื” ื™ึปืœึฐึผื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื’',ื‘'-ื”')}}. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื“ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช.
ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ]] ื‘':"ื•ื™ืœื“ื• (ื•ึทื™ึดึผื•ึธึผืœึฐื“ื•ึผ) ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ; ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื›ื•ึนืจื•ึน ืึทืžึฐื ื•ึนืŸ, ืœึทืึฒื—ึดื™ื ึนืขึทื ื”ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืจึฐืขึตืืœึดืช.ย  ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื›ึดืœึฐืึธื‘, ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ืœึทืึฒื‘ึดื™ื’ึทื™ึดืœ) ืึตืฉึถืืช ื ึธื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึทึผืจึฐืžึฐืœึดื™; ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดืฉึดืื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื”, ื‘ึทึผืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึทื™ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื’ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืจ. ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ึธึผื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ื—ึทื’ึดึผื™ืช; ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉึดืื™, ืฉึฐืืคึทื˜ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื˜ึธืœ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึดึผืืฉึดึผืื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืจึฐืขึธื, ืœึฐืขึถื’ึฐืœึธื” ืึตืฉึถืืช ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“; ืึตืœึถึผื” ื™ึปืœึฐึผื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ.{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื’',ื‘'-ื”'|ื›ืŸ}}. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื“ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช.
ย 
ืฉื™ืฉืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸย  ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 926 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื]]:"ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉึดืื™ืช ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืจึฐื—ึทื‘ึฐืขึธื ืขึธืœึธื” (ืฉึดืื•ืฉึทืืง) [ืฉึดืื™ืฉึทืืง] ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึธื.ย  ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช-ืึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”'ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืื•ึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึนึผืœ ืœึธืงึธื— ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืžึธื’ึดื ึตึผื™ ื”ึทื–ึธึผื”ึธื‘ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”" ื™"ื“,ื›"ื‘-ื›"ื“). ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื›ืจื ืง ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, , ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ื :"ื—ืงืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื" - ืฉื“ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื <ref>[ืžืงื•ืจ:[[ืืจื™ืืœ (ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”)|ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœ]] ืขืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ย  2169 - ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช (ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฉืง ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืย  ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) ]</ref>.


==ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ==
==ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ==
ืฉื•ืจื” 47: ืฉื•ืจื” 49:
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Lmlk-seal impression-h2d-gg22 2003-02-21.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš", ื’ืœื’ืœ ื—ืžื” ื“ื•-ื›ื ืคื™. ืฉื•ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ืœืžืœืš", ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: "?ื‘ืจืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ -ย  ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Basilicofresco]]
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Lmlk-seal impression-h2d-gg22 2003-02-21.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš", ื’ืœื’ืœ ื—ืžื” ื“ื•-ื›ื ืคื™. ืฉื•ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ืœืžืœืš", ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: "?ื‘ืจืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ -ย  ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Basilicofresco]]


ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš" "ื—ื‘ืจืŸ", ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ [[ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•]] ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก - ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืœื• [[ืฉืžืŸ]] ืื• [[ื™ื™ืŸ]] ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš" "ื—ื‘ืจืŸ", ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ [[ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•]] ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก - ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื "ืชืœ ืฉืงืฃ" - ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ [[ืื—ื•ื–ื]] <ref>ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:[http://www.syt.co.il/showTrip.asp?id=597 ืชืœ ืฉืงืฃ]</ref> ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืœื• [[ืฉืžืŸ]] ืื• [[ื™ื™ืŸ]] ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื™ื.
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ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ืงื ื™ ืื’ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช: "ืฉื•ื›ื”" - ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”, "ื–ื™ืฃ" ื‘[[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]] ื•"ืžืžืฉืช"ย  - ืื•ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ "ืจืžืช ืจื—ืœ" ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช <ref>[http://www.lmlk.com/research/lmlk_ramat.htm ืจืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื•ืืชืจื™ื”]</ref>
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœื”,ย  2X2.5 ืก"ืž ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื’ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื“ื• ื›ื ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช "ืœืžืœืš" ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขืคื”.
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื ืชื’ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,200 ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ืงื ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ืชื ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช "ืœืžืœืš". ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืžืœืš" ื”ื•ื: "ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืœืš." ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื•ืœื•ึผ ื’ื ื—ื•ืชื ืื—ื“, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช.
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==ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™==
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื•ย  ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืž[[ื‘ื‘ืœ]], ืขื [[ืขื–ืจื]] ื•[[ื ื—ืžื™ื”]] ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื”]]:"ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื”ึทื—ึฒืฆึตืจึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ื“ึนืชึธื ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืงึทื‘ึฐืฆึฐืึตืœ ื•ึทื—ึฒืฆึตืจึถื™ื”ึธ" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื,ื›"ื”|ื›ืŸ}}.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฆื ืฉืœย  ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืœ[[ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ]]. ืขืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘[http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/hasfarim/hashmonaim-a-2.htm#4 ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื'] : " ื•ื™ืขืชืง ืืช ืžื—ื ื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื ื•ื™ื—ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ". ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื ืืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืืžืจื•[http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/kanel-2.htm "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™"] : "ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื”"ื . ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื—'ืจื‘ืช ื-ื˜ื‘ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื” ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช 7 ืง"ืž ืžื‘ื™ืช-ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข."
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 164 ืœืคื ื”"ืก [[ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™]] ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื:" ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื ื’ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืจืคื• ื‘ืืฉ. {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื•',ืก"ื‘|ื›ืŸ}}.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 112 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื™ืฆื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”[[ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื|ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™]] [[ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืงื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ]] ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืจื ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืืจืฆื ื•[[ื’ื™ื•ืจ]]. ื•ื›ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžืื™ื (66-70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืจื“, ืจืงื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”"ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื•.ย  ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืจืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื. ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืื‘ืจืžื™ื•ื".
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==ืขื“ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช==
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ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜:
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* [[ื–ืื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™]] ื›ืชื‘ ื‘[[ืืจื™ืืœ (ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”)|ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœ]] ื›ื™ ื‘[[ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช]], ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื” [[ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”]] ืžืขืœ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”,ย  ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”.
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* ื‘[[ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ]] ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ื ืžืฆื ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืก(ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื”) ื’ื“ื•ืœื” - ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ - ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื - ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘" <ref>[ืžืงื•ืจ:[[ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœ]] ืขืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ 2169]</ref>.
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* ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช. ืื”ืจืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื‘[http://www.hebron.org.il/hebrew/article.php?id=291 ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ] ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1119:
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืœืื• ืืœื” (ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื) ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” (ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื”) ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื ืคืชื— ืฉื•ื ืคืชื— ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื: " ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” (ืœืžืขืจื”), ืื–ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื”. <ref>ื”ืžืงื•ืจ: Canonici Hebronensis Tractatus de Inventione Sanctrum Patriarchum Abraham, Ysaac et Jacob, p. 309 ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืข"ื™ ืฉ' ืืกืฃ ื•ืœ.ื. ืžืื™ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ( 1944 ), ืขืž' 6
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ืฉ' ืืกืฃ ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• " ืกืคืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื" ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื• "ืืžื ื ืชื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžื”ืกืจืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืชื— (ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”). ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืคื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืœื...". ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื›ื ืกืช ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™. <ref>ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš [[ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]</ref>
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* ื‘ืฉื ืช 1211 ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืย  ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ 20 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื. โ€โ€<ref>โ€ืžืงื•ืจ:ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืชโ€</ref>
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* ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืžื•ื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1481 ื‘ืกืคืจื• [[ืžืกืข ืžืฉื•ืœื ืžื•ื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขย  ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื "ืฉืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”". ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื "ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•" ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘[[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]] ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื "ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”".ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืย  20 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
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* ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืž[[ื•ื ืฆื™ื”]] ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”[[ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช]].
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ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•,ย  ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืจืื• ื‘ืขืจืš [[ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”]].
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==ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ==
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{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]}}
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ื”'''ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ''' ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘[[ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช]] ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ [[ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™]] ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ [[ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื]] ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ [[ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“]].ย  ื‘ืฉื ืช 1540ย  [[ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™]], ืžืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจื“,ย  ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืžื”[[ืงืจืื™ื]] ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื” 'ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื' (ืœื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•"). ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ย  ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื” [[ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•|ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]]. ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืžื•, ืืช ืฉื˜ื— "ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ [[ื—ื‘"ื“]], ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื”-ืจื—ืœ ืกืœื•ื ื™ื (ื‘ืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™) ื‘ืจืืฉื, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื“ื‘ืš ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืชื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ [[ืืฉื›ื ื–]]. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืžืกืคืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ืœ-1429 (810ย  -ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•-619 - ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื) ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 14,295 ื ืคืฉ. ืื—ืจื™ [[ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”]] ืคื—ืช ืžืกืคืจื ืœ-430 ื ืคืฉ.ย  ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื“ (1924) ื”ื•ืงื ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›'''ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื”''' - ื”ื™ื•ื [[ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]].ย  ื‘[[ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜]] ื ืจืฆื—ื• 67 ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื˜ืฉื• ืื•ืชื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืคืงื“ 1931 ื ืžื ื• 131 ื ืคืฉ, ืืฃ ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช 1936.


ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ืงื ื™ ืื’ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช: "ืฉื•ื›ื”" - ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”, "ื–ื™ืฃ" ื‘[[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]] ื•"ืžืžืฉืช" ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื”ืชื”.


ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืžืœืš" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ,ย  ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืฃ ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืคืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขืคื”. ย 
ื‘[[ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื]], ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ [[ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]] ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ย 


<ref>ืžืงื•ืจ :ย  [[ื–ืื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ืื™]],ย  [[ืืจื™ืืœ (ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”)|ืืจื™ืืœย  ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš - ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1978, ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขืžื•ื“ 4071ย  </ref>
===ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ืชืœ ืจื•ืžื™ื“ื”===


==ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ==
[[ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ื’'ืื™ื•]], ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืงื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืชืœ ืจื•ืžื™ื“ื”. ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื. <ref>ืฉืชื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื "ื”ื•ื•ืืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™" ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื-ืชืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช</ref>.


ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ื ืงื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื• ืข"ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื“ (1984) ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื•ื•ืื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื ืงืจืื” [[ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™]]. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (1998) ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื, [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจืขื ืŸ]] ื”ื™"ื“. ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืงื ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”" - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1999) ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืžืฆื ืžืคืชื™ืข - ื—ื•ืžืช ืขื ืง ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” (ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื). ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื” ื ื—ื ืš "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื—ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”".
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ื ืงื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื• ืข"ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื“ (1984) ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื•ื•ืื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื ืงืจืื” [[ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™]]. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (1998) ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื, [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจืขื ืŸ]] ื”ื™"ื“. ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืงื ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”" - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1999) ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืžืฆื ืžืคืชื™ืข - ื—ื•ืžืช ืขื ืง ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” (ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื). ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื” ื ื—ื ืš "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื—ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”".


==ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™==
===ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™===


ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื - ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช: ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”", ืžื—ื‘ืจย  ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื",ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“" ื•ืขื•ื“. ย 
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื - ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช: ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”", ืžื—ื‘ืจย  ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื",ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“" ื•ืขื•ื“. ย 
ืฉื•ืจื” 66: ืฉื•ืจื” 117:




==ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ==
===ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ===
ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1964-1966, ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1964-1966, ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืคืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื“.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืคืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื“.
ืฉื•ืจื” 76: ืฉื•ืจื” 127:
== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
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==ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื==
* ื ืขืžื™ ืขืžื™ืช,ย  [http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=17102 ืงื ืงื ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช "ืœืžืœืš] - ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื—.




ืฉื•ืจื” 81: ืฉื•ืจื” 137:
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ13:26, 23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015
ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” - ื’ืจื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•
ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืกื”
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื™ืจ ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื•ืช
ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“
ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจื


ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-4,500 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื :"ื•ึฐื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึฐื ึฐืชึธื” ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฆึนืขึทืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื"([[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ]],ื™"ื’,ื›"ื‘). ืฉื ื’ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”:"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืœื•ึผ ื‘ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืขึทื“-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉึธืื ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืชึทืœึฐืžึทื™ ื™ึฐืœึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธืง". ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช:"ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘"(ื›"ื’,ื™"ื–). ืœืžืขืจื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื "ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”".

ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืžืœืš ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืžืจื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืžื›ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•. ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืขืœื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-7, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื - ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืชืจ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืื“ื•ื.

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืžืขืœ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืชืžืื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™, ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ื "ืขื™ืŸ ื’'ื“ื™ื“ื”" ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืชืœ. ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืชืœ ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืจื“, ื ืชื’ืœื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช. [1]


ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1999), ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืžืฆื ืžืคืชื™ืข - ื—ื•ืžืช ืขื ืง ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” (ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›-4500 ืฉื ื”). ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›-700 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื’ืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“.

ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Yonidebest
ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื -ื—ื•ื”"ืž ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืก"ื• - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ- ืฆื™ืœื:radato
ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ืฆืจื™ื— ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืžืื ื™ืช. ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื’, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช -ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ - Golf Bravo
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”


ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืจื‘ืงื” ืื™ืžื ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืœืื” ืื™ืžื ื•. ืจืง ืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื• ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ: "ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืจืฆื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช-ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœืื—ื–ืช-ืงื‘ืจ ืžืืช ืขืคืจืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืžืžืจื".(ื ').

ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืขืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื”: ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœืื”. ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”.

ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื”. ืœืžืขืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœ"ืคืชื— ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ" - ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืืœื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉืœ ื ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื”"ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.

ื”ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืืช ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช : ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึถึผืŸ-ืœึดื™, ืึถืช-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืœื•ึน, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืฆึตื” ืฉึธื‚ื“ึตื”ื•ึผ: ื‘ึฐึผื›ึถืกึถืฃ ืžึธืœึตื ื™ึดืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ืœึดึผื™, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนื›ึฐื›ึถื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ. ื•ึฐืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘, ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน ืœึตืืžึนืจ. ืœึนื-ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™--ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึธืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึฐืšึธ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ; ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผื™ื”ึธ ืœึธึผืšึฐ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ ืžึตืชึถืšึธ. ื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ื•ึผ, ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™, ืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ืขึทื-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืึทืšึฐ ืึดื-ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœื•ึผ, ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™: ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืงึทื— ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™, ื•ึฐืึถืงึฐื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” ืึถืช-ืžึตืชึดื™, ืฉึธืืžึธึผื”. ื™ื“ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืœื•ึน. ื˜ื• ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตื ึดื™, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ-ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึฐืšึธ ืžึทื”-ื”ึดื•ื; ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึตืชึฐืšึธ, ืงึฐื‘ึนืจ. ื˜ื– ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ืึถืœ-ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืงึนืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืขึถืคึฐืจึนืŸ, ืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช--ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึถืืงึถืœ ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ, ืขึนื‘ึตืจ ืœึทืกึนึผื—ึตืจ. ื™ื– ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืขึถืคึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื: ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘. ื™ื— ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐื ึธื”, ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนืœ, ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ-ืขึดื™ืจื•ึน. ื™ื˜ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ืงึธื‘ึทืจ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึถืช-ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน, ืึถืœ-ืžึฐืขึธืจึทืช ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ื”ึทืžึทึผื›ึฐืคึตึผืœึธื” ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื--ื”ึดื•ื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ: ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ, ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ. ื› ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผืขึธืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื--ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึทึผืช-ืงึธื‘ึถืจ: ืžึตืึตืช, ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™-ื—ึตืช. (ื›"ื’, ื˜'-ื›')

ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข, ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืœื›ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: " ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™-ืฆึถื“ึถืง ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ืึถืœ-ื”ื•ึนื”ึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ืคึดึผืจึฐืึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื™ึทืจึฐืžื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื™ึธืคึดื™ืขึท ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืœึธื›ึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื“ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ--ืœึตืืžึนืจ.(ื™', ื’').

ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื”ื•ึผ, ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท; ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืึถืช-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื”, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”. ืขึทืœ-ื›ึตึผืŸ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื”-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื” ื”ึทืงึฐึผื ึดื–ึดึผื™, ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืขึทื“, ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”--ื™ึทืขึทืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึดืœึตึผื, ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™, ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข, ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึธึผืขึฒื ึธืงึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื; ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืฉึธืืงึฐื˜ึธื”, ืžึดืžึดึผืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื”.(ื™"ื“,ื™"ื’-ื˜"ื•).

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ: "ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึฐืฉึตืื-ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื, ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข; ื•ึทื™ึทึผื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืฉึตืืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึฒื—ึดื™ืžึทืŸ, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึธื™."(ื',ื™').

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘':"ื•ื™ืœื“ื• (ื•ึทื™ึดึผื•ึธึผืœึฐื“ื•ึผ) ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ; ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื›ื•ึนืจื•ึน ืึทืžึฐื ื•ึนืŸ, ืœึทืึฒื—ึดื™ื ึนืขึทื ื”ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืจึฐืขึตืืœึดืช. ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื›ึดืœึฐืึธื‘, ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ืœึทืึฒื‘ึดื™ื’ึทื™ึดืœ) ืึตืฉึถืืช ื ึธื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึทึผืจึฐืžึฐืœึดื™; ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดืฉึดืื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื”, ื‘ึทึผืช-ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึทื™ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื’ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืจ. ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ึธึผื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ื—ึทื’ึดึผื™ืช; ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉึดืื™, ืฉึฐืืคึทื˜ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื˜ึธืœ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึดึผืืฉึดึผืื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืจึฐืขึธื, ืœึฐืขึถื’ึฐืœึธื” ืึตืฉึถืืช ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“; ืึตืœึถึผื” ื™ึปืœึฐึผื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ.(ื’',ื‘'-ื”'). ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื“ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช.

ืฉื™ืฉืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 926 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื:"ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉึดืื™ืช ืœึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืจึฐื—ึทื‘ึฐืขึธื ืขึธืœึธื” (ืฉึดืื•ืฉึทืืง) [ืฉึดืื™ืฉึทืืง] ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึธื. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช-ืึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”'ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืื•ึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึนึผืœ ืœึธืงึธื— ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืžึธื’ึดื ึตึผื™ ื”ึทื–ึธึผื”ึธื‘ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”" ื™"ื“,ื›"ื‘-ื›"ื“). ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื›ืจื ืง ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, , ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ื :"ื—ืงืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื" - ืฉื“ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื [2].

ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš", ื’ืœื’ืœ ื—ืžื” ื“ื•-ื›ื ืคื™. ืฉื•ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ืœืžืœืš", ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: "?ื‘ืจืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Basilicofresco

ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืชืžืช "ืœืžืœืš" "ื—ื‘ืจืŸ", ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก - ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื "ืชืœ ืฉืงืฃ" - ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ื•ื–ื [3] ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื™ื.

ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ืงื ื™ ืื’ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช: "ืฉื•ื›ื”" - ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”, "ื–ื™ืฃ" ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•"ืžืžืฉืช" - ืื•ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ "ืจืžืช ืจื—ืœ" ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-100 ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช [4]

ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœื”, 2X2.5 ืก"ืž ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื’ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื“ื• ื›ื ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช "ืœืžืœืš" ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขืคื”.

ืขื“ ื›ื” ื ืชื’ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,200 ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ืงื ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ืชื ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช "ืœืžืœืš". ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืžืœืš" ื”ื•ื: "ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืœืš." ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื•ืœื•ึผ ื’ื ื—ื•ืชื ืื—ื“, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ, ืขื ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื”:"ื•ึฐืึถืœ-ื”ึทื—ึฒืฆึตืจึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ื“ึนืชึธื ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืงึทื‘ึฐืฆึฐืึตืœ ื•ึทื—ึฒืฆึตืจึถื™ื”ึธ" (ื™"ื,ื›"ื”).

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฆื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื' : " ื•ื™ืขืชืง ืืช ืžื—ื ื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื ื•ื™ื—ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ". ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื ืืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืืžืจื•"ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™" : "ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื”"ื . ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื—'ืจื‘ืช ื-ื˜ื‘ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื” ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช 7 ืง"ืž ืžื‘ื™ืช-ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข."

ื‘ืฉื ืช 164 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื:" ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื ื’ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืจืคื• ื‘ืืฉ. (ื•',ืก"ื‘).

ื‘ืฉื ืช 112 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื™ืฆื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืงื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื ื•ื’ื™ื™ืจื ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืืจืฆื ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžืื™ื (66-70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืจื“, ืจืงื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”"ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืจืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื. ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืื‘ืจืžื™ื•ื".

ืขื“ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜:

  • ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ื ืžืฆื ืžืกืžืš ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืก(ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื”) ื’ื“ื•ืœื” - ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ - ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื - ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘" [5].
  • ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช. ืื”ืจืŸ ื˜ื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1119:

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืœืื• ืืœื” (ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื) ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” (ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื”) ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื ืคืชื— ืฉื•ื ืคืชื— ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื: " ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” (ืœืžืขืจื”), ืื–ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื”. [6]

ืฉ' ืืกืฃ ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• " ืกืคืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื" ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื• "ืืžื ื ืชื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžื”ืกืจืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืชื— (ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”). ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืคื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืœื...". ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื›ื ืกืช ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™. [7]

  • ื‘ืฉื ืช 1211 ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ 20 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื. โ€โ€[8]
  • ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืžื•ื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1481 ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืกืข ืžืฉื•ืœื ืžื•ื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื "ืฉืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”". ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื "ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•" ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”.

ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื "ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”".ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื 20 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.

  • ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.


ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืจืื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”.

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ


ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1540 ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืžืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจื“, ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืžื”ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื” 'ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื' (ืœื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•"). ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืžื•, ืืช ืฉื˜ื— "ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“, ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื”-ืจื—ืœ ืกืœื•ื ื™ื (ื‘ืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™) ื‘ืจืืฉื, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื“ื‘ืš ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืชื—ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืžืกืคืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ืœ-1429 (810 -ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•-619 - ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื) ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ 14,295 ื ืคืฉ. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคื—ืช ืžืกืคืจื ืœ-430 ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื“ (1924) ื”ื•ืงื ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื” - ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื ืจืฆื—ื• 67 ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื˜ืฉื• ืื•ืชื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืคืงื“ 1931 ื ืžื ื• 131 ื ืคืฉ, ืืฃ ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช 1936.


ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.

ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ืชืœ ืจื•ืžื™ื“ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ื’'ืื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืงื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ - ืชืœ ืจื•ืžื™ื“ื”. ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื. [9].

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœ ื ืงื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื• ืข"ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื“ (1984) ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื•ื•ืื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื ืงืจืื” ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (1998) ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจืขื ืŸ ื”ื™"ื“. ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืงื ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”" - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1999) ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืžืฆื ืžืคืชื™ืข - ื—ื•ืžืช ืขื ืง ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” (ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื). ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื” ื ื—ื ืš "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื—ื" ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื”".

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื - ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช: ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”", ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื",ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“" ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชืจืค"ื˜ ืฉื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืจืช - ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื—ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื— (1948) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืงื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.


ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1964-1966, ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืคืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื“.

ืขื ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื“ (1984), ื”ื—ืœ ืื‘ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ, ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉื“"ืž-ืชืฉืž"ื• (1986-1984). ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืœืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ. ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ืชืœ ื”ื ืžื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™).ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜ (1999), ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืก ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ื›ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืœืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืจืฆื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจืขื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ืขื“ ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1727 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™"ื’ (ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื) - "ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฆื•ืขืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื". ื‘ืจื, ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2400 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืกื™ืง ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
  2. โ†‘ [ืžืงื•ืจ:ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœ ืขืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ 2169 - ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช (ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฉืง ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) ]
  3. โ†‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ืชืœ ืฉืงืฃ
  4. โ†‘ ืจืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื•ืืชืจื™ื”
  5. โ†‘ [ืžืงื•ืจ:ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืืจื™ืืœ ืขืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ 2169]
  6. โ†‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ: Canonici Hebronensis Tractatus de Inventione Sanctrum Patriarchum Abraham, Ysaac et Jacob, p. 309 ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืข"ื™ ืฉ' ืืกืฃ ื•ืœ.ื. ืžืื™ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ( 1944 ), ืขืž' 6
  7. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ
  8. โ†‘ โ€ืžืงื•ืจ:ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืชโ€
  9. โ†‘ ืฉืชื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื "ื”ื•ื•ืืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™" ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื-ืชืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ&oldid=89582"