ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข

ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื•: ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื“-ื˜), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื’-ื›ื), ื•ื™ืืžืจ (ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช) ((ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ืœื–-ืœื).

ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” "ืงึดืจึฐื™ึทืช ืฉืžืข"(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ).

ืžืงื•ืจื” ื•ืชื•ืงืคื”

ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื.) ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืคืง ืื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื• ืœื, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข (ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ). ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•[1], ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืฉื), ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื‏[2] ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึทึผืจึฐืชึธึผ ื‘ึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืื‘ึฐืชึฐึผืšึธ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืชึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึถื›ึฐืชึฐึผืšึธ ื‘ึทื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉึธืื›ึฐื‘ึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื“. ื˜ื•. ื›ื. ื•ืข"ืข ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื˜ ื•ื™ื.) ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข; ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืž"ืข ื™; ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืชื›; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืกื™' ืกื– ืก"ืง ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืง ืื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข - ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืงื•ืจื (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืกื–).

ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”?

ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื (ื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื) ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืจืง ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื‏[3]:

  1. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื.
  2. ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘.; ืจืฉื‘"ื(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ)).
  3. ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ; ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืชื› "ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”").
  4. ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืฉื”, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
  5. ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ)) (ื›"ืž ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘: ื•ื‘[[ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—]])[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”].

ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช - ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•

ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”, ืืš ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: "ื•ื™ืืžืจ" (- ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช) ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ - ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื.).

ื˜ืขื

ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”' ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื (ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืชื›).

ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืกื“ืจืŸ

ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ("ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ") ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ("ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข") ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ื”: ืœืžื” ืงื“ืžื” ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข ืœ[ืคืจืฉืช] ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข - ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’.). ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ("ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื"), ืœืœืžื“ ("ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืœื‘ื ืš") ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ("ื•ืงืฉืจืชื ืœืื•ืช... ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื˜ืคื•ืช... ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช..."), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืœืžื“ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช (ืฉื ื™ื“:), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.

ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘:) ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ("ื•ื–ื›ืจืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืื•ืชื"), ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘"ื“ืขืช ืžื™ื ื™ื" ("ืœื ืชืชื•ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื" - ื–ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืช), ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ("ืœื ืชืชื•ืจื•... ืื—ืจื™ ืขื ื™ื›ื"), ื•ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ("ืœื ืชืชื•ืจื• ืื—ืจื™... ืืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื").

ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข


ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื: "ื‘ึฐืฉึธืื›ึฐื‘ึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” (ื‘ืœื™ืœื”) ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงื™ืžื” (ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ).

ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”

ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช) ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขืช ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื (ื‘ื‘ืœื™:ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘.))).

ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžื ื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (- ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”), ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืขื“ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ (ืฉื))). ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉืืฃ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉื™ืงืจื ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” (ืฉื, ื•ื‘ื’ืž' ื˜.))). ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ "ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ", ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืฉื• ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื—ืจ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ - ืขื™' ืื•"ื— ืจืœื”, ื“.

ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื, ื) ื”ืื ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ืžื”

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”, ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื’ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจืืช "ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜:).

ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืื ืงืจื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืื• ืื—"ื›) ืื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ื›"ืž ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืง"ืฉ ื, ื™ื-ื™ื’; ื•ืขื•ื“).

ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”, ืื ืงืจื ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜:) ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ (ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ) ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ื ื—, ื) ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืžืจื—ืง ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช.

ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช[4], ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ื›ื›ืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื›ืื“ื ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื, ื‘, ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ื˜: ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ื ื—, ื•). (ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืฆื (ื›ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”) ืื• ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ืชืงื ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืขื™' ื›ืก"ืž ื”ืœ' ืง"ืฉ ื, ื™ื’ - ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ืกื™' ื ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื›"ืž ื›ืชื‘; ื•ืข"ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืจ"ืฉ ืคืจื ืงืœ ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ืชื•ืก' ื”ืจื"ืฉ)).

ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ื•, ื•): "ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•' ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš ". ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืงืจื - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ืก, ื”; ืกื’, ื“). ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืกื•ืง. ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืงื, ื ื“"ื” 'ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ', ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืกื’, ื“, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ืœื ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”).

ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ: "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. " ื”' ", ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื, ื ื›ืชื‘: 'ื™' 'ื”' 'ื•' 'ื”', ื•ื ืงืจื: 'ื-ื“ื ื™', ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื”. " ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ", ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœืš ืขืœื™ื ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ื”, ื). ื•ื›ืฉื™ืืžืจ " ืื—ื“ ", ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช "ืื—ื“", 'ื' ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“, 'ื—', ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืจืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, 'ื“' ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื“' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื•; ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื, ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘'ืื—ื“' ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื‘, ืฉืจ' ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื: ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”', ืื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ื”' ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืค"ื– ื”ืขืจื” ื•' ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ: "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืœืขื "ื“ ื“ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืช". ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืž"ื‘ ืกื‘, ื’, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. (ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื” ื”, ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“' ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื• ืžืขื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•).(ืคื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”)

ืื ื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘ ื’ื ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ื•ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืคืกื™ืง ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ื™ืงืจืื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจ. ื•ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉืช "ื•ื™ืืžืจ", ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘ (ืž"ื‘ ืกื’, ื™ื“; ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื–-ื™ื—). ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื“-ื”; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื–).

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื›ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืœื ืจืง ืชื ืื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื‘. ืกื™ืžืŸ "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข" ื‘))).

ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืฉืื ืœื ืžื“ืงื“ืง ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ), ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืš ื ืืžืจื” (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง) ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘-ื™: ืจืžื‘"ื - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืจืื‘"ื“ - ื›ืš ื ืืžืจื” ืœืžืฉื”))).

ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“

ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฉ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“". ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืคืกื•ืง ืžื”ืชื "ืš, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื (ื ื•, ื), ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื ืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืžื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืงืฅ. ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื•: ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืงืฅ? ืคืชื—ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืืžืจื•: "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”' ืื—ื“", ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืืœื ืื—ื“ ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื• ืืœื ืื—ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืคืชื— ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“". ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ: ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื•? ื ืืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”. ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ืืžืจื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชื™ืงื ื• ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื•ืจืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืกื’, ื™ื‘).

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ "...ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“" ืœ"ื•ืื”ื‘ืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœ"ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ื•ื›ื•', ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืกื, ื™ื“).

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข

ื™ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืื™ืžื”, ื™ืจืื”, ืจืชืช ื•ื–ื™ืข, ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืขืชื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื-ื‘). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืœื ื™ืจืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ื' ืœืข', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›' ืœื—', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžืฅ ืœืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื, ื™ื“-ื›ื’). ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื” - ืžืฆื ื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื™ื”ื ื" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘). ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืงืจืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง - ื™ืฆื. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื). ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• - ื™ืฆื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ื”ืจื”ืจ ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ื• - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื’, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื˜).

ื‘ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช

ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ืงืจื ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ืฆื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื”. ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื•ืฉื ื ืชื", ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืกื‘, ื’).

ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืจืชื”

ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ื‘ืœื™:ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื, ื’, ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื ื™:))) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื‘ืฉึณื›ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžืš" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื–; ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ื˜))). ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ.

ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžืš". ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืคืจืฉื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืงืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื). ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”; ืืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื‘ืœื›ืชืš ื‘ื“ืจืš", ืืœื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืขืจืื™, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื˜). ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืื” ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื; ื•ืข' ืฉื•"ืข ืื”"ืข ื›ื’, ื’) 7 . ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืจื™ืืชื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื•).

ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข

ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืขื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข: "ื•ึผืงึฐืฉึทืืจึฐืชึธึผื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื—), ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืœื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ - ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื“, ื‘). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•. ื•ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื ื•ืก (ืž"ื‘ ืžื•, ืœื’). ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื•ืงืฉืจืชื ืœืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš", ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ืš", ื•ืื—"ื› ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื’ืขื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื›ื”; ื—"ื ื™ื“, ื˜ื•). ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช. ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืจืžื– ืœืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•' ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš" (ืฉื•"ืข ื›ื“, ื‘). ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช 8 .

ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช "ื•ื™ืืžืจ" ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ื›ื“, ื“), ืื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื (ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื—). ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช" ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ืจืื™ืชื" ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉืงืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืฉืงืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืืžืช". ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื“ "ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื“" ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘", ื•ืื– ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ื›ื“, ื“, ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื—, ื™ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ืจืž"ื— ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื— (248) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉื ื ืจืž"ื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื“ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื”, ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžืชืจืคื ื‘ื”. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื” (245) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืจืž"ื—, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืฉืœืžื• ืจืž"ื— ืžื™ืœื™ื (ื–ื•ื”"ื— ืจื•ืช ืฆื”, ื). ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื™ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข "ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ". ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™"ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ (ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•'), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืžื– ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืกื, ื’). ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช". ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืืžืจ: "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื‘ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื (ื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–).

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

(ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืงื™ื ื-ื’))).


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžืš" (ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื), ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ืช ืžืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกื•ืคืง ืื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข - ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืจืฉ"ื™ (ื“"ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืงื•ืจื) ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” "ืกื‘ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื".
  2. โ†‘ ืื‘ื™ื™ (ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”.
  3. โ†‘ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืชื›); ืž"ื‘ ืกื™' ืกื– ืก"ืง ื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ ื—"ื— ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ื• ืก"ืง ื“-ื–; ื•ืขื•ื“.
  4. โ†‘ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืื• ืžืฉืขืช ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ืจืื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื ื— ืก"ืง ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื). ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื (ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ืฉื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžืงืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” (ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกืง)(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ), ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘)(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ) ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื (ืจืื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืž' ืจื”; ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื—"ื ืขืž' ื ื‘-ื ื’). ื•ืž"ืž ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืง"ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื).