ืกื•ื›ื•ืช

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื’ืจืกื” ืžึพ05:43, 14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021 ืžืืช ืกืคืจื (ืฉื™ื—ื” | ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช) (ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืงืฆืจ)
(ื”ื‘ื“ืœ) โ†’ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช | ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ) | ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื‘ืื” โ† (ื”ื‘ื“ืœ)
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื: ืคืกื—, ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื—ื’ ื ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜"ื• - ื›"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื•ื ืงืจื "ืกื•ื›ื•ืช" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื’[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื:

  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช - "ื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึปึผื›ึนึผืช ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืึธืกึฐืคึฐึผืšึธ ืžึดื’ึธึผืจึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื™ึดึผืงึฐื‘ึถืšึธ"‏[1]. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช: "ื‘ึทึผืกึปึผื›ึนึผึฅืช ืชึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ึ–ื•ึผ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทึฃืช ื™ึธืžึดึ‘ื™ื ื›ึธึผืœึพื”ึธึฝืึถื–ึฐืจึธื—ึ™ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ื™ึตืฉึฐืื‘ึ–ื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผืกึปึผื›ึนึผึฝืชืƒ ืžื’ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸึฎ ื™ึตื“ึฐืขึฃื•ึผ ื“ึนืจึนึฝืชึตื™ื›ึถืึ’ ื›ึดึผึฃื™ ื‘ึทืกึปึผื›ึผึ—ื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืฉึทืึ™ื‘ึฐืชึดึผื™ึ™ ืึถืชึพื‘ึฐึผื ึตึฃื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ื‘ึฐึผื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึดึฅื™ ืื•ึนืชึธึ–ื ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธึ‘ื™ึดื ืึฒื ึดึ–ื™ ื”ืฉื ืึฑืœึนื•ืงื™ื›ืืƒ"
  • ื”ืืกื™ืฃ - "ื•ึฐื—ึทื’ ื”ึธืึธืกึดืฃ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืืช ื”ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืึธืกึฐืคึฐึผืšึธ ืึถืช ืžึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื™ืšึธ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”"‏[2], ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืฆืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื“ื”.
  • ื—ื’ - ื—ื–"ืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื’".
  • ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ืชื™ื ื• - ืฉืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื’[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ืชื ื•".

ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ืžืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืชืืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”, ืœื ืจืื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื™ืžื™ื•".

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืคืจืงื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื ‏[3], ืคืจืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”.

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื’ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ื’ ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื?

  • ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืœืกื•ื›ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”- ื”ื˜ื•ืจ(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
  • ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”- ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืžืœ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืงื”ืœืช.
  • ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœืžื—ื ื”- ื”ื’ืจ"ื‏[4] ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื˜"ื• ืชืฉืจื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื ื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืคืกืงื• ืขื ื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื” ืฉื‘ ื•ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื”. ื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืœื™ื ื•.

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื’[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื

ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืข ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ืš"‏[5], ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ: ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืืœื ืฉื‘ืข - ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช: ื. ืกื•ื›ื”; ื‘-ื”. ืืชืจื•ื’, ืœื•ืœื‘, ื”ื“ืก ื•ืขืจื‘ื” (ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื); ื•. ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”; ื–. ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”"ื”ืœืœ". ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœื", ืœืœื ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ (ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืœืœ).

ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœืœ ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘"ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”' ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘...", ื•ื‘"ืื ื ื”' ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื". ืจืื” ืขืจืš: ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘.

ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืงื”ืœืช.

ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช". ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืœื™ื "ื”ื•ืฉืข ื ื" ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื”' ืฉื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื•.

ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื• ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืกื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื™ื" ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืž ื. ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื "ืื ื™"- ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื” ืขืžื ืฉืจื•ื™ ื’ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืขืžื ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื™ื. ืžืžื™ืœื ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”' ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื’ื ืื•ืชื• (ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืขืžื ื•) ืžืฆืจื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืจืฉ"ื™ ‏[6] ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•" ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืืฆืžืขื™ (ืžืชื•ืš ื”72) ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื•. ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื”72 ื•ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื- "ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื”" ื•"ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื™ื".

ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”"ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช" ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”"ื”ืœืœ", ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ.

ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ื—ื–ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”. ื”ืงืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—.

ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ื”ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืื•ื ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ื‘ืช". ืืžื ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื•ื”"ืž.

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™, ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื - ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื". ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื

ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืžื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืœื ื•ืœื ืขื ืขื ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื—ืช "ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ ื•ื›ืคืช ืชืžืจื™ื ื•ืขื ืฃ ืขืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืœ"‏[7] ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืชืจื•ื’, ืœื•ืœื‘, ื”ื“ืก ื•ืขืจื‘ื”. ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ.

ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“, ืœื•ืœื‘ ืื—ื“, 3 ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื•-2 ืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืขื˜ืจ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘"ื“). ืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืืชืจื•ื’). ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš (ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ืœืžื˜ื”) ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: "ื‘ื"ื™ ืืž"ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘". ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื. ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื ืขื ืข 3 ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.

ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”:

Geresh.png ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึถึผื ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ืขึตืฅ ื”ึธื“ึธืจ ื›ึทึผืคึนึผืช ืชึฐึผืžึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทืขึฒื ึทืฃ ืขึตืฅ-ืขึธื‘ึนืช, ื•ึฐืขึทืจึฐื‘ึตื™-ื ึธื—ึทืœ; ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึทื—ึฐืชึถึผื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื--ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื Geresh.png
โ€“ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื›"ื’, ืž'.

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ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžื ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช.

ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื’[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ "ืกื›ื” ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื”"; ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื - "ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืš ืฉืžื—".

ื”ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืŸ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื™ืขืงื‘, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉื”, ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”"ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืŸ".

ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืชื.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš.

ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื’[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื 7 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื’ื 7 ื™ืžื™ื.

ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”.
  • ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช - ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“.
  • ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” - ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.
  • ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” - ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื—ื•"ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”.
  • ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”.
  • ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช - ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“.
  • ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” - ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื - ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”

ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”‏[8] ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื, ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื•" ื•ื›ืžื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘‏[9]: "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงืจื ืงื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื ืืฉื” ืœื”', ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื•".

ื›ืžื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื‏[10].

ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื—ื’ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื.

ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืžื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”" ื›ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื”ืงืคื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช) ืขื•ืฉื™ื "ื”ืงืคื•ืช", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”.

ืกื•ื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื‏[11] ื•ืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžื™ื (ืžื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืขื“ ื›"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™) ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ื‘ืจืš "ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”" ื•"ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•".

ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉ"ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”"‏[12].

ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจืื”: ืคืจืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื”

ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื”‏[13] ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื›ืฉืจื”.

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ืœื ื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื

ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช "ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”" ืœืจื’ืœ ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื›ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—.

ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”: "ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ื–ืืช (ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”) ืœื ืจืื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื™ืžื•".

ื ื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืงืช ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื ื™ืกื•ืš ืžื™ื".

ื‘ื’ืžืจื‏[14] ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™‏[15]: "ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื”" ื•ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ื™ืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืจื ืืฃ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจืžื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื™ื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืืžืจ "ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื”ื" (ืž"ื ื™ืชื™ืจื”), ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ "ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื”" (ื™ื•"ื“ ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืืžืจ "ื•ื ืกื›ื”"), ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ - "ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื" (ืž"ื ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื›"ืžืฉืคื˜").

ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ

ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื ืขืจื‘ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉื ื”‏[16] ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช: ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื•ืฆื" ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื (ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช) ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•"ืจืืฉื™ื”ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืชืงืขื• ื•ื”ืจื™ืขื• ื•ืชืงืขื•.". ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื (ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช) ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืื ื ื”', ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื"‏[17], "ืื ื ื”', ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื" ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื, ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื" ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—.

ื”ืงื”ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื ืช "ื”ืงื”ืœ" ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื‏[18]: "ื•ื™ืฆื• ืžืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืœืืžืจ ืžืงืฅ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื“ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื›ื•ืช: ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”' ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืชืงืจื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื”ื: ื”ืงื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืฃ ื•ื’ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื•ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”' ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช: ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืœื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”' ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืœืจืฉืชื”".

ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืคื ื—ืก‏[19] ื‘ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื 13 ืคืจื™ื, ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื—ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื.

ื—ื–"ืœ ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช 70 ืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ื ื•70 ื”ืคืจื™ื ืื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื - ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

ืคืกื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื" ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื ื‘"ืจื’ืœื™ื".

ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™‏[20] ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื–ืจื”.

ืจืื” ื’ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

Baustelle.PNG ื”ืขืจืš ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืชื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ืชื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืืžืชื ื–ืืช ืขื ืžื ื™ื— ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘! ืื ื”ื“ืฃ ืœื ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื•, ืืš ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืงื•ื“ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘.
ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืข"ื™ ืกืคืจื (ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื”) (ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืชืจ) 08:11, 17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 (IST)


ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื: โ€ข ืืชืจื•ื’ (ืจืื”: ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืชืจื•ื’) โ€ข ืœื•ืœื‘ (ืจืื”: ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื•ืœื‘) โ€ข ื”ื“ืก (ืจืื”: ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื“ืก) โ€ข ืขืจื‘ื” (ืจืื”: ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื‘ื”) โ€ข ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’: ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช โ€ข ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ โ€ข ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” โ€ข ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช โ€ข ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” โ€ข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช: ืกื•ื›ื” โ€ข ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื โ€ข Four minim2.jpg

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื˜"ื–, ื™"ื’
  2. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื›"ื’, ื˜"ื–
  3. โ†‘ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืจืงื™ื ืง"ื› - ืงืœ"ื“.
  4. โ†‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื,ื, ื”.
  5. โ†‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ื˜ื–
  6. โ†‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื” ื
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื›"ื’, ืž'.
  8. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›"ื˜, ืœ"ื”
  9. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื’, ืœ"ื•
  10. โ†‘ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
  11. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื›"ื’, ืž"ื‘ - ืž"ื’.
  12. โ†‘ ืข"ืค ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืจื›ื“, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”'.
  13. โ†‘ ืžืฉื ื”, ืกื•ื›ื”, ื, ื
  14. โ†‘ ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื‘', ื‘'
  15. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›"ื˜, ืœ"ื
  16. โ†‘ ืกื•ื›ื”, ื“', ื”'
  17. โ†‘ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืงื™"ื—, ื›"ื”
  18. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœ"ื, ื™"ื‘
  19. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื˜, ื™"ื‘-ืœ"ื“
  20. โ†‘ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”, ืค"ื, ื”"ื.
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