ืคื•ืจื™ื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

๏ปฟืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืื“ืจ (ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืช) ืื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื• (ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ). ื ื™ืชืงืŸ ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจืฆื— ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืžืœืš ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื "ืคื•ืจื™ื" ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื•ืจ" - ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.(ืืกืชืจ ื˜ ื›ื•) ื”' ื‘ื—ืกื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืžื• ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฆืจื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.

ื ืก ืคื•ืจื™ื

"ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื ืขืจ ื•ืขื“ ื–ืงืŸ, ื˜ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืขื“ ืฉืจื™ื—ื ื”' ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ืจืขื” ื•ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื ืงื”ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื ื—ื• ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”".

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข:

  1. ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื”.
  2. ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื.
  3. ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื•.
  4. ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื.

ืœืืจื‘ืข ืืœื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืืžื™ืจืช "ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื" ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืืกืจื• ื”ืกืคื“ ื•ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื.

ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื”

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื”

ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื: ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืงืœืฃ ื›ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”' ืืช ืขืžื•. ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื”' ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื• ืขื ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” - ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื - ืžืื—ืจ ืฉ"ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืก", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.

ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” - ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช. ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ: ื. "ืขืœ ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื”"; ื‘. "ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”"; ื’. ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•". ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื”ื“ืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื ื•, ื•ื”ื ื•ืงื ืืช ื ืงืžืชื ื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉืœื ื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื ืคืฉื ื•, ื•ื”ื ืคืจืข ืœื ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ื”ื ืคืจืข ืœืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื”ื, ื”ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ืข".

ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื: ืžืฆื•ืช ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื–ืžื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.

ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืจืื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื: ื. "ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉืžื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื™..."; ื‘. "ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืชื›ืœืช ื•ื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืขื˜ืจืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืชื›ืจื™ืš ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืฆื”ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”"; ื’. "ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจ"; ื“. "ื›ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื—ื™ื•, ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืžื• ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื–ืจืขื•".

ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื”, ืืœื ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื›ื•ืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืื’ืจืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ืื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื". ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืื’ืจืช.

ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื

ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื ื•ื“ื” ืœืš", ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืกื—: "ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื... ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ...". ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”' ื•ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืขืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ.

ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืคืจืฉืช: "ื•ื™ื‘ื ืขืžืœืง". ืงื˜ืข ื–ื”, ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช (ื™ื–, ื—-ื˜ื–), ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง - ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืขื• - ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื.

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช

ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืืกืชืจ ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ื•ืžืฉืœื— ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื•". ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืžืจื‘ื” ืื—ื•ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“; "ืžืฉืœื•ื—" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•"ืžื ื•ืช" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื’ื ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื”.

ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืžืกืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.

ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื

ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืืกืชืจ ื˜, ื›ื‘): "ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืžืฉืœื— ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื• ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื"; "ืžืชื ื•ืช" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•"ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื - ืžืชื ื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืค"ื‘ ื”ื™"ื–) ืžื•ื‘ื: "ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืคื•ืืจื” ืืœื ืœืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืœืžื ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืฉื”ืžืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืฉืคืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ ื ื“ื›ืื™ื".

ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืขื ื™ื™ื.

ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื

ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”. ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช "ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื". ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื—ืฉืš. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืžืจ "ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ: "ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืกื•ืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื) ืขื“ ื“ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืจื“ื›ื™".

ื‘ืขืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื”' ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ื• ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ: "ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจ", ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ: "ืื•ืจื” - ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื”".

ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ
ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ื”ื™ื“ืขืช?/ื˜"ื• ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื˜ - ืื›ื™ืœืช "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ".

ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื

ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜"ื• ื‘ืื“ืจ, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ: ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘-ื™"ื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ, ื•ื ื—ื• ืžืžืœื—ืžืชื ื‘-ื™"ื“ ื‘ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘-ื™"ื’ ื•ื’ื ื‘-ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘-ื˜"ื• ื‘ื• ื ื—ื• ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืงื‘ืขื•ื”ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื— ื‘ื•: ืœืคืจื–ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ, ื•ืœืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืžื•ืงืคืช ื—ื•ืžื”, ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื“ื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉื•ืฉืŸ.

ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื“ืจ.

ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ

ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื“ืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื: ื™"ื“, ื˜"ื• ื•ื˜"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื "ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืฉื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื•ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ). ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื“ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ - ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ. ื’ื ืืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืคื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื“ืจ, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช "ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื" ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”: ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช "ื•ื™ื‘ื ืขืžืœืง". ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืžื ื•ืช.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”

ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”[1] ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 486-465 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืฉืฉืžื• "ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ" (= ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืจื“ื•ื›ื”" (= ืžืจื“ื›ื™).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื”, ื•ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืคืจืก, ื‘ืืงื˜ืจื™ื”, ืกื•ื’ื“ื™ืื ื”, ื•ืคืืจืชื™ื”[2]. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžืฆืจื™ื-ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ("ื›ื•ืฉ" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื)[3]. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ[4]: "ื”ื•ึผื ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื ื”ึทืžึนึผืœึตืšึฐ ืžึตื”ึนื“ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื›ึผื•ึผืฉื ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึตืึธื” ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื”". ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื"[5], ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“[6] ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ, ื›ืžืœืš ืฉื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ[7].

ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื”ืคื›ืคืš ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืคื™[8], ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ[9]:"ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืžืœืš ื”ืคื›ืคืš ื”ื™ื”".

ื›ืฉืืจ ืžืœื›ื™ ืคืจืก, ืœื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื[10] ืฉืœืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” "ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทื ึธึผืฉึดืื™ื" ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืงื“ "ื”ึตื’ึถื ืกึฐืจึดื™ืก ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึนืืžึตืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผืฉึดืื™ื"), ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื ืฉื™ื• ื›ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืฉืชื™ ืื• ืืกืชืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช "ื•ืฉืชื™" ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืืžืฉืชืจื™ืก" - ืื—ืช ืžื ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ[11], ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืž' ื•-ื•' ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช[12].

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืช "ืืกืชืจ" ื•"ื•ืฉืชื™" ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื). "ืืกืชืจ" -"ืกืชืืจื"- ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ื›ื•ื›ื‘" [13], ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ[14]: "ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืกื” ืฉืžื”, ื•ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื” ืืกืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืืกืชื”ืจ." ื•"ื•ืฉืชื™" ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ื”ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช' [15], ืื• "ื™ื•ืคื™"[16], ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ[17] ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“.

ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, "ืืกืชืจ" (ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื ืคืจืกื™ ื•ืœื ืฉืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ, ื•ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื[18]: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืึนืžึตืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึฒื“ึทืกึธึผื” ื”ึดื™ื ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ื‘ึทึผืช ื“ึนึผื“ื•ึน") ื•"ื•ืฉืชื™" ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื™ื (ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืคืจืก): "ืื™ืฉืชืจ", ื•"ืžืฉืชื™". ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืŸ" ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืืœื™ืœ "ืื•ืžืŸ". ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ[19] ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื (ืืฃ ืื ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืœื™ื) ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืจื™ื, ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ[20] ืฉื”ืฉื "ืืกืชืจ" ืžืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื" ืžืืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.

ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื

ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”) ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืฉืŸ[21]. ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืจืกื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืžื“ื™, ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช[22]. ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืžืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืกื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ (ืœืื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื—ืช)[23]. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” "ื—ึตื™ืœ ืคึธึผืจึทืก ื•ึผืžึธื“ึทื™"[24].

ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”

ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘- 1851/52 ืœืžื ื™ื ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก. ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ Marcel Dieulafoy ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื•ืžื“ื™, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืชื—ืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื›-2400 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• L'Art antique de la Perse ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื—ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื• ืืžืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[25].

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืœื•ื” ืœื• (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื) ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ. ื“"ืจ ืก. ื™ืžืคืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื• Das Buch Esther nach seinet Geschich lichkeit kritisch untersucht ืคื™ืจืกื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจ' ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืจืงื•ืก ืคืจืง ื•', ื•ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช "ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื•ืช" ืžืจ"ื– ื™ืขื‘ืฅ.

ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช:

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ
ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ[26]. ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ... ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึถึผื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื’ึดึผื ึทึผืช ื‘ึดึผื™ืชึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ[27]
ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘. ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืคืชื—ื• ืคืชื—ื™ื ืืœ ืื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™. ื”ื›ืก ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืžื•ืœ ืœืคืชื—, ืื ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืก ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื” ืžืžื ื•, ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกืื•[28]. ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ื•ึทืชึดึผืœึฐื‘ึทึผืฉื ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืคึฐึผื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื ึนื›ึทื— ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื ึนื›ึทื— ืคึถึผืชึทื— ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช. ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืขึนืžึถื“ึถืช ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื ึธืฉึฐื‚ืึธื” ื—ึตืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื•[29]
ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื—ืฆืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ[30]. ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืคึฐึผื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื ึนื›ึทื— ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ[31]. "ื•ึฐื”ึธืžึธืŸ ื‘ึธึผื ืœึทื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึธื”"[32]. ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”.
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ, ื ืงืจื "ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš"[33]. ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื ืขึทื“ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึถืœ ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐื‘ื•ึผืฉื ืฉึธื‚ืง [34]. ื•ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”.

ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘"ืชื›ืœืช ืื‘ืจื”ื"[35]:

"ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืฉืžื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืื™ื ื ืคืจื™ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืืœื ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”. ื”ืฉื ืคืจืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉื fratama ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืฆื™ืœื™ื. ืื—ืฉื“ืจืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ืกื•ืช. ื’ื ืคืจื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื• "ืื—ืฉื“ืจืคื ื™ื•ืช". ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื• ื ืฉืคืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉื ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืจ (puru) ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื ืืกืจ ื”-3 (858-824 ืœืคื ื”"ืก). ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–."

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื—"[36] ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช (ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื) ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ).

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืช "ื”ื’ื™" (ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš[37]) ื•"ืฉืขืฉื’ื–" (ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš[38]) ืื™ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืกื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื ืžืขื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื›ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื”: ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื[39] ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืกื™ื ("ืกึฐืจึดื™ืก ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ") ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื ืœืกืจืก ืคืจืกื™ื™ื[40].

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ, ืฉืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืจื‘ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช:

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื•ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื, ืฉื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "Pataka"[41]. ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืชื” ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ: "ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืชึดื™ึธึผื” ื›ึทื“ึธึผืช ืึตื™ืŸ ืึนื ึตืก ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึดืกึทึผื“ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ", ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื: "ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก". ื•ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืกืชืจ ืจื‘ื”[42] ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื™: ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก - ื‘ืคืงืชื".
ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ืช[43]. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ[44] ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง[45] "ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึดืกึทึผื“ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ืจึทื‘ ื‘ึตึผื™ืชื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื›ึดึผืจึฐืฆื•ึนืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึธืึดื™ืฉื" - ืฉืืคื™' ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉืจื™ื.
ื‘ืžืฉืชืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ืœื™ื[46]. ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐืืงื•ึนืช ื‘ึดึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึฐื›ึตืœึดื™ื ืžึดื›ึตึผืœึดื™ื ืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื [47].
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”[48]. ื’ึทึผื ื•ึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืขึธืฉึฐื‚ืชึธื” ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึตึผื” ื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช[49], ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“[50] ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช) ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื›ืชืจ[51]. ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื•ึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึถืชึถืจ ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช[52].
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช, ืื™ืจืข ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื˜ (ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื) ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื˜ (ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื‘), ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ[53]. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืžึฐืžื•ึผื›ึธืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ืจึดื™ื ืœึนื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน ืขึธื•ึฐืชึธื” ื•ึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืขึทืžึดึผื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื, ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึตืฆึตื ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื ึธึผืฉึดืื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐื–ื•ึนืช ื‘ึทึผืขึฐืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืึธืžึฐืจึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื•ึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืœึฐืคึธื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึธืึธื”... ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืกึฐืคึธืจึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื•ึผืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื›ึดึผื›ึฐืชึธื‘ึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืขึทื ื•ึธืขึธื ื›ึดึผืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉึนื‚ืจึตืจ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืชื•ึน ื•ึผืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื›ึดึผืœึฐืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน[54].
ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคืจืก ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช, ืฉืจืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ [55]. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึธึผืจึนื‘ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื›ึทึผืจึฐืฉึฐืื ึธื ืฉึตืืชึธืจ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื ืชึทืจึฐืฉึดืื™ืฉื ืžึถืจึถืก ืžึทืจึฐืกึฐื ึธื ืžึฐืžื•ึผื›ึธืŸ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ืฉึธื‚ืจึตื™ ืคึธึผืจึทืก ื•ึผืžึธื“ึทื™ ืจึนืึตื™ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ืจึดืืฉึนืื ึธื” ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช[56]".
ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืจืง ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆืคื”[57]. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื "ืœ "ืจึนืึตื™ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ".
ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”[58]. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ... ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ืฉึธื‚ืจึตื™ ืคึธึผืจึทืก ื•ึผืžึธื“ึทื™ ืจึนืึตื™ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ....ื›ึฐึผื“ึธืช ืžึทื” ืœึทึผืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ื•ึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ืขึทืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ืขึธืฉึฐื‚ืชึธื” ืึถืช ืžึทืึฒืžึทืจ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจื•ึนืฉื[59].
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืข"ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ[60]. ื›ืขื™"ื– ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื[61] ืฉืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื[62] ืฉืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื• "ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ" ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’).
ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืœื”ื™, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ (ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ื›ื“ ืœืืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืืœื™ื•, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื”, ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ืจืข ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”[63]. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื›ึนึผืจึฐืขึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึธืžึธืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึตืŸ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ืœื•ึน ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึผืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึทื™ ืœึนื ื™ึดื›ึฐืจึทืข ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึถื” [64]. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ[65] ืฉื”ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”", ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืŸ.
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก[66] ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื: ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื—ื•ืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืœื™ืช), ื‘. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืืจื” ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฉืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ื’ ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื•: "ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึธึผืช ื ึดืชึฐึผื ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึธืžึธืŸ ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืœึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึนืช."
ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื "ืกื•ืคืจ", ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื’ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื•ืœืชืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืžื“ "ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื"[67]. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึธึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืกึนืคึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืœื•ึนืฉึธืื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื™ื•ึนื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึดึผื›ึธึผืชึตื‘ ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื”ึธืžึธืŸ[68].
ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืื•ืฉืจ[69]. ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ืœึธื”ึถื ื”ึธืžึธืŸ ืึถืช ื›ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ืขึธืฉึฐืืจื•ึน ื•ึฐืจึนื‘ ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื•[70]
ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”"ื˜ื™ื™ืจื" ื”ื™ื ืขื˜ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”"ืคืจืกืคื•ืœื™ืก"[71]. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’"ื› ืžืขื™ืœ ืชื›ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช[72]. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆื™ื•ื” ืœื”ืžืŸ ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึผืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึทื™ ื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐื‘ื•ึผืฉื ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืชึฐึผื›ึตืœึถืช ื•ึธื—ื•ึผืจ ื•ึทืขึฒื˜ึถืจึถืช ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื’ึฐึผื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ึฐืชึทื›ึฐืจึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ึผื•ึผืฅ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื’ึธึผืžึธืŸ"[73].
ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืื—ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“[74]. ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจืžื ื•ืช ืคืจืกื™ืคื•ืœืก ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื—ืกื“ ืœืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•[75]. ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึตึผื ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•...ื•ื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ื”ึทืžึทึผืœึฐื›ึธึผื” ืขึนืžึถื“ึถืช ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื ึธืฉึฐื‚ืึธื” ื—ึตืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึถืื˜ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ืึถืช ืฉึทืืจึฐื‘ึดื™ื˜ ื”ึทื–ึธึผื”ึธื‘ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน[76].
ื”ืคืจืกื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืฉื™ ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉืืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืื” ืืฉืชื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื[77]. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืขืฆื”: ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœื•ึน ื–ึถืจึถืฉื ืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน [78].
ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘[79]. ื‘ึทึผืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื ึธื“ึฐื“ึธื” ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทื–ึดึผื›ึฐืจึนื ื•ึนืช ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผืžึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื ึดืงึฐืจึธืึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ[80].
ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžื™ ืฉืงืจื‘ ืœืžืœืš ืœืœื ื”ืจืฉืื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœื•[81]. ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐืขึทื ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื›ึธึผืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึถืœ ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื”ึทืคึฐึผื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึธึผืจึตื ืึทื—ึทืช ื“ึธึผืชื•ึน ืœึฐื”ึธืžึดื™ืช[82].
ืื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืื•ืœื ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื• ืืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•[83]. ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึถืื˜ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ืึตืช ืฉึทืืจึฐื‘ึดื˜ ื”ึทื–ึธึผื”ึธื‘ ื•ึทืชึธึผืงึธื ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ[84].
ืžืœื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง [85], ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื–ืจ ื•ื—ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืชื•[86]. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฆื” "ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•" ืžื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืคืจืก, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืœืš "ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•" ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืชื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ื’ื–ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”: "ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึฐืชึธื‘ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดื›ึฐืชึธึผื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื ึทื—ึฐืชึผื•ึนื ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึทื‘ึทึผืขึทืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึธืฉึดืื™ื‘"... "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื›ึฐืชึนึผื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒื—ึทืฉึฐืื•ึตืจึนืฉื ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฐืชึนึผื ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึทื‘ึทึผืขึทืช ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ... ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืœึฐื”ึดืงึธึผื”ึตืœ ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืื ืœึฐื”ึทืฉึฐืืžึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐืœึทื”ึฒืจึนื’ ื•ึผืœึฐืึทื‘ึตึผื“ ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื—ึตื™ืœ ืขึทื ื•ึผืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื”ึทืฆึธึผืจึดื™ื ืึนืชึธื...[87].
ืื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ - ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”[88]. "ืขึฒืฉึถื‚ืจึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืžึธืŸ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื”ึทืžึฐึผื“ึธืชึธื ืฆึนืจึตืจ ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื - ื”ึธืจึธื’ื•ึผ"[89].
ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช[90]. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—"ื•, "ื”ึดืคึดึผื™ืœ ืคึผื•ึผืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ"[91], ื•ื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืข"ื™ "ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื"[92].

