ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

๏ปฟืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจื ื”ื™ื” "ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื"[1], ืฉืœื™ื— ื”' ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ.

ื—ื™ื™ื•

ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืชื•

ืžืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืœืขืžืจื ื‘ืŸ ืงื”ืช, ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™[2] ื•ืœื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืœื•ื™. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื”ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžืจื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืึดืฉืืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืจืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจืขื” ืฉืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื• ื‘ืช 130. ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” "ืžื›ื™ืŸ" ืืช ื’ื•ืืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ: "ืกืžืš ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ (ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื”) ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช - ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืžื›ื”".

ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื‘ ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื ืจืง: "ื•ื™ืœืš ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื‘ืช ืœื•ื™". ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’[3] ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ: "ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืžืจื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“... ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืืœืงื™ืช..." ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืš ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืจืง ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™... ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœื ื ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื”... "

ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืžืฆืื”, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ืžืฉึถืื” ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉึดืื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘, ื™). ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื›ืชื‘: "ืฉื ืžืฉื”, ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ืขืชืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื ื• ืื• ืฉืืœื”. ื•ืืœ ืชืชืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื™. ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืขืœื™ื" - ืžื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื.

ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืžื“ืจืฉ: ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืฉึฐืืžื• ืžืฉึถืื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืžึฐืžึทืœึตึผื˜ ื•ึผืžื•ืฉึถืื” ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึธึผืจึธื”. ื•ึทืชึผืืžึถืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉึดืื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ. ื”ึทื˜ึทึผืขึทื ืฉึถืืงึฐึผืจึธืืชึดื™ื• 'ืžืฉึถืื”' ืœึฐื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉึถืื™ึฐึผืžึทืœึตึผื˜ ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ืžึฐืฉึดืื™ืชึดื™ื”ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึผื˜ึธืœ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ื›ึธื. ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืœื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐื–ึตืจึทืช ืขึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ[4], ื›ึฐึผื“ึตื™ ืฉึถืื™ึฐึผืžึทืœึตึผื˜ ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื".

ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื˜ื” (ื™"ื‘) ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•.

  • ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืโ€“ ืชื ื™ื: 'ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื˜ื•ื‘" ืฉืžื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: "ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”" ืฉืžื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช (ืจืืชื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ [ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืŸ] ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”). * ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืœ.
  • ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื” ื ืชืžืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืื•ืจ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื: 'ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื', ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื [5] ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ [ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืš].
  • ื•ืชืงื— ืœื• ืชื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื - ืžืื™ ืฉื ื 'ื’ื•ืžื'? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืžื™ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืžื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ืคืŸ (ืฉื“ืžื™ื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืจ ื’ื•ืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ [ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ] ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืงืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื), ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืžื”? ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ. ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืžื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•:" ืืžืจ: ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืš ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” (ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืจ ื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” - ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” - ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ - ื ืชืงืœ ื•ื ื–ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื•).
  • ื•ืชื—ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื–ืคืช' - ืชื ื: 'ื—ืžืจ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื–ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื™ื— ืจืข (ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช)'. - ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชืŸ ื“ืื’ื”.

ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”. ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื [6] ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืจืื” ืืช ืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•. ื”ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘',ื™'-ื˜"ื–). ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉื” " ื•ื”ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ( ื™') ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขืื™: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื• ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•" - ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ "ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช". ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื - "ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืŸ" - ื•ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื:

  • ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืŸ.
  • ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“, ื“) ื ืชื ื” ืจืืฉ ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”.
  • ื”ื ืฉื”ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.

ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื“"ื” 'ืžื™ ืฉืžืš ืœืื™ืฉ - "ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•: ื“ืื’ ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ (ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื) , ืืžืจ ืžืขืชื” ืฉืžื ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืืœ". ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื" :"ื•ึทื™ึผืืžึทืจ ืึธื›ึตืŸ ื ื•ื“ึทืข ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ. ื›ึฐึผืฉึถืืึธืžึทืจ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทืžึผื•ืกึตืจ ืึถืช ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืึตืœึถึผื” ื‘ึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืœึธื›ึตืŸ ืœื ื”ึธืจึทื’ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผื•ืกึตืจ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืขึถืœึถืช ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ื’ึธืชื• ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉึถืื›ึฐึผื‘ึธืจ ืžึธืกึธืจ" - ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.

ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืก ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื’ ืืช ืžืฉื” - "ืžืกืจื• ืœืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ืœื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื” [7] ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ืžื—ืจื‘ ืคืจืขื”. ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืชื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”:"ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžืฉื”, ืฉืœื— ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื”, ื ืชื ื• ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื™ืงืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: [8] ืฆื•ืืจืš ื›ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ."


ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืชื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ - "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ื“ืขืช". ืขืš ื›ืš ื’ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืžื ืฉืงืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”... ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืขื” ืžื ืฉืงื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืชืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžืฉื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ...ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื•: ืžืชื™ืจืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื–ื”, ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืชืจืš ื•ื ื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืžืš. ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืฉืจืคื•. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช, ืืœื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืงืขืจื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื’ื—ืœืช, ืื ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื• ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื• ืœื’ื—ืœืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ืœืงื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืชืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื™ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื•ื ื›ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ืขืฉื” [9] ื›ื‘ื“ ืคื” ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืจื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื•ืชื -ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ :" ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืœืš ื•ืืžืจ ืœืคืจืขื”: ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืื™ื ื• ื ื— ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื•ื ืžืช! ื•ืืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื ืžืชื™ื! ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืœืš ื•ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืืžืจ. ื”ืœืš ืžืฉื” ื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื•ื—."

ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื: ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”: "ื•ืชึดึทึผืงึทึผื— ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ ื•ืชึดึทึผื›ึฐืจึนืช ืึถืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึธื”ึผ" - ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆึนืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ:" "ื•ื™ึทื”ึฐึดื™ ื‘ึทื“ึผืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผืœื•ึนืŸ ื•ื™ึทึผืคึฐึดื’ึผืฉึฐึตืื”ื•ึผ ื“' ื•ื™ึทื‘ึฐึทืงึตึผืฉื ื”ึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน"

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”[10] ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ: ืœืžื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆึนืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืช? ื•ืขื•ื“, ืื™ืคื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”? ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช :ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืœื• ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืฉื”?

ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื•. ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • "ืคึถึผื”" - ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ - "ื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืคึถึผื” ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™" - ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช.
  • "ืฆึนืจ" - ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื” ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฆึนืจ. ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”

ืžืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆึนืจ.

ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื” - ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื”. ื•ื–ื” ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฆึนืจ" ื•"ืคึถึผื”".

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื. ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื: "ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืืžืจ ืœืื”ืจืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื): ืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฉื” (ืฉื‘ื ืžืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ). ื™ืฆื ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื—ื‘ืงื• ื•ื ืฉืงื•. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืžื” ื˜ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืขืžืš? ืืžืจ ืœื• ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื•ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืœื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืืžืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืจื”: ืœื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš. ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ื˜ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”".

ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื• ื”ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” [11] ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืš ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื, ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืœืžืฉื” , ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื–ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ-ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. " ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืืจืฆื." -ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื™ืžื• ื•ื›ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื™ืชืจื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืชืจื•: "ื•ื™ืงื— ื™ืชืจื• ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื” ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืืฉืช ืžืฉื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ื”". ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื—ื“ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืœืื•: ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, "ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื›ื” ื‘ืกื ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื–ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉืชื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืœื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ื˜ื” ืืช ืื•ื”ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”. ืื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”."

ืขื•ื“ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ [12] ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืš ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื. - ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืื—ื™ื”, ืื”ืจืŸ, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืงื— ืžืฉื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื”. ืืš ืื– ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื”ืงื‘"ื” :"ื•ึผืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืœึนื ื™ึฐืจึตืืชึถื, ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืžึนืฉึถืื”". ืžืจื™ื ื ืขื ืฉืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื ื™ื•.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืกื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง "ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท, ืœึนื-ื™ึดื‘ึฐืขึทืจ ื”ึทืกึฐึผื ึถื”" [13] . ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืœื ืงืœื”: "ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึฐื›ึธื” ื•ึฐืึถืฉึฐืืœึธื—ึฒืšึธ ืึถืœ-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึตื ืึถืช-ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื" [14].

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื— ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช. [15]

ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื•:

  1. "ืžึดื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™, ื›ึดึผื™ ืึตืœึตืšึฐ ืึถืœ-ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื”; ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื" [16]
  2. "ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ืœึธื”ึถื, ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืฉึฐืืœึธื—ึทื ึดื™ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื; ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ-ืœึดื™ ืžึทื”-ืฉึฐึผืืžื•ึน, ืžึธื” ืึนืžึทืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื." (ื™"ื’)
  3. "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ืžึนืฉึถืื”, ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึตืŸ ืœึนื-ื™ึทืึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืงึนืœึดื™: ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ, ืœึนื-ื ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื”'"[17]
  4. "ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธื”, ื‘ึดึผื™ ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™, ืœึนื ืึดื™ืฉื ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื’ึทึผื ืžึดืชึฐึผืžื•ึนืœ ื’ึทึผื ืžึดืฉึดึผืืœึฐืฉึนืื, ื’ึทึผื ืžึตืึธื– ื“ึทึผื‘ึถึผืจึฐืšึธ ืึถืœ-ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึถึผืšึธ: ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึฐื‘ึทื“-ืคึถึผื” ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™." (ื™')
  5. " ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ, ื‘ึดึผื™ ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™; ืฉึฐืืœึทื—-ื ึธื, ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“-ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึธื—." (ื™"ื’)


ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ (ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜) ืกืคื™ืจื• ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืืœ: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื”, ืฉืืœื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ื”' ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ืึดืžื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”: "ืฉึฐืืœึทื—-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“-ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึธื—", ื•ืื– ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”' ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื—ึทืจ-ืึทืฃ ื”' ื‘ึฐึผืžึนืฉึถืื”" [18] ืžื” ืงืจื” ? ื‘ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ืžื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ? ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžืฆื“ ื”' ?

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช " ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ืื–. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืขื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืขื ืงืฉื”-ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช." ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื ื•ืขืœ ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ืฉื™ : "ืฉึฐืืœึทื—-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“-ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึธื—" . ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืคื” - ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ : "ืฉืœื— ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืืœื ืœืขืชื™ื“".

ืžืกื›ื ืกืคื™ืจื•:" ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ; "ืื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื• ื›ืœื•ื!" ื•ืื–: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื—ึทืจ-ืึทืฃ ื”' ื‘ึฐึผืžึนืฉึถืื”". ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื–ืืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ: "ืœื ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ึดื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื”" [19] .

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืกืคืงื˜ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื , ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื—ื–"ืœ "ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืคื” , ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืจื•ืŸ". ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”"ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ" ืคื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืžืžืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”' ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืงืคื•ืงื™ื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืขืžื ื• ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืก ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”."

ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื


ืžื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•: ื”ืฉืืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš , ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคืกื— ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื "ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื™ื•ึนื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”" [20] . ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช : ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื”, ืžืชืŸ ื”ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื—.

ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขื•ื“: "ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึนึผืชึธืจ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ (ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื—) ืขึทื“-ื‘ึนึผืงึถืจ ื‘ึธึผืึตืฉื ืชึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึนืคื•ึผ" (ื™')-ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื›ืจืช, ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจืš :" "ืชึนึผืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืžึธืชึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึฒื’ึปืจึดื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผืจึทื’ึฐืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืžึทืงึถึผืœึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื" (ื™"ื)- ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื” ืŸืœืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: " ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืฆึฐึผืื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื’ึทึผื-ืึทืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธึนื” ื›ึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจึฐื›ึถื" (ืœ"ื) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก:" ื’ึทึผื-ืฆึนืื ึฐื›ึถื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผืงึทืจึฐื›ึถื ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึทึผืจึฐืชึถึผื ื•ึธืœึตื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ืึนืชึดื™(ืœ"ื‘). ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” : " ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื" ( ืœ"ื’). ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข: ื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉึทืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืฉึฐืืœืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”" (ืž') - ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื. ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื :" ...ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึทื”' ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื" (ืž"ื)

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ

ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”

ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช

ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื

ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื

  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืืžืจ "ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื" ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘, ื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘, ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ, ืื• ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช. ื’ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื–ื•[21].
  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช [22].
  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื [23].
  • ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื ื‘ื“ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ [24].
  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื•ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื - ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง, ืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื’, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืคืœื’[25].
  • ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื• ืžืขืœืช ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืจืืฉ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš, ืœื•ื™, ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“[26].
  • ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื”[27].
  • ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ[28].
  • ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื[29].
  • ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืืš[30].

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื

ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื ืืžืจ: ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘ ื•-ื— - "ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื ึธื ื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึธื™ ืึดื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ื™ึฐื“ึนื•ึธื“ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผืจึฐืึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืึถืชึฐื•ึทื“ึธึผืข ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืึฒื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึผื•ึน: ืœึนื ื›ึตืŸ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ ืžืฉึถืื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืชึดื™ ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ ื”ื•ึผื: ืคึถึผื” ืึถืœ ืคึถึผื” ืึฒื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึผืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึฐื—ึดื™ื“ึนืช ื•ึผืชึฐืžึปื ึทืช ื™ึฐื“ึนื•ึธื“ ื™ึทื‘ึดึผื™ื˜ ื•ึผืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืœึนื ื™ึฐืจึตืืชึถื ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืžืฉึถืื”". ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืืจ[31].

  1. ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชื ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ืžืฉื” ืžืชื ื‘ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืจ ื•ืขื•ืžื“.
  2. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืืš, ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื ืืžืจ "ืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•".
  3. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•.
  4. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื•ื’ื’ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžื“ื• ืฉืœื.
  5. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื™ืจืฆื•, ื•ืžืฉื” ืžืชื ื‘ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช.

ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™

ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืžืฉื” ื—ืžืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืกืคืจ ืื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื[32]. ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืกืฃ ื‘ืืœืงื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”', ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืžืกืคืจื•, ืื™ื•ื‘, ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”[33]. ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•' ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื–ื•. ืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš "ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”"[34].

ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื•

ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื–' ืื“ืจ[35] ืฉื ืช ื‘'ืชืค"ื—(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) (2,488 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื), ื‘ืŸ 120 ืฉื ื” (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-2,368), 40 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื (2,448). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: "ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื”', ื•ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”" [36] . ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.

ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืจืฉื• :" ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืกืชืชืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘``ื”, ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื. ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืชื—ื ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืžืฉื”, ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื“ื ื•! ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”".

ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื”:

1. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”- 300 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, Eusebies & Artapanus, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื "ืžืฉื”", ื ืกื™ืš ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ). ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืจืžื– ืงืกื—) ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” (ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื”) ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžืœืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืงื ื•ืก, ื•ื ืชืžื ื” ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืœืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืงื ื•ืก ืžืช, ื”ื›ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฉื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ืžืฉื” ืžืœืš 40 ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ื ืกืข ืืœ ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื ืขืฉื” ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•.

2. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ M. Greentz ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”[37], ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”‏[38] (ืฉืžื•ืช ื–, ื™).

3. ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื ืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช: ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืืžืจ "ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ ื”ื™ืื•ืจื” ืชืฉืœื™ื›ื•ื”ื•"[39], ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”): ืฉ"ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื: ื’ื•ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื ื• ืืžื•"[40]. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื ืชืขื‘ืจื”. ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’"ื› ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ืื”ืจืŸ, ืžืจื™ื. ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื™ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืื–ืจ ื‘ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ[41], ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื[42]. ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉ"ื ืชืžืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืจื”"[43] - ื–ื™ื• ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœื™ื“ืชื•. ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ื”ืฆื™ืœืชื•. ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืืžืจื• ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ื•ื”ืจื’ืŸ[44]. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช[45]: ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ืงื•ืกื ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืืฉื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ืจื—ืžื” ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื•ืš ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืžืฉืžืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืกื ื”ืจื’ื™ืขื•. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”ื‘. ืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืš ื ืื›ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืชื ื™ืŸ[46].

ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื•

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช "ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื" [47] ื•"ืขื‘ื“ ื”'" [48] .

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
- 		ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ื:
ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื: "ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื– ื•); "ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื" (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื); ื•ืขื•ื“
  2. โ†‘ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” "ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" (ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ).
  3. โ†‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”'" (ืคืจืง ื˜ื–)
  4. โ†‘ ืข"ืค (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“, ื™ื“).
  5. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื,ื“
  6. โ†‘ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”
  7. โ†‘ ื™"ื— ื“
  8. โ†‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–, ื”
  9. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื“, ื™
  10. โ†‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช
  11. โ†‘ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  12. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื™"ื‘
  13. โ†‘ ื’',ื“'
  14. โ†‘ ื’',ื™'
  15. โ†‘ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืžืจืื” ื”ืกื ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ "ืึตืœึฒื›ึธื” ื ึธึผื ื•ึฐืึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืึถืœ-ืึทื—ึทื™", ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”' "ืœึตืšึฐ ืฉึปืื‘ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื›ึดึผื™-ืžึตืชื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื”ึทืžึฒื‘ึทืงึฐืฉึดืื™ื ืึถืช-ื ึทืคึฐืฉึถืืšึธ" ื“',ื˜'.
  16. โ†‘ ื’',ื™'
  17. โ†‘ ื“',ื'
  18. โ†‘ ื“',ื™"ื“
  19. โ†‘ ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื›ื
  20. โ†‘ ื™"ื‘ ื•'
  21. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืžื–ื’ื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืื‘ืจื™ื•. ืื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื‘): "ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื". ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘, ื) ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžื”ื ืืžืจื• (ืฉื), ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช. ื•ืžื”ื ืืžืจื• (ืฉื), ืฉื ืชืžืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื• ืื•ืจื”. ื•ื™ืจืื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงื”, ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื”, ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื• ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžื™ืฅ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืขืœ ืžื”ืื™ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื›ื™ื™ื. ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืœื, ื•ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืœืงืจื— ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ืฉืš ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ ืชื•ืืจื•, ืื– ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจื™ื™ ื›ื’ืจืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื™ื. ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื ื›ื”ืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื ืก ืœื™ื—ื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“, ื–). ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื’ื ื–ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“, ื•), ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื’ื ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื’ื ื–ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืืจืฅ (ื™ื•ืžื ื ื’, ื‘):
  22. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜, ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืกืชืคืง ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชื”. ื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืฉืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื ืจืขื‘ ืœืœื—ื ื•ืœื ืฆืžื ืœืžื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืœืชืื•ื”. ื•ืื ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืžื”ืืฉื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืงื ืื• ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื•. ื•ืื ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉืขื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื™ืฆื ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืœื•ืชื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื™ื). ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืขืžืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืจืฉืข: "ืœืžื” ืชื›ื” ืจืขืš" (ืฉื ืฉื, ื™ื’). ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื•ืฉืงื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ืงื ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืง ืืช ืฆืื ื (ืฉื ืฉื, ื™ื–), ืœื—ืžืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืคืš ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื•ื™ืจืื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘, ื’): "ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืขื ื• ืžืื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”". ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืœื“ื“ ื•ืžื™ื“ื“ (ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื˜): "ื”ืžืงื ื ืืชื” ืœื™ ื•ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™' ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื" ื•ื’ื•'
  23. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื•ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื•. ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœื, ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื‘ืจืื”, ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช. ืจืื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœืœื•ื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื, ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’, ื›ื•): "ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืš". ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื, ื‘): ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืœื ื ืžืกืจื• ืœืžืฉื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื—, ื•): "ื•ืชื—ืกืจื”ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืืœื”ื™ื". ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืžืืžืจ. ืืžื ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืœื ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ืœืžื•ื“. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ.
  24. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืŸ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ืขืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ื”ื• ื”ื”ืคื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื™ืชืคืขืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ืื‘ืœ ืืžืชืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืœืงื‘ืœื•. ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืข ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืžื– ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื›ื—): "ื•ืืชื” ืคื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืžื“ื™". ื›ื™ ื ืจื“ืžื• ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื• ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื. ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื ืคืฉื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ื›ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืขื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืžื ื•:
  25. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆื— ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–): "ื•ื™ืจืขื• ืœื ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื ืฆืขืง ืืœ ื™ื™' ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœื ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืžืœืืš ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื". ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืฉื” - "ืžืœืืš", ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื›ืžืœืืš ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืกื’, ื™ื-ื™ื‘): "ื•ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉื” ืขืžื•, ืื™ื” ื”ืžืขืœื ืžื™ื ืืช ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืื ื•, ืื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ืืช ืจื•ื— ืงื“ืฉื•, ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื–ืจื•ืข ืชืคืืจืชื•". ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืฉืžืฉื” ืงืจืข ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’ ื‘ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ ืžื•ืคืœื’. ืืžื ื, ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ื™ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืชื ื•ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื“ืจื’ืชื ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืœื—ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื
  26. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืื ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘, ื). ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ืฉื). ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืœืš. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื ืฉืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ืชื—ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื—, ื™ื’). ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ืฉื, ื›ื•): "ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื™ื‘ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื”". ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’, ื”): "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืš", ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘, ื‘) ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”' ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืื™ื (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืงื, ื‘), ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืจืฉื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื–, ื‘): "ื•ืืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื–, ื‘), ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืœืš, ื•ื’ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื.
  27. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ื”ืืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื”. ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืืœื• ืชืืžืจ: ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื” (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื“, ื‘), ื•ื”ืกื™ืจ ื ืคื•ื— (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื, ื™ื’) ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื ืžื”ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ื ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืืžื ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘, ื—): "ื•ืžืจืื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช". ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืงืœื™ืคื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื›ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” "ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื•ื" (ืฉื ืฉื, ื–), ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืœ ื›ื•ื–ื‘. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืืžืจื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘, ืžื•-ืžื–): "ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื... ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื". ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืœ ื•ืงืœื™ืคื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื–ื‘ื• ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.ืจืง ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•. ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืœื” ื•ืžืœื” ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืžืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•:
  28. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื‘ื›ื—ื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืžื˜, ื‘) ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื ื™ื‘ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื”. ืฉื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ืš, ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื”ื• ื–ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. ื•ืืชื” ืชื“ืข, ืฉื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื•ื›ืœืœื• ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชืžืฆืื ื›ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื•ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืืœื™ื”:
  29. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืข, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืกื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžื‘ืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™. ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืงื• ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชืชืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœืชื. ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื”, ื•ืžืžื ื• ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื›ื™ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืคืข ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืœื ืžืžืฉื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืชื”. ื•ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื™ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื (ืœืงืžืŸ ืœื’, ื˜ื•): "ื•ื ืคืœื™ื ื• ืื ื™ ื•ืขืžืš", ืฉื–ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืขื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื˜, ื˜): "ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืžืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ืš ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื". ื•ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื, ื™ื–): "ื•ืืฆืœืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื". ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื (ืœืงืžืŸ ื›, ื˜ื–): ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—, ื™ื—): "ื ื‘ื™ื ืืงื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื—ื™ื”ื ื›ืžื•ืš". ื•ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” (ื›ื—, ื•): ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื˜, ื™ื“): "ื•ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื” ืขืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื", ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืžืœืื›ื™ ื, ื): "ืžืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™' ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืœืื›ื™", ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœืื›ื™, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื• ืžื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื‘ืื•ืช. ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืขื”, ื): ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื›ืคื ื™ ื—ืžื” ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ืคื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื”. ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืจื, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื:
  30. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื-ื‘ - ื”ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”', ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืœื ืžื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืœืงืžืŸ ืœื’, ื™ื): "ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™' ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื•", ื•ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“, ื™): "ื•ืœื ืงื ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืขื• ื™ื™' ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื". ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื‘ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘, ื—): "ืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืžืจืื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช". ืื‘ืœ "ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• (ืœืงืžืŸ ืœื’, ื˜ื–): "ื•ื‘ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืคื•ื ื›ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืื ื™ ื•ืขืžืš ื”ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื›ืชืš ืขืžื ื• ื•ื ืคืœื™ื ื•". ื›ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืœืืš ืขืžื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™. ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœื”, ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืœื ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจืชื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจืื” ืžืขื ื™ื ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ืจืชื™ื” ืคื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ:
  31. โ†‘ ืžื‘"ื ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื– - (ื•) ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืžื” ื”ืคืจืฉ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื‘ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืจ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉื” ืืœ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื• ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืงื•ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืืš ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืืš ืฉื ืืžืจ ืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื ืืžืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื ืืžืจ ื•ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”' ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฉืœ ืืœื ืจื•ืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืœื ืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื” ืืœื ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื•ื’ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ื— ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžื“ื• ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืชื• ื•ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืชื ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืืฉืžืขื” ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืืœ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืœืื”ืœื™ื›ื ื•ืืชื” ืคื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืžื“ื™ ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื”ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœื ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื”ืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ื•ื ืงืฉืจื” ื“ืขืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื ืกืชืœืง ืžืขืœื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ื:
  32. โ†‘ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื“ืฃ ื™ื“/ื‘ - ืžืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื• ื•ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืขื ื•ืื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื• ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื• ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื–ืงื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืข"ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ืข"ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืฃ
  33. โ†‘ ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื“ ืคืกื•ืง ื— ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืกืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืืœืงื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื“' ื•ื”ืชืคืœืกืฃ [ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืกืคืจื• ืื™ื•ื‘ (ืข' ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื™ื“:) ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืชืคืœืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ืฉ"ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘, ื™ื“) ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืคื™' ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื-ืœื”) ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื] ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื“ื‘ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื”ืฉืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื›ืžื” ืืœื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืš, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื ื—ื ื• ืžื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื–, ื–) [ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื›ืžื”], ื›ืŸ ืขืงืจ ืžืœื‘ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืชืื•ื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืœืืš ื“' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืคื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืžื“ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื›ื—), ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืืฉื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืคื–), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืž' ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœืืš ื“', ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืกืคืจ ื˜ืจื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื’ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื›ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ืžืืชื• ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืžื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ืืฉื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ (ืงื”ืœืช ื—, ื) ืžื™ ื›ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืคืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืŸ ืชืžืฆื (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื—, ื™ื‘) ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื” ืฉื”ืชื“ื‘ืง ืืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฉื™"ืช ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื“', ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืง ืœืงื•ื ื• ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืฆืœื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืœื–ื” ืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืื•ื” ื"ื› ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืกืคื™ื“ื•, ื•ืกืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฉื” ืกืคืจื ืจื‘ื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืž' ืฉื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืกืคื™ื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืฉืชื›ื— ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื•ื—ืงื•ืง ืžืคืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชื”ืœืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืขืค"ื™ ื“' ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื“ื•"ืง.
  34. โ†‘ ืื’ืจืช ื”ื ื—ืžื” - ืœืจื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื–"ืœ - "...ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืืžืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืชืคืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชืคืœืช ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื: ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชืคืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ื•ื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ืขื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ืกื“ืจ ืžื ื‘ื•ืืช ืขืฉืจื” ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื• ืœื•, ื•ืžื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืกื™ืจ, ื•ืืœืงื ื”, ื•ืื‘ื™ ืืกืฃ, ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœื• ืจื–"ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืฆื•ืœื• ืžื˜ืขื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืืžืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื•ื”"ืง ื•ื ื‘ืื•, ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืžื–ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ื•ืืกืฃ, ื•ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื: ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืชืคืœื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื”, ื•ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืœืจื–"ืœ ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื”' ืขืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื™ืชื ื—ื ื•ืื– ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืชืคืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ื ืืžืจ "ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”' ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื ื—ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš". ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ ืกื•ื“ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงื™ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™' ื ื—ืžื” ื•ืฆื•ืชื ืœื”ืื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืืจืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจ ื”ืืœ (ื•ื™ื™ืจืฉื™ืจืชื”ื•) [ื•ืื™ืฉืจืชื™ื”ื•] ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื•ืกื“ืจืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ืฉืœื ืกืคืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืชืคืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืืœื ืžืกื‘ืจื: ืืžื ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืชื™ ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื ืžื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืจื–"ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืชืช ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ื•ืื—"ื‘ ื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืข"ื› ืืžืจ ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื•ื"ื• ื”ืขื˜ื•ืฃ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื“ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชืคืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชื™ืฉืจืชื™ ืœืกื‘ืจื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ืœืจื–"ืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฉืืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ื’"ื› ื›ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ืฉืชื”ื™' ืขื•ื ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืชื•ืžืžื” ื‘ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื’"ื› ืฉื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ืขืจื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืชืชืงืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ืืžื•ื ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื:
  35. โ†‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ืขื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื' ืื“ืจ (ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช, ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื™ื˜, ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืกืชืจ ืจื‘ื” ืคืจ' ื– ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืช ื™ื; - ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”).
  36. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื“ ื”'-ื•'
  37. โ†‘ ื™. ืž. ื’ืจื™ื ืฅ, ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื”, ืขืž' 78-88. ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ
  38. โ†‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื—"ื› ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ, ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืคืจืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“, ื“).
  39. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื›ื‘.
  40. โ†‘ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื
  41. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื– ื.
  42. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื• ื›.
  43. โ†‘ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื.
  44. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื, ื™ื—-ื›ื’
  45. โ†‘ ื™. ืž. ื’ืจื™ื ืฅ, ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื”, ืขืž' 78-88.
  46. โ†‘ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ ื”ื "ืœ.
  47. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,ืœ"ื’, ื'
  48. โ†‘ ืฉื ืœ"ื“ ,ื”'
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืžืฉื”_ืจื‘ื™ื ื•&oldid=105028"