ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ย 
(40 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 13 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
{{ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”}}
{{ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื|ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจืš=ื›ืŸ}}
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Early-Historical-Israel-Dan-Beersheba-Judea.png|left|thumb|250px| ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ืŸื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืŸืชื”:AnonMOooSย  ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ [[ืžืœื›ื™ื]] ื': ย 
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Early-Historical-Israel-Dan-Beersheba-Judea.png|left|thumb|250px| ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”:AnonMOooSย  ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ [[ืžืœื›ื™ื]] ื': ย 


"ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึนืฉึตืืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื”ึทืžึทึผืžึฐืœึธื›ื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ... ื›ึดึผื™-ื”ื•ึผื ืจึนื“ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ, ืžึดืชึดึผืคึฐืกึทื— ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืขึทื–ึธึผื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™, ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ; ื•ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœื•ึน ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึฒื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืžึดืกึธึผื‘ึดื™ื‘.ย  ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—, ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึทึผืคึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธืชื•ึน, ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ, ื•ึฐืขึทื“-ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืขื›ึนึผืœ, ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื”',ื'-ื”')}}]]
"ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึนืฉึตืืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื”ึทืžึทึผืžึฐืœึธื›ื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ... ื›ึดึผื™-ื”ื•ึผื ืจึนื“ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ, ืžึดืชึดึผืคึฐืกึทื— ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืขึทื–ึธึผื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™, ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ; ื•ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœื•ึน ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึฒื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืžึดืกึธึผื‘ึดื™ื‘.ย  ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—, ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึทึผืคึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธืชื•ึน, ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ, ื•ึฐืขึทื“-ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืขื›ึนึผืœ, ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื”',ื'-ื”'|ื›ืŸ}}]]
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead_Sea_from_Mt_Nebo.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื ื‘ื• (ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ) - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื :Biorgen]]


'''ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ''' ื”ื™ื ืืจืฆื• ืฉืœ [[ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื'ืชืชืงืž"ื—, ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 1948 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ( ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื”ย  ื‘[[ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื]] ืœ[[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] : " ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึธึผืจึทืช ื”' ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธืื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ืœึตืืžึนืจ:ย  ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช, ืžึดื ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืขึทื“-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ ื ึฐื”ึทืจ-ืคึฐึผืจึธืช {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกืคืจ [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—)}}.
'''ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ''' ื”ื™ื ืืจืฆื• ืฉืœ [[ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ย 


ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœ[[ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•ืœ[[ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], ื˜ืจื ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. [[ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื‘ืกืคืจ[[ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ: " ืึถืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึนึผืจึตืฉื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ, ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื“, ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืžึตืจึตืฉึดืื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉึธืื ึธื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื™"ื,ื™"ื‘)}}.ย  ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืคืกื’ืช [[ื”ืจ ื ื‘ื•]] )ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื”): "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืžึตืขึทืจึฐื‘ึนืช ืžื•ึนืึธื‘, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืจ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึน, ืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทืคึดึผืกึฐื’ึธึผื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐืึตื”ื•ึผ ื”' ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“, ืขึทื“-ื“ึธึผืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐืึตืช, ื›ึธึผืœ-ื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื”; ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืขึทืช ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน ืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืชึฐึผืžึธืจึดื™ ืขึทื“-ืฆึนืขึทืจ.ย  ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจื”' ืึตืœึธื™ื•, ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื”; ื”ึถืจึฐืึดื™ืชึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ, ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึธึผื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกืคืจ [[ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ืœ"ื“,ื'-ื“')}}.
ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื:
*ืฉืžื•ืช [[ืชื "ืš|ืชื ื›ื™ื™ื]]: '''ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ''', '''ื”ืืจืฅ''', '''ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ'''.
*ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื<ref>ื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”</ref>: ื—ืืจื™ื•ืฉื” (ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช), ืืžื•ืจื• (ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืขืจื‘), ืจืช'ื ื•/ืจื–'ื ื•, ื—ื•ืจื• (ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื). ย 


ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• (ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช [[ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]] ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ื•ืžืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื: [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ|ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ]], [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ื’ื“|ื’ื“]] ื•ืœ[[ืžื ืฉื”|ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื”]]. [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื• ื ื•ืŸ]] ืขื‘ืจ ืืช [[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื: [[ื™ืจื™ื—ื•]] ื•ื”[[ืขื™]], ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”[[ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื]], ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืž[[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]], ื”ื‘ื™ืก 31 ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืฉืืจ [[ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]].
== ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ==
ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื”. ย 


[[ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš]]ย  (ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช. [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•[[ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš]] (ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื• ืžืคื”) ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ[[ืžืœื›ื™ื]] ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•:" ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื›ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึนื›ึฐืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนืืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึดื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื“',ื›')}}.
ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ย 


ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช -[[ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช - [[ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื”ืก"ื” ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช [[ืืฉื•ืจ]] ื•[[ื‘ื‘ืœ]] ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืœื• ืžืžื ื”.
ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - [[ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ]]. ืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืชย  ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”[[ืกื™ืคืจื™]], ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืœืš ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื".


ื‘ืฉื ืช 538 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, [[ื›ื•ืจืฉ]] ืžืœืš [[ืคืจืก]] ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœย  ื”ื•ืงืžื” [[ืคื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]ย  ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื›ืœืœ ืจืง 40,000 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ืย  [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]], ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•[[ืœื›ื™ืฉ]]. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”[[ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื]] ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ย  ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ืื™ื: [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื’ืœื™ืœ|ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ]], [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื ื’ื‘|ื”ื ื’ื‘]] ื•[[ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]]. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-1 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,ย  ืคื•ืžืคื™ื•ืก, ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ [[ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™]] ื”ืžืื” ื”-1. ืœืื—ืจ [[ืžืจื“ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื‘ื‘ื]], - ืฉื ืช 135 - ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื”" - ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื“ ื”ืงืžืช [[ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”[[ื›ื•ื–ืจื™]], ื”[[ื ื‘ื•ืื”]], ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ - ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


==ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช==
== ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ==
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Daat mikra.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชย  ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:'''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''']]
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Daat mikra.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชย  ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช '''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''' ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง]]


ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• '''ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช''' ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช [[ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ]] ื‘[[ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื]] ื”ืžืชื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช: ื”ืคื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื[[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ื]], ื”ื’ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืฆืจื™ื", [[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืงืœ]] ื•[[ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช]] {{ืžืงื•ืจ|( [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื‘', ื™'-ื™"ื“)}}. ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช "ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื›ืืžื•ืจ: "ืœื–ืจืขืš ืืชืŸ ื”ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืย  ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—)}}.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• '''ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช''' ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช [[ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ]] ื‘[[ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื]] ื”ืžืชื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช: ื”ืคื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื [[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก]], ื”ื’ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืฆืจื™ื", [[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืงืœ]] ื•[[ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช]] {{ืžืงื•ืจ| [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื‘', ื™'-ื™"ื“|ื›ืŸ}}. ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช "ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื›ืืžื•ืจ: "ืœื–ืจืขืš ืืชืŸ ื”ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืย  ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—|ื›ืŸ}}.


"ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืขื™" ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื 18 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื ื—ืœืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช". ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™:" ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืคึนึผืœ ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึทืŸ, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ.ย  ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืคึฐึผืึทืช-ื ึถื’ึถื‘ ืžึดืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึทึผืจ-ืฆึดืŸ, ืขึทืœ-ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึฑื“ื•ึนื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื ึถื’ึถื‘, ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื ึธื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” (ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ) ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท; ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ-ืึทื“ึธึผืจ, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึนื ึธื”. ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึตืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืŸ, ื ึทื—ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ื”ึทื™ึธึผืžึธึผื”.ย  ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื.ย  ื•ึฐื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ:ย  ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื, ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื, ื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ.ย  ืžึตื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึฐื‘ึนื ื—ึฒืžึธืช; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืช ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ืฆึฐื“ึธื“ึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ื–ึดืคึฐืจึนื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐืึทื•ึดึผื™ืชึถื ืœึธื›ึถื, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”, ืžึตื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ, ืฉึฐืืคึธืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ืžึดืฉึฐึผืืคึธื ื”ึธืจึดื‘ึฐืœึธื”, ืžึดืงึถึผื“ึถื ืœึธืขึธื™ึดืŸ; ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ื•ึผืžึธื—ึธื” ืขึทืœ-ื›ึถึผืชึถืฃ ื™ึธื-ื›ึดึผื ึถึผืจึถืช ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื—; ื–ึนืืช ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืœ"ื“,ื’'-ื™"ื‘)}}. ย 
"ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืขื™" ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื 18 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื ื—ืœืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช". ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™: "ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืคึนึผืœ ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึทืŸ, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ.ย  ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืคึฐึผืึทืช-ื ึถื’ึถื‘ ืžึดืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึทึผืจ-ืฆึดืŸ, ืขึทืœ-ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึฑื“ื•ึนื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื ึถื’ึถื‘, ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื ึธื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” (ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ) ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท; ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ-ืึทื“ึธึผืจ, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึนื ึธื”. ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึตืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืŸ, ื ึทื—ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ื”ึทื™ึธึผืžึธึผื”.ย  ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื.ย  ื•ึฐื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ:ย  ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื, ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื, ื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ.ย  ืžึตื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึฐื‘ึนื ื—ึฒืžึธืช; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืช ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ืฆึฐื“ึธื“ึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ื–ึดืคึฐืจึนื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐืึทื•ึดึผื™ืชึถื ืœึธื›ึถื, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”, ืžึตื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ, ืฉึฐืืคึธืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ืžึดืฉึฐึผืืคึธื ื”ึธืจึดื‘ึฐืœึธื”, ืžึดืงึถึผื“ึถื ืœึธืขึธื™ึดืŸ; ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ื•ึผืžึธื—ึธื” ืขึทืœ-ื›ึถึผืชึถืฃ ื™ึธื-ื›ึดึผื ึถึผืจึถืช ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”.ย  ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื—; ื–ึนืืช ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืœ"ื“,ื’'-ื™"ื‘|ื›ืŸ}}. ย 


ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื : [[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืŸ|ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืŸ]] ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืขืคย  [[ืื“ื•ื]], ืžื”ืคืื”ย  ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ืย  [[ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]], ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ย  ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ "ื—ืฆื‘ื”" , ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ "ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื‘". ื•ืžืฉื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืœ[[ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื]] ื•ืขื‘ืจ "ืฆื ื”" ื•ืœ[[ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข]] (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืงื“ื™ืจืืช), [[ื—ืฆืจ ืื“ืจ]], "ืขืฆืžื•ื ื”" ืืœ ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ)ย  ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื [[ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ|ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]]. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช.
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื: [[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืŸ|ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืŸ]] ืขืœ ื™ื“ [[ืื“ื•ื]], ืžื”ืคืื”ย  ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ืย  [[ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]], ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ย  ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ "ื—ืฆื‘ื”" , ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ "ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื‘". ื•ืžืฉื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืœ[[ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื]] ื•ืขื‘ืจ "ืฆื ื”" ื•ืœ[[ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข]] (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืงื“ื™ืจืืช), [[ื—ืฆืจ ืื“ืจ]], "ืขืฆืžื•ื ื”" ืืœ [[ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื]] (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ)ย  ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื [[ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ|ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]]. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช.


ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช,ย  ื”ื•ื "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื" - "ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช,ย  ื”ื•ื "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื" - "ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
ืฉื•ืจื” 32: ืฉื•ืจื” 34:
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืž"ื—ืฆืจ ืขื™ื ืŸ", "ืฉืคืžื”", ื”ืจื‘ืœื”", ืžืงื“ื ืœ"ืขื™ืŸ", ื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืชืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ [[ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช]]. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘[[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]] ืขื“ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืž"ื—ืฆืจ ืขื™ื ืŸ", "ืฉืคืžื”", ื”ืจื‘ืœื”", ืžืงื“ื ืœ"ืขื™ืŸ", ื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืชืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ [[ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช]]. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘[[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]] ืขื“ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.


ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื '''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''' ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช.ย  ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืื” "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคืœื•ืกื™ืช" - ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช "ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ" ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจืฅื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ [[ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™]]. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ "ืคื˜ืจื”" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื•ืฉืง ืœื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื•"ื”ืจ ื”ื”ืจ" ืžื–ื•ื”ืช ืขื ื”ืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืก ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื '''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''' ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช.ย  ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืื” "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคืœื•ืกื™ืช" - ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช "ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ" ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจืฅื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ [[ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™]]. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ "ืคื˜ืจื”" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื•ืฉืง ืœื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื•"ื”ืจ ื”ื”ืจ" ืžื–ื•ื”ืช ืขื ื”ืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืก ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
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ืจ' ื’ื [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/gvulot1-2.htm ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ื—ืœืง ื] [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/gvulot2-2.htm ื—ืœืง ื‘] [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/gvulot3-2.htm ื—ืœืง ื’] [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/gvulot4-2.htm ื—ืœืง ื“]
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== ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ==
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]}}
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== ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ==
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=== ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ===
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead_Sea_from_Mt_Nebo.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื ื‘ื• (ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ) - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื: Biorgen]]
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ื‘ืฉื ืช ื'ืชืชืงืž"ื—, ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 1948 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ( ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘[[ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื]] ืœ[[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]]: "ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึธึผืจึทืช ื”' ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ืœึตืืžึนืจ:ย  ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช, ืžึดื ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืขึทื“-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ ื ึฐื”ึทืจ-ืคึฐึผืจึธืช {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกืคืจ [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—|ื›ืŸ}}.
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ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœ[[ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•ืœ[[ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], ื˜ืจื ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. [[ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื‘ืกืคืจ [[ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ: "ืึถืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึนึผืจึตืฉื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ, ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื“, ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืžึตืจึตืฉึดืื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉึธืื ึธื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื,ื™"ื‘|ื›ืŸ}}.ย  ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืคืกื’ืช [[ื”ืจ ื ื‘ื•]] )ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื”): "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืžึตืขึทืจึฐื‘ึนืช ืžื•ึนืึธื‘, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืจ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึน, ืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทืคึดึผืกึฐื’ึธึผื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐืึตื”ื•ึผ ื”' ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“, ืขึทื“-ื“ึธึผืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐืึตืช, ื›ึธึผืœ-ื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื”; ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ.ย  ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืขึทืช ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน ืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืชึฐึผืžึธืจึดื™ ืขึทื“-ืฆึนืขึทืจ.ย  ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจื”' ืึตืœึธื™ื•, ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื”; ื”ึถืจึฐืึดื™ืชึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ, ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึธึผื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกืคืจ [[ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ืœ"ื“,ื'-ื“'|ื›ืŸ}}.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• (ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช [[ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]] ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ื•ืžืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื: [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ|ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ]], [[ืฉื‘ื˜ ื’ื“|ื’ื“]] ื•ืœ[[ืžื ืฉื”|ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื”]]. [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื• ื ื•ืŸ]] ืขื‘ืจ ืืช [[ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื: [[ื™ืจื™ื—ื•]] ื•ื”[[ืขื™]], ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”[[ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื]], ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืž[[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]], ื”ื‘ื™ืก 31 ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืฉืืจ [[ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]].
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[[ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš]]ย  (ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช. [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•[[ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš]] (ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื• ืžืคื”) ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ [[ืžืœื›ื™ื]] ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•: "ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื›ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึนื›ึฐืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนืืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึดื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื“',ื›'|ื›ืŸ}}.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช -[[ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช - [[ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช [[ืืฉื•ืจ]] ื•[[ื‘ื‘ืœ]] ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืœื• ืžืžื ื”.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 538 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, [[ื›ื•ืจืฉ]] ืžืœืš [[ืคืจืก]] ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœย  ื”ื•ืงืžื” [[ืคื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]ย  ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื›ืœืœ ืจืง 40,000 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ืย  [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]], ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•[[ืœื›ื™ืฉ]]. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”[[ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื]] ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ย  ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ืื™ื: [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื’ืœื™ืœ|ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ]], [[ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื ื’ื‘|ื”ื ื’ื‘]] ื•[[ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]]. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-1 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,ย  ืคื•ืžืคื™ื•ืก, ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ [[ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™]] ื”ืžืื” ื”-1. ืœืื—ืจ [[ืžืจื“ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื‘ื‘ื]], - ืฉื ืช 135 - ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื”" - ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื“ ื”ืงืžืช [[ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉ"ื— (1948 ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื).