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื

ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”"[93] ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ื ืคืจื“, ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืงืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ืชืขืœืช ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”. ืžื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” (ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ): "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ: ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ "ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ", ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื "ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”". ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึธึผืช ื ึดืชึฐึผื ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึธืžึธืŸ ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืœึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืฉืื•ึผืฉึธืืŸ ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื›ึธื”"[94]. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื, "ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ" ื•"ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”" ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื (ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื[95] ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ [96] ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ืŸ). ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื) ืžื ืชื— ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง, ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ: "ื”ื“ืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”" - ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”"ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”" - ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘"ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ" ืฉืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื” ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึทื™ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื™ึธืึดื™ืจ"[97].

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื’. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืืกืชืจ ืžื”ืžืœืš ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืขืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘"ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”" (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื‘: "ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื” ื”ึธืจึฐื’ื•ึผ ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื"), ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘"ืฉื•ืฉืŸ", ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผื”ึทืจึฐื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืฉืื•ึผืฉึธืืŸ".

ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชืขืœืช ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ[98] ื ืืžืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืกืชืจ ืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—"ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžืจื“ื›ื™ "ืœึตืšึฐ ื›ึฐึผื ื•ึนืก ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึดึผืžึฐืฆึฐืึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึธืืŸ ื•ึฐืฆื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืขึธืœึทื™". ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืžึธืจึฐื“ึณึผื›ึธื™ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ื›ึฐึผื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึฐึผืชึธื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืึถืกึฐืชึตึผืจ". ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“[99] ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™" ื›ืš: "ื“ืขื‘ืจ ืขืจืงื•ืžื ื“ืžื™ื" (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืžื™ื). ื›ืขืช, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื, ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ: ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืืœืฉื™ืš[100] (ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16) ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื–"ืœ:

"ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื•ืขื•ืจืงืžื ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉื ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืฉื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”...".

ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช

  • ื”ืžืฉืชื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”: "ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื”ึทื ึดึผืžึฐืฆึฐืึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื” ืœึฐืžึดื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืงึธื˜ึธืŸ ืžึดืฉึฐืืชึถึผื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื’ึดึผื ึทึผืช ื‘ึดึผื™ืชึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ"[101] ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื’ื–ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉ"ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”" ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™[102]. ืžื” ื’ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™-ืขื ืง ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืกื™ืืก ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื• ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš.
  • ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืขื ืฉืœื[103]. ืžืื– ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•"[104].

ืžืกื•ืจืช ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื

ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืคืจืก ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื (ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื) ื ืฉืžืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ (ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ) ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ื›-77 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืจืื ื™ื (ืคืจืกื™ื™ื) ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“[105].


ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ (ื›ืจื›ื•ืกืก) ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ"
  2. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื—ืžื ื™ืช"
  3. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ Historical Atlas of Georges Duby p.11, map D
  4. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ื ืคืกื•ืง ื
  5. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืขืจืš "Xerxes I"
  6. โ†‘ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื™ื ืข"ื
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื—ืฉื™ืืจืฉ (ื›ืจื›ื•ืกืก) ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ"
  8. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  9. โ†‘ ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื–ื•ื˜ืจืชื (ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘) ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ื”.
  10. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื‘', ื’'
  11. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ Persia and the Bible ืขืžื•ื“ 231.
  12. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื“ื“, ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืก"ื–, ืชืฉื›"ื‘.
  13. โ†‘ ื. ืงื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ".
  14. โ†‘ ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืืกืชืจ ืจืžื– ืชืชืจื "ื’
  15. โ†‘ ืจ' ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืจื›ื•ืก ื‘"ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช" ืขืž' 126
  16. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืจืš: "Vashti"
  17. โ†‘ ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืืกืชืจ ืจืžื– ืชืชืจื "ื’: "ืืžืจ ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ ืœื ื ืื” ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื"
  18. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื‘,ื–.
  19. โ†‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื—" ืขืž' 139
  20. โ†‘ ื“ืฃ ืงืœื˜ ืข"ื‘
  21. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ืฉื•ืฉืŸ"
  22. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  23. โ†‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, "ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" 25/2/10 ืขืž' 22
  24. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื,ื’
  25. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  26. โ†‘ ื™. ืกืขื“, ืžืืžืจ "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื•ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™".
  27. โ†‘ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื, ื”.
  28. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืืฉื•ืจื™ืช"
  29. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื”, ื-ื‘.
  30. โ†‘ ืข"ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืืฉื•ืจื™ืช". ื•ืฉื ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื’ื ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” "ื—ืฆืจ ื’ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืชืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ bitฤnu - ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืคืจืก
  31. โ†‘ ื”,ื
  32. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื•' ื“'
  33. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  34. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื“, ื‘
  35. โ†‘ ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ" ื‘ืืชืจ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื "ืš.
  36. โ†‘ ืขืž' 141
  37. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื‘, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื— ื•ื˜ื•
  38. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื‘,ื™ื“
  39. โ†‘ ื”ื "ืœ
  40. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื—, ืฉื.
  41. โ†‘ ืงื•ืจืžืŸ, ืžืืžืจ "ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ื›ื“ืช", ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื "ืš
  42. โ†‘ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื•ื™ืœื ื, ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ ืื•ืช ื™ื’'
  43. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื—ืžื ื™ืช"
  44. โ†‘ ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื™ื‘' ืข"ื
  45. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื, ื—
  46. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  47. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื, ื–.
  48. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  49. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื, ื˜.
  50. โ†‘ ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘
  51. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  52. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื, ื™ื.
  53. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  54. โ†‘ ื, ื˜ื–-ื›ื‘
  55. โ†‘ (ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก, ืกืคืจ ื’' ืกืขื™ืฃ 84, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”"
  56. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื, ื˜ื–
  57. โ†‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, "ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" 25/2/10 ืขืž' 23.
  58. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  59. โ†‘ ื, ื™ื’-ื˜ื•
  60. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื—ืžื ื™ืช"
  61. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื‘,ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื.
  62. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื— ืขืž' 140
  63. โ†‘ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก I134 III ;38 I - ืคืœื•ื˜ืจืืš ื˜ืžื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืœืก 27
  64. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื’' ื‘'
  65. โ†‘ ื“ืฃ ืกื ืข"ื‘
  66. โ†‘ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก: ืกืคืจ ื', 133. ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืก".
  67. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  68. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื’,ื™ื‘
  69. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  70. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื”,ื™ื.
  71. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  72. โ†‘ ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื— ืขืž' 142.
  73. โ†‘ ื—,ื˜ื•.
  74. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  75. โ†‘ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช 188.
  76. โ†‘ ื”, ื-ื‘.
  77. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  78. โ†‘ ื”, ื™ื“
  79. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.
  80. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื•, ื.
  81. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื—ืžื ื™ืช"
  82. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื“,ื™ื.
  83. โ†‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  84. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื—, ื“
  85. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš "ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื—ืžื ื™ืช"
  86. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™, "ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื˜.ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”"ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืชื•": ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1, ืชืฉื "ื–.
  87. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื—, ื—-ื™ื
  88. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
  89. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื˜,ื™
  90. โ†‘ ืžืชื™ื” ืงื, ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ" ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื™ืงืจืื ื˜
  91. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ื’, ื–.
  92. โ†‘ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื“"ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™
  93. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื—', ืขืž' ื›ื—
  94. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ื’ ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื•
  95. โ†‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืืกืชืจ ื,ื‘
  96. โ†‘ ื‘ื›ื“ ื”ืงืžื—, ืขืจืš ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืž' ืฉืœ
  97. โ†‘ ืืกืชืจ ืคืจืง ื‘ ืคืกื•ืง ื”
  98. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื“ ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื–
  99. โ†‘ ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื˜ื• ืข"ื
  100. โ†‘ ืืœืฉื™ืš ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื‘,ื”
  101. โ†‘ ื,ื”
  102. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, "ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช", ืคืจืง ื—.
  103. โ†‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”" ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงื•ืจืžืŸ
  104. โ†‘ ืžื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—.
  105. โ†‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจืฅ, ืžืืžืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืืกืชืจ.