ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื”

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”:"ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ-ืœึดื™ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื” ืžึตืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดื“ึฐึผื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ืชึดึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธืชึดื™" [1] ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ:"ื•ึทืชึตึผื›ึถืœ ื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึทึผืŸ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื›ึฐึผื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื”' ืึถืช-ืžืฉึถืื” ื›ึตึผืŸ ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ" [2] - ื”ื•ื ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ : "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ืžึดืงึฐื“ึธึผืฉื ื•ึฐืฉึธืื›ึทื ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนื›ึธื" (ื—)

ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ)

ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื”:

  1. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” - ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื›ืชื‘:"ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืขืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืงื ื• ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืœืžืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื” ื•ืœืงื˜ืจืช - ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ื•ืžืฉื ื’ื ืงื ื• ืขืฆื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื›ืชื‘:"ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืืฉืจ ืชืงื—ื• ืžืืชื ื–ื”ื‘. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื›ื, ืืœื ืžื‘ื™ื–ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื" [3].
  2. ืขืฉื™ืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช - ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘:" ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืฉืื• ืฉืœืฉ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฅ. ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื•ื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืคืชื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืฆืคื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ" [4]
  3. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื - ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื›ืชื‘:"ื”ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ื›ึฐืชึธืจึดื™ื, ืึถื—ึธึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถื ืœึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•, ื”ึทืžึผื•ืจึถื” ืขึทืœ ืคึทึผืจึฐื ึธืกึทืช ื”ึทืžึฐึผื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื•ึฐืกึดื“ึผื•ึผืจ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื™ ืœึทืžึดึผืกึฐื’ึถึผืจึถืช, ื”ึทืžึผื•ืจึถื” ื”ึฑื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ึตืจ ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื“ึธื”ึผ ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทื–ึดึผื™ืง ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐืื‘ึดึผื™ืช ืื•ื™ึตื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐื ึทืงึตึผื [5] .
  4. ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” -ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘" ื•ื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื” - ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ื”ืคืชื™ืœื•ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘: ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื™ืื™ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช - ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืชืŸ ืžืื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื”.

  1. ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ -ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจ "ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ื ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื”ืœืช"
  2. 'ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ -ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืชื‘:"ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ" [6] . ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช - ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” - ื‘ื ืื•ื”ื• ืžืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. [7]
  3. ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื” - ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืืœืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืชื‘ :ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื—ืฉืช - ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื–ื•ืช ืžืฆื— ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื•ืžืฆื—ืš ื ื—ื•ืฉื”". ื•ืžื›ืืŸ "ืฉื™ืกื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื–ื•ืช ืžืฆื—.

ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื

ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื›ึฐึผื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ ืึตืช ืชึทึผื‘ึฐื ึดื™ืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื•ึฐืึตืช ืชึทึผื‘ึฐื ึดื™ืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื›ึตึผืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ. [8] .
  • ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ืžึฐื ึนืจึทืช ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื˜ึธื”ื•ึนืจ... ื•ึผืจึฐืึตื” ื•ึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ื‘ึฐึผืชึทื‘ึฐื ึดื™ืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืชึธึผื” ืžึธืจึฐืึถื” ื‘ึธึผื”ึธืจ. [9]
  • ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผื–ึฐื‘ึตึผื—ึท ืขึฒืฆึตื™ ืฉึดืื˜ึดึผื™ื. ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื‘ ืœึปื—ึนืช ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึถืจึฐืึธื” ืึนืชึฐืšึธ ื‘ึธึผื”ึธืจ ื›ึตึผืŸ ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ. [10] .

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื 40 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืื• 40 ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื.

ืจืฉ''ื™, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• [11], ืœื“ื” ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื”, ื›ืชื‘:ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”; ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ - ืงื•ื“ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืชืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ

ื”ืžื”ืจ''ืœ ื‘'ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”' ื›ืชื‘ :"ื•ืงืฉื”, ื“ืžื” ืจืื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืืœื ืฉืžืฉื” ืืžืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื”ื›, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ?". ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ.

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ:

ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืŸ

ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืขืŸ. ื•ืืฃ ืื ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืจืื™ื”. ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื’', ื•: ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืช ืžื˜ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉืจืชื• ืื•ืชื•... ื•ื ืชืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื ื ืชื•ื ื ื”ืžื” ืœื• ืžืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื—, ื‘: ื•ื’ื ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืžื˜ื” ืœื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื‘ื™ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ืืชืจ ื•ื™ืœื•ื• ืขืœื™ ื•ื™ืฉืจืชื•ืš, ืžืฉืžืข, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™.

ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื™

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™: ืžืœืื• ื™ื“ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”' ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื• (ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœื‘, ื›ื˜), ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื ืจืฉื™:ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืชืชื—ื ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื›ื˜, ื˜, ื›ื˜, ืœื”; ืžืœื›ื, ื™ื’, ืœื’; ื•ืขื•ื“).

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื’, ื—- ื™ื) ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” (ืชืžื™ืš ื•ืื•ืจื™ืš) ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ (ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉื™, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื• ืจืžื‘ืŸ) ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜,

ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™', ื—, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืžืžื ื• ืžืฉืžืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืื™ืจืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื”.

ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืœ, ืืœื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืžื‘ืŸ - ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช: ืžื—ื“ - ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš - ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื™ืช.

"ืžืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ"

ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื ืืžืจ:"ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ-ืœึดื™ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื” ืžึตืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดื“ึฐึผื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ืชึดึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธืชึดื™"[12]. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“"ื” ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื™ - "ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ:

  1. ืื—ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื‘ืงืข ืœื’ืœื’ืœืช, ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžื”ื ื”ืื“ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ [13]
  2. ื•ืื—ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื‘ืงืข ืœื’ืœื’ืœืช ืœืงื•ืคื•ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ.
  3. ื•ืื—ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“.

ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื–ืื‘ ื—' ืืจืœื™ืš (ื–'ืื‘ื•) ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื• "ืืจืฅ ืžืงืจื" ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื›ืœืœ:"ืžืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ" ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืจื™ืฆืคืช ืคืกื™ืคืก ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช:" ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”" ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจืชื” - ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื• ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ? ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžืื” ืกืื™ื ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืžืžื›ื™ืจืชื ืืช ืจืฆืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช..

ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืคืกื™ืคืก ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.

ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“


ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ืฆื™ื•ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•: "ื›ึนึผื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ื›ึดึผืกึฐืึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึฒื“ึนื ืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื™ ืึตื™ ื–ึถื” ื‘ึทื™ึดืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืึตื™ ื–ึถื” ืžึธืงื•ึนื ืžึฐื ื•ึผื—ึธืชึดื™" [14] ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ:ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™ - "ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื". ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ืžืฉื™ื‘: "ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื™" ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฉืชื“ื‘ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ:" "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ืžึดืงึฐื“ึธึผืฉื ื•ึฐืฉึธืื›ึทื ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนื›ึธื.". ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ", ืืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉ"ื•ืฉื›ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื", ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช!

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžืคืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืœ ื•ืจืžื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ. ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื.

ื“ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ - ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื•ืกื ื™ืก ื‘ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื

ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช

ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: "ื•ืขืฉื• ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื". ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ [15] ืžืงืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ("ื•ืขืฉื™ืช") ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื? ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœืกืžืœ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื " ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื‘ืื• ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”".

ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ [16] ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื ืฉื™ืื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”: " ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืฉื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื (ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื) ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”.. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืืœื•ืงื•ืช".

ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ

ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึทื‘ึฐึผืขึนืช ื”ึธืึธืจึนืŸ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื“ึดึผื™ื, ืœึนื ื™ึธืกึปืจื•ึผ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ[17] ื•ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืฉืืฃ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”[18]. ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื:

  • ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืจื•ืŸ- ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆื–) ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ. ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืก' [19] ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ืจื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื.
  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื- ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ืชืคืกื™ืง ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”.
  • ืกืžืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื”- ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ [20] ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื). ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืžืœ ืฉื’ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื”, (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื˜ื• ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ) ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกืขื“ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
  • ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื•- ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ, ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘"ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืจ (ืืœื ื–ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืข- ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื•.
  • ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”- ื”ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ [21] ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืคื•ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืจืžื– ืœื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืคืฆืชื”.
  • ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ- ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืกืžื˜ ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื’ืœื”. ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืฉืื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื” [22]. ืจืžื– ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืื• ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช [23].

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื™ื ื• : ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืื—ืช.

  • ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆ"ื” : ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ" [24].
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆ"ื• : ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ.ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืจืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกืจื• ืžืžื ื•" [25].
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆ"ื– : ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืกื“ืจื• ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื ืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืœื—ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“" [26].

ืžืจืื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช - ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ - ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื

ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ืืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืกืžื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ

ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”: ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ืžื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื : "ืœืžื” ืชืชืจืื•?", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืืœ ืชืจืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœื›ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื›ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืœื ืœื”ื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื›ืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืจื” ื•ืจื—ืœ ืฉื ื™ื›ืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชืŸ. ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

  • ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉืช.
  • ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘. ืžื ื•ืจืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžื–ื‘ื— ื–ื”ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช.
  • ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืžื•ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘. ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื›ืคื•ืจืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื”ื‘.

ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืœืžื” ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช? ื•ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื•ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื“ืžืžื” ื“ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื ืขื”, ืœื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื—, ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ืฉืœื—, ื•ื™ืฉื‘, ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื™ื’ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื™

ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืืจื, ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื—, ื™ืชืจื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืชืฉื, ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ, ืคืงื•ื“ื™

ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื: ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืฆื•, ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืชื–ืจื™ืข, ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืฉืœื—, ืงืจื—, ื—ืงืช, ื‘ืœืง, ืคื™ื ื—ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™

ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืขืงื‘, ืจืื”, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ื›ึดึผื™-ืชึธื‘ื•ึนื, ื ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืœืš, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื›"ื”,ื‘'
  2. โ†‘ ืœ"ื˜,ืœ"ื’
  3. โ†‘ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”'
  4. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช - ืคืจืง ื›ื” - ืจืžื– ืฉืกื–
  5. โ†‘ ืข"ืค ืชื”ืœื™ื ื—, ื’
  6. โ†‘ ื›"ื•, ื™ื—
  7. โ†‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื”ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ
  8. โ†‘ ื›"ื”, ื˜'
  9. โ†‘ ืœ"ื, ืž'.
  10. โ†‘ ื›"ื–, ื, ื—
  11. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœื•, ื™"ื—
  12. โ†‘ ื›"ื”, ื‘'
  13. โ†‘ ืœ"ื”, ื›"ื•- ื›"ื–
  14. โ†‘ ืก"ื•,ื'
  15. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื“,ื‘
  16. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื–,ื˜
  17. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช, ืคืจืง ื›"ื”, ืคืกื•ืง ื˜"ื•
  18. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•
  19. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื˜ื• ื“"ื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจื•
  20. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืžื ืขื‘
  21. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื™ื‘-ื˜ื•
  22. โ†‘ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘,ื™ื‘
  23. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ,ื˜ื•,ื™ื’-ื˜ื•
  24. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื—
  25. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื˜ื•
  26. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ืœ