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=== ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ===
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Staemme israels heb svg.png|left|thumb|250px|ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจืฅ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื”ืžืงื•ืจ - ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืื™ื•ืจ - Janz,ย  ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ื‘ืจื™"ื ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™]]
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกืคืจ [[ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื]] ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื: "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึดื ึดึผื™ื—ึท ื”', ืœึฐื ึทืกึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึธึผื ืึถืช-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื-ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ, ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืžึดืœึฐื—ึฒืžื•ึนืช ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ...ย  ื—ึฒืžึตืฉึถืืช ืกึทืจึฐื ึตื™ ืคึฐืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึดึผื™ื“ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึดึผื™, ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื”ึทืจ ื”ึทืœึฐึผื‘ึธื ื•ึนืŸ ืžึตื”ึทืจ ื‘ึทึผืขึทืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžื•ึนืŸ, ืขึทื“ ืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื—ึฒืžึธืช... ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืงึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™, ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐึผืจึดื–ึดึผื™, ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™.ย  ; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ, ืึถืช-ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื’',ื'-ื”' -ื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื |ื›ืŸ}}.
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, "ื•ืชื ื•ื— ื”ืืจืฅ" - ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืจืฅ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืช:
* ื›ึผื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ืจึดืฉึฐืืขึธืชึทื™ึดื, ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืจึทื ื ึทื”ึฒืจึธื™ึดื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
* ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื™ื" - ื™ืจื™ื—ื•.
* ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ [[ืฉืžื’ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื ืช|ืฉึทืืžึฐื’ึทึผืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืขึฒื ึธืช]] - ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื.
* ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึทืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึธืœึทืšึฐ, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึธืฆื•ึนืจ ืžืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช: "ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ืฉึทืืžึฐื’ึทึผืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึฒื ึธืช,ย  ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื™ึธืขึตืœ, ื—ึธื“ึฐืœื•ึผ, ืึณืจึธื—ื•ึนืช; ื•ึฐื”ึนืœึฐื›ึตื™ ื ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ, ืึณืจึธื—ื•ึนืช ืขึฒืงึทืœึฐืงึทืœึผื•ึนืช.ย  ื—ึธื“ึฐืœื•ึผ ืคึฐืจึธื–ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื—ึธื“ึตืœึผื•ึผย  ืขึทื“ ืฉึทืืงึทึผืžึฐืชึดึผื™ ื“ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนืจึธื”, ืฉึทืืงึทึผืžึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึตื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื”', ื•'-ื—'|ื›ืŸ}}.
* ื”ืขื [[ืžื“ื™ืŸ|ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™]] ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ [[ืขื–ื”]]. ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจ ืžืฆืžืจืจ: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื”, ืึดื ื–ึธืจึทืข ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึธืœึธื” ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื•ึทืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืงึถื“ึถื, ื•ึฐืขึธืœื•ึผ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒื ื•ึผ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืื—ึดื™ืชื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืขึทื“-ื‘ึผื•ึนืึฒืšึธ, ืขึทื–ึธึผื”; ื•ึฐืœึนื-ื™ึทืฉึฐืืึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึดื—ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืฉึถื‚ื” ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ. ื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึตื ื•ึผืžึดืงึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื™ึทืขึฒืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึธื”ึณืœึตื™ื”ึถื, ื™ื‘ืื• (ื•ึผื‘ึธืื•ึผ) ื›ึฐื“ึตื™-ืึทืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืœึธืจึนื‘, ื•ึฐืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืœึดื’ึฐืžึทืœึตึผื™ื”ึถื, ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืกึฐืคึธึผืจ; ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืœึฐืฉึทืื—ึฒืชึธื”ึผ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื ', ื’'-ื”'|ื›ืŸ}}.
* ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
* ื‘ื™ืžื™ [[ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ]] ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ืย  ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึฐึผื ึตื ื”' ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื’,ื'|ื›ืŸ}}
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[[ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ [[ื™ื‘ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“]]. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืย  ืœื—ื ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืคืœ ืžื™ื“ื ื”[[ื”ืจ ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข|ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข]]. ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึธืขึตืžึถืง ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ, ื›ึดึผื™-ื ึธืกื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื›ึดื™-ืžึตืชื•ึผ, ืฉึธืืื•ึผืœ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื•; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทื–ึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื ึปืกื•ึผ, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืคึฐืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึธึผื”ึถืŸ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืœ"ื,ื–'|ื›ืŸ}} - ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
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===ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“===
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Davids-kingdom with captions specifiying vassal kingdoms-derivative-work2.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”" Armoruso]]
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ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื-ืœึธื”ึผ ืขึดื™ืจ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื”' ื“'-ื•'|ื›ืŸ}}. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืย  "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ, ืึถืช-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ืžึดื’ึถึผื‘ึทืข, ืขึทื“-ื‘ึนึผืึฒืšึธ ื’ึธื–ึถืจ" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉื, ื›"ื”|ื›ืŸ}} - ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“ ืึถืช-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ืึถืช-ืžื•ึนืึธื‘... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“, ืึถืช-ื”ึฒื“ึทื“ึฐืขึถื–ึถืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืจึฐื—ึนื‘ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืฆื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื‘ึฐึผืœึถื›ึฐืชึผื•ึน, ืœึฐื”ึธืฉึดืื™ื‘ ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื”ึทืจ- (ืคึฐึผืจึธืช)... ื•ึทืชึธึผื‘ึนื, ืึฒืจึทื ื“ึทึผืžึถึผืฉึถื‚ืง...ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“ ื‘ึทึผืึฒืจึธื, {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื—', ื' ื—'|ื›ืŸ}}. ืืจืฅย  ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืื‘ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืžืฉืง, ืืจื ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืขื "ืื“ื•ื". ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ,ย  ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึฐื—ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืขึทืžึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ื›ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืึฒืจึทื ื‘ึตึผื™ืช-ืจึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึฒืจึทื ืฆื•ึนื‘ึธื, ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืึถืœึถืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื” ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื, ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื-ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉื,ื™',ื—'|ื›ืŸ}}.
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====ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“====
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{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“]]}}
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'''ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“''' ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื—ื•ื [[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ [[ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. ืืžื ื, ืขืœ ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื• [[ื™ื•ืื‘]] ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”: "ืฉืื•ึผื˜-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื˜ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทื“-ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘', ื›"ื“,ื‘'|ื›ืŸ}} ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืขื“ ืœ[[ืžื•ืื‘]] ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื‘ืช [[ืืจื ื“ืžืฉืง]] ื•ื ื•ืฉืง ืœื—ื•ืฃ [[ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ|ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]] ืœืขืจื™ื [[ืฆื•ืจ]] ื•[[ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ]].
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ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืึดื™ืฉื-ื—ึทื™ึดืœ, ืฉึนืืœึตืฃ ื—ึถืจึถื‘" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉื, ืฉื,ื˜'|ื›ืŸ}}. ื•ืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ื•ึทืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืฉึฐืืžึนื ึถื” ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ... ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ื—ึฒืžึตืฉื-ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื. ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื”ื•. ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ [[ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื˜ืจืื ื™]] ื›ื•ืชื‘: '''ื—ื˜ืืชื™''' - ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืžื ื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืื•ืœ: "ื•ื™ืคืงื“ื ื‘ื˜ืœืื™ื" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื', ื˜"ื•, ื“'|ื›ืŸ}} ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืจื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช".
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=== ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ===
====ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช====
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Sholoma nezivuiot.jpg|left|thumb|350px|ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช]]
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœย  ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืงื•ื‘ืข 12ย  ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืฉื ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-12 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืื ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“, ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื ื™ืจืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื’, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™-ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืขืงื‘ ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜:
# ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื•ืจ - ื”ืจ [[ืืคืจื™ื]]
# ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืงืจ - ืžืงืฅ, ืฉืœืขื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ืื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื ืŸ (ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฆืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ืŸ)
# ื‘ืŸ-ื—ืกื“ - ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื” ื•ืืจืฅ ื—ืคืจ
# ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ - ื ืคืช ื“ืืจ
# ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ - ืชืขื ืš, ืžื’ื™ื“ื• "ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืืฆืœ ืฆืจืชื ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืขื“ ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืงืžืขื"
# ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื‘ืจ - ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืขื“, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืขื“, ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืฉืŸ, "ืฉืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื— ื ื—ื•ืฉืช"
# ืื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืจื - ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื (ื“ืจื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ)
# ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ - ื ืคืชืœื™
# ื‘ืขื ื ื‘ืŸ- ื—ื•ืฉืข - ืืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
# ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื•ื— - [[ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ]]
# ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื - [[ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ]]
# ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืจื™ - ืืจืฅ ื’ืœืขื“, ืืจืฅ ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ืืžื•ืจืข ื•ื’ื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ
ื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืื•ืœื™ [[ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]) - ืจืื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื”


== ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื”==
ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื• [[ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ]] ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจ: "ื’ึถึผื‘ึถืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืึปืจึดื™, ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“--ืึถืจึถืฅ ืกึดื™ื—ื•ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™, ื•ึฐืขึนื’ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธืืŸ, ื•ึผื ึฐืฆึดื™ื‘ ืึถื—ึธื“, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ.ย  ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื›ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึนื›ึฐืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนืืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึดื™ื.
{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื“' ื™"ื˜-ื›'|ื›ืŸ}} ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืš: "ื•ึผื ึฐืฆึดื™ื‘ ืึถื—ึธื“, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ.ย  ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืจืง ืื– ