ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
(ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืžื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ืฆื)
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”:" ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึตื ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืข ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ื—ึธืจึธื ึธื”" (ื›"ื—,ื™'). ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฆื ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืœื—ืจืŸ ื ืืžืจ "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐื’ึทึผืข ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผืงื•ึนื (ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ) ื•ึทื™ึธึผืœึถืŸ ืฉึธืื ื›ึดึผื™-ื‘ึธื ื”ึทืฉึถึผืืžึถืฉื " (ื™"ื) - ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืคื™ืจืฉื•: ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื”...ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืชืคืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช[1]. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 63 ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 14 ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืจืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 77 [2] - 2,185 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื• 11 ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช - ืกืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืฉ :"ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืžึธืชึทื™ ืึถืขึฑืฉึถื‚ื” ื’ึทื-ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืชึดื™" (ืœ',ืœ') ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2,205 ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ.

ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•: ืžืœืื” ืื™ืžื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื• : ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ, ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ื•ืชื. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช: ื‘ืœื”ื” - ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืคืชืœื™ ื•ื–ืœืคื” - ื’ื“ ื•ืืฉืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื•. ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ื•ืฉืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“"ื” "ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึทื ึถึผืคึถืฉื ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช-ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึธื” ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึฐืžึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื" (ืž"ื•,ื›"ื–).

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ืจืŸ - ืชืื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืžื• ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•: ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•:"... ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึทืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึตืืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืชึธึผื” ืฉึนืื›ึตื‘ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ื•ึผืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ื›ึทึผืขึฒืคึทืจ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึผืคึธืจึทืฆึฐืชึธึผ ื™ึธืžึธึผื” ื•ึธืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐืฆึธืคึนื ึธื” ื•ึธื ึถื’ึฐื‘ึธึผื” ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐืจึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืšึธ ื›ึธึผืœ-ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ึนืช ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ(ื›"ื—,ื™"ื’-ื™"ื“), ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืจ.
  2. ืžืคื’ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื - ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื›ืชื‘:"ื™ืืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”' ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื›ื—, ื•ื™ืจืืชื• ืชืชืŸ ืขื•ื–, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ืขื“ืจื™ ืฆืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœื ืจื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืขื” ื›ืœืœ" (ื‘').
  3. ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ - "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึทึผืืง ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึฐืจึธื—ึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืึถืช ืงึนืœื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึตึผื‘ึฐืšึฐึผ" (ื™"ื). ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ :" ื•ึทื™ึถึผืึฑื”ึทื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึถืช-ืจึธื—ึตืœ" ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” :" ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืจึธื—ึตืœ ื‘ึดึผืชึฐึผืšึธ ื”ึทืงึฐึผื˜ึทื ึธึผื”" , :"ื•ึทื™ึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื›ึฐึผื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึธื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธืชื•ึน ืึนืชึธื”ึผ". ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื: "ื•ึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ืœึตืึธื” ืจึทื›ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืจึธื—ึตืœ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื™ึฐืคึทืช ืชึนึผืึทืจ ื•ึดื™ืคึทืช ืžึทืจึฐืึถื”". ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื”, ืขืœ ื“"ื” "ืžึทืœึตึผื ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึท ื–ึนืืช" - ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืชื” (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื',ื–'). ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื”.
  4. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื—ืจืŸ ื‘ื ืœืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื—ืš ืื™ืžื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื” :"...ืึธืกึทืฃ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื—ึถืจึฐืคึธึผืชึดื™. ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืช-ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ..."(ืœ',ื›"ื“).
  5. ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ - ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉื•ื‘ :"ืชึฐึผื ึธื” ืึถืช-ื ึธืฉึทืื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื™ึฐืœึธื“ึทื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึนืชึฐืšึธ ื‘ึธึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืึตืœึตื›ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืึทืชึธึผื” ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช-ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึดื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึฒื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึดึผื™ืšึธ" (ื›"ื•). ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื‘ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐืจึนืฅ ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™-ืœื•ึน ืฆึนืืŸ ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืฉึฐืืคึธื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ื•ึผื’ึฐืžึทืœึดึผื™ื ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึดื™ื" (ืž"ื’). ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš: "ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืึถืช-ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื ึธืฉึธืื™ื• ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื’ึฐึผืžึทืœึดึผื™ื"
  6. ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื -ืœื‘ืŸ ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืจื—ืœ ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื.
  7. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื”ืกื›ื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื—ืจืŸ".
  • ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• : "ื–ึถื” ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ ืจึฐื—ึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึดื–ึถึผื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืฉึดืื›ึตึผืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึตื™ืœึตื™ ืฆึนืื ึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืึธื›ึธืœึฐืชึดึผื™. ื˜ึฐืจึตืคึธื” ืœึนื-ื”ึตื‘ึตืืชึดื™ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืึฒื—ึทื˜ึถึผื ึธึผื” ืžึดื™ึธึผื“ึดื™ ืชึฐึผื‘ึทืงึฐืฉึถืื ึธึผื” ื’ึฐึผื ึปื‘ึฐืชึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึผื’ึฐื ึปื‘ึฐืชึดื™ ืœึธื™ึฐืœึธื”.ืž ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืึฒื›ึธืœึทื ึดื™ ื—ึนืจึถื‘ ื•ึฐืงึถืจึทื— ื‘ึทึผืœึธึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึทืชึดึผื“ึทึผื“ ืฉึฐืื ึธืชึดื™ ืžึตืขึตื™ื ึธื™(ืœ"ื, ืœ"ื—-ืž').
  • ืขืฉื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•:"ืึดื-ืชึฐึผืขึทื ึถึผื” ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผื ึนืชึทื™ ื•ึฐืึดื-ืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืขึทืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึนืชึทื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ืขึดืžึธึผื ื•ึผ ืจึฐืึตื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืขึตื“ ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึถืšึธ".(ื )
  • ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืขื“ื•ืช:"ืขึตื“ ื”ึทื’ึทึผืœ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืขึตื“ึธื” ื”ึทืžึทึผืฆึตึผื‘ึธื” ืึดื-ืึธื ึดื™ ืœึนื-ืึถืขึฑื‘ึนืจ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื’ึทึผืœ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืึดื-ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœึนื-ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืึตืœึทื™ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื’ึทึผืœ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึทึผืฆึตึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช ืœึฐืจึธืขึธื”: ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื•ึตืืœึนื”ึตื™ ื ึธื—ื•ึนืจ ื™ึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื˜ื•ึผ ื‘ึตื™ื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ"

ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืžืจืื” ืœื• ืกื•ืœื ืฉืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืืช ืขืฉื™ื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื”ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื™ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื–ืจืขื• ื™ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืงื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ื•"ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื". ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ื“ืจ ื ื“ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืกืข ืœื—ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘"ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืžื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•.

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื–ืจืข ืจื‘ ื•ืขืฆื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ื–ืจืข "ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื", ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจืช-"ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ". ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ืจืข ืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืขืคืจ?

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื– ื ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” "ื•ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ืขืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชื”ื™ื”" ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืจื›ื”- "ืžื” ืขืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื–ืจืขื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ". ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”' ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืฆื— ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื ืงืžื• ื•ื ืคืœื• ื•ืจืง ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื ืจืžืก ื›ืขืคืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจื“ ืขื ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืืกืœื ืžืคื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื”ื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ืจืš "ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ" ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื "ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืคืจ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืชื• ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื•".

ื”ืชื—ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื›ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื—ืœ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืœื“ืช, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœื™ื”. ืืžื ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื• ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืช "ื”ืชื—ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื ืข ืžืžืš ืคืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ?!". ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื– ื’ื ืชืžื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืื "ื›ืš ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ืงื•ืช?!", ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื’ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘? ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœื™ื”?

ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ‏[3] ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจื—ืœ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื- "ื•ืชืงื ื ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืื—ื•ืชื”". ืจื—ืœ ืžืงื ืืช ื‘ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”"ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช" ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืœื“ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช ืขืงืจื”. ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงื ืื” ื–ื•, ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืงื ืื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืชื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื—ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ื ืืช ืืžืชื” ื‘ืœื”ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื ืื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืคืงื“ื”.

ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช "ืฉืขืจ-ื˜-(ืคืจืฉืช-ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช) ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื—ืœ ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื "ื”ื‘ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ- ืžืชื” ืื ื›ื™". ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืจื—ืœ ืฉืืฃ ืœืœื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื- ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืืฉืชื•- ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืฉื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืš ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช- ื—ื•ื•ื”: ืื ื›ืœ ื—ื™. ืžื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื "ืืฉื”" ืืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื—ื•ื•ื”". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืจื—ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืืฃ ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืขืก ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืœื“ืช.

ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืคืจื” - ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:ื™ืขืงื‘
ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื‘ - ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ Willmann, Michael 1691 - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, Eloquence

ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ ื”ืืช ื™ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืงืจืงืข. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื  :"ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืึฑ -ืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืขื•ึนื“ ื™ึดืงึธึผื ื•ึผ ื‘ึธืชึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื›ึฐืจึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช... ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึดืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทืึด ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึธืจึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึธืจึตื™ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึธืจึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืคึตืœึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึธืจึตื™ ื”ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ื›ึดึผื™-ืึธืฉึดืื™ื‘ ืึถืช-ืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผืชึธื ื ึฐืึปื -ื”'" (ืœ"ื‘:ื˜', ืž"ื“).

ื“"ืจ ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื: [ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช -ืืœ] ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืœืคื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื™ืจืื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื” "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืงึทืฅ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืžึดืฉึฐึผื ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึธื›ึตืŸ ื™ึตืฉื ื”' ื‘ึทึผ ืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึธืขึฐืชึดึผื™. ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืจึธื ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึทืจ ืžึทื”-ื ึผื•ึนืจึธื ื”ึทืžึธึผ ืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื -ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึฑ -ืœึนืงื™ื ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืžึธื™ึดื" ." (ื›"ื—,ื˜"ื–-ื™"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™:"ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ืœืืจืฅ".

ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” - "ื‘ื™ืช ื-ืœืงื™ื", "ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื", "ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืจื" - ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืขืงื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื ืื•ืžื•-ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช -ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื; ื–ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืืจืฅ: "ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืขึตื™ื ึถืšึธ ืคึฐืชึปื—ึนืช ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึธื™ื•ึนื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืฉึฐืืžึดื™ ืฉึธืื ืœึดืฉึฐืืžึนืขึท ืึถืœ -ื”ึทืชึฐึผืคึดืœึธึผื” ืึฒ ืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดืชึฐืคึทึผ ืœึตึผืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึฐึผืšึธืึถืœ-ื”ึทืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”" ([[ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื]], ื, ื—',ื›"ื˜-ืœ"ื‘).

ื‘ืŸ-ืืจืฆื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื™: "ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช -ืืœ: "ืฉึธื‚ื ื ึธื ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืจึฐืึตื” ืžึดืŸ -ื”ึทืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ -ืึทืชึธึผื” ืฉึธืื ืฆึธืคึนื ึธื” ื•ึธื ึถื’ึฐื‘ึธึผื” ื•ึธืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื” ื•ื™ึธืžึธึผื”. ื›ึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ -ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืึทืชึธึผื” ืจึนืึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ื•ึผืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืขึทื“ -ืขื•ึนืœึธื" (ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช,ื™"ื’,ื™"ื“-ื˜"ื•). ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 3 ื•ืžืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื”:

  • ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
  • ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘,
  • ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ
  • ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืช ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.

ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” "ื™ึธืžึธึผื” ื•ึธืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐืฆึธืคึนื ึธื” ื•ึธื ึถื’ึฐื‘ึธึผื”". ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื—ืจืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ -ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช -ืืœ: "ื•ึฐืึถืช -ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื” ื•ึผืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืึทื—ึฒ ืจึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืชึตึผืŸ ืึถืช- ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ" (ืœ"ื”,ื™"ื‘). ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื™ ืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžื ื• (ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ), ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ื ืžื•ืš", ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช: "ืžึดืžึทึผืขึฒืžึทืงึดึผื™ื ืงึฐืจึธืืชึดื™ืšึธ ื”'". ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื"ื› ื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื”.

ื•ืžืกื›ื: "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ"ื™) ืžื‘ื˜ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืฉื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืฉืœ ืขื -ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืืจืฅ -ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืชื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืืœื™ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช- ืืœ.

ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืœ. ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจ' ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ... ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื™ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ืžื”ื. ื•ืื– ืจื—ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” : "ื”ืžืขื˜ ืงื—ืชืš ืืช ืื™ืฉื™" .

ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ: "ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ืœื–ืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืขืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื“ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื”: ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืžืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืืžืจื” ืœื”: ืขืžืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื™ืš, ืขืžื™ ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื™ืš.

ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ: ื–ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื”, ื–ื• ื ืฉืชื›ืจื” ื•ื–ื• ื ืฉืชื›ืจื”.

ืœืื” ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ื“ืื™ืื•ื ืฉืชื›ืจื” ื‘' ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื•ืจื—ืœ ื ืฉืชื›ืจื” ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ:

ื–ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื, ื•ื ืฉืชื›ืจื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืžื•. ืจื—ืœ ื ืฉืชื›ืจื” ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืžื•: ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”: ื•ืชืฆื ืœืื” ืœืงืจืืชื• ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื™ ืชื‘ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื•: ืฆืคื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื”, ืืœื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืืœื”ื™ื ืืœ ืœืื”.

ื•ืชืืžืจ "ืืœื™ ืชื‘ื" : ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™: ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืจืกืจื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ. ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ [4]. ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ "ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื".ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ [5]:"ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ"


ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ [4] ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื		 ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ[4] ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืขืจ [6]
ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™"ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื’ 2193 155 ืื• 124 ื™"ื“ ื›ื™ืกืœื• "ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ื›ึดึผื™-ืจึธืึธื” ื”' ื‘ึฐึผืขึธื ึฐื™ึดื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึทืชึธึผื” ื™ึถืึฑื”ึธื‘ึทื ึดื™ ืึดื™ืฉึดืื™"(ื›"ื˜,ืœ"ื‘)
ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื›"ื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื“ 2,194 120 ื›"ื“ ื›ื™ืกืœื• "ื›ึดึผื™-ืฉึธืืžึทืข ื”' ื›ึดึผื™-ืฉึฐื‚ื ื•ึผืึธื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™"(ืœ"ื’) ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื
ืœื•ื™ ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 137 [7] "ื”ึทืคึทึผืขึทื ื™ึดืœึธึผื•ึถื” ืึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ืึตืœึทื™" (ืœ"ื“)
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื˜"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 119 ื˜"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ "ื”ึทืคึทึผืขึทื ืื•ึนื“ึถื” ืึถืช ื”'" (ืœ"ื”) ื™ื”ื•ื“
ื“ืŸ ื˜' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 125 ื˜' ืืœื•ืœ "ื“ึธึผื ึทื ึดึผื™ ืึฑืœึนืงื™ื" (ืœ',ื•') ืืฉืชืื•ืœ, ื›ืคืจ ื“ื ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ
ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 133 "ื ึทืคึฐืชึผื•ึผืœึตื™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื ึดืคึฐืชึทึผืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ืขึดื-ืึฒื—ึนืชึดื™ ื’ึทึผื ื™ึธื›ึนืœึฐืชึดึผื™" (ื—')
ื’ื“ ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 125 ื™' ืžืจืฉื•ื•ืŸ "(ื‘ึธึผื’ึธื“) [ื‘ึธึผื ื’ึธื“]" (ื™"ื)
ืืฉืจ ื“' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื” 2,195 123 ื™"ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืช "ื‘ึฐึผืึธืฉึฐืืจึดื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดืฉึฐึผืืจื•ึผื ึดื™ ื‘ึธึผื ื•ึนืช"(ื™"ื’)
ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื™' ื‘ืื‘ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื• ืื• ืงืฆ"ื– 2,196 122 ื™' ื‘ืื‘ "ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืฉึฐื‚ื›ึธืจึดื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ "(ื™"ื—)
ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื–' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื– 2,197 110 ื”' ืชืฉืจื™ "ื–ึฐื‘ึธื“ึทื ึดื™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึนืชึดื™ ื–ึถื‘ึถื“ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทืคึทึผืขึทื ื™ึดื–ึฐื‘ึฐึผืœึตื ึดื™ ืึดื™ืฉึดืื™" (ื›')
ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื”:"ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ,ืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืงืฉื• ืื—ื™ื” ื ืงืžืชื”, ื›ืžื• "ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื”"[8]. ืืจื‘ืœ
ื™ื•ืกืฃ| ื›"ื– ืชืžื•ื– ื‘"ื ืงืฆ"ื˜ 2,199 110 ื'ืชืžื•ื– " ืึธืกึทืฃ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื—ึถืจึฐืคึธึผืชึดื™" (ื›"ื’) ืฉื›ื
ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™"ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘"ื ืจ"ื– 2,207 115 ื›"ื“ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ "ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืื•ึนื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ืงึธืจึธื-ืœื•ึน ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ" (ืœ"ื”,ื™"ื—) ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื


ืžืงื•ืจ:ืกืคืจ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช

ืชื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฆืืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืฆืืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืš, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ื•ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื“ืจ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ โ€โ€[9] ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืื›ืŸ ืงืจื”, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.

  • ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: "...ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถืšึฐ ื”' ืึนืชึฐืšึธ, ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึดื™; ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื”, ืžึธืชึทื™ ืึถืขึฑืฉึถื‚ื” ื’ึทื-ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืชึดื™..(ืœ',ืœ') - ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ืื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื“ืจ ืฆืืŸ ืžืฉืœื™? ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื•ืžืจ :"ืžึธื” ืึถืชึถึผืŸ-ืœึธืšึฐ" ? (ืœ"ื)
  • ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฆืขื”, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:" ื›ึนึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื ึธืงึนื“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืœื•ึผื ื‘ึธึผืขึดื–ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐื—ื•ึผื ื‘ึทึผื›ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ื‘ึดื™ื ื’ึธึผื ื•ึผื‘ ื”ื•ึผื, ืึดืชึดึผื™ ."(ืœ"ื’). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” - ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื - ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื“ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœืš. ื‘ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื• ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื :

ืœืคื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ :

  1. ืชื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
  2. ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืชื ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.

ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ:

  1. ืฉื” ื ืงื•ื“ - ื”ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื•ื, ืžื ื•ืžืจ ื•ื ืงื•ื“.
  2. ื˜ืœื - ื ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืื™ื, ื˜ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœืื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืœื‘ืŸ, ื—ื•ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”:

  1. "ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฆืžืจ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืฆืืŸ. ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืืŸ, ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืžืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื—ื•ื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื ืงื•ื“, ืขืงื•ื“ ื•ื˜ืœื•ื"."
  2. "ื”ืขื–ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืชืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื, ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข, ืขื•ืจืŸ ื˜ืœื•ื ื›ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื"
  • ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื, ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืจ ืขืฉื• ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœืื” - ื‘ืขื“ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ - ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืฉื™ื - ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื–ื™ื - ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช - ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช : "ืฉึถื‚ื” ื ึธืงึนื“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืœื•ึผื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ืฉึถื‚ื”-ื—ื•ึผื ื‘ึทึผื›ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ื‘ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื˜ึธืœื•ึผื ื•ึฐื ึธืงึนื“, ื‘ึธึผืขึดื–ึดึผื™ื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื”, ืฉึฐื‚ื›ึธืจึดื™" (ืœ"ื‘) - ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•.

ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•:

  • ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืžืขื“ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื•ืœื“ื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืจืง ืœื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืœื“ืช ืฆืืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื” , ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื :"ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฆึตึผื’, ืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึทึผืงึฐืœื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืคึดึผืฆึตึผืœ, ื‘ึธึผืจึฐื”ึธื˜ึดื™ื, ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืืงึฐืชื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึธึผื™ึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึธึผื‘ึนืืŸึธ ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ ืœึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึนืช ืœึฐื ึนื›ึทื— ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ, ื•ึทื™ึตึผื—ึทืžึฐื ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึนืึธืŸ ืœึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึนืช" (ืœ"ื—)
  • ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืขื“ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื’ื :" ืขึฒืงึปื“ึดึผื™ื ื ึฐืงึปื“ึดึผื™ื ื•ึผื˜ึฐืœึปืึดื™ื. " (ืœ"ื˜) - ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืœื“ืช ืฆืืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื”.

ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืœื™ืงืก: ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ ืžื ื“ืœ. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” - ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” - ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื: ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ - ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ - ืกืžื•ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•: ืืฆืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื–ื™ื - ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ืืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ื›ื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื - ื”ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ - ืกืžื•ื™. ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืฆืืฆื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ.

ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืง ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืงืจื "ืื•ืŸ-ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜" - ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” - ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื - ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื›ืš ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ืขืงื‘:" ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ, ืฉึธื‚ื-ื ึธื ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืจึฐืึตื” ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืขึทืชึปึผื“ึดื™ื ื”ึธืขึนืœึดื™ื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ, ืขึฒืงึปื“ึดึผื™ื ื ึฐืงึปื“ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึปื“ึดึผื™ื" (ืœ"ื,ื™"ื‘). ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” :"ืจืง ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืœื•ื ื•ืจืง ืœื”ื ืขืœื™ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืœื•ื. ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืš ืฆืืŸ ื˜ืœื•ืื•ืช".

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ืช - ืœื. ื•ื›ืš ืคืขืœ :" ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื”, ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื™ึทื—ึตื ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ ื”ึทืžึฐืงึปืฉึธึผืืจื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึทึผืงึฐืœื•ึนืช ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ, ื‘ึธึผืจึฐื”ึธื˜ึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึทื—ึฐืžึตื ึธึผื”, ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผืงึฐืœื•ึนืช. (ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช - ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ึผื‘ึฐื”ึทืขึฒื˜ึดื™ืฃ ื”ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ, ืœึนื ื™ึธืฉึดื‚ื™ื (ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ}, (ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื˜ึปืคึดื™ื ืœึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึฐึผืฉึปืืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘. (ืž"ื,ืž"ื‘).

ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืง 15% ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื˜ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ - ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื• - ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 39% ืžื”ืขื“ืจ.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื™ืงืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืื—ืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืื›ึตึผื ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึทึผื‘ึนึผืงึถืจ.." (ื›"ื‘,ื’') ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื• - [[ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”] ืฉื ืืžืจ:"ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึตื ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ืœึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื—ึท ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืœึดืคึฐื ื•ึนืช ืขึธืจึถื‘" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื›"ื“,ืก"ื’)}]
  2. โ†‘ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื ื›ืชื‘ :"ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื—ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืข"ื–".
  3. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฆื, ื“"ื” ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขืงื‘
  4. โ†‘ 4.0 4.1 4.2 ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืœืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช
  5. โ†‘ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื”
  6. โ†‘ ืžืงื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื ื—ื ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ,ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืžื™ืœื ืจ , ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ
  7. โ†‘ ืจืง ืฉืžืช ืœื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื”
  8. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื‘,ืœ"
  9. โ†‘ โ€[1]โ€


ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื—, ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ืฉืœื—, ื•ื™ืฉื‘, ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื™ื’ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื™

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืืจื, ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื—, ื™ืชืจื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื, ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ, ืคืงื•ื“ื™

ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืฆื•, ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืชื–ืจื™ืข, ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืฉืœื—, ืงืจื—, ื—ืงืช, ื‘ืœืง, ืคื™ื ื—ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™

ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืขืงื‘, ืจืื”, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ื›ึดึผื™-ืชึธื‘ื•ึนื, ื ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœืš, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืจืŸ.

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืคืจืฉืช_ื•ื™ืฆื&oldid=158197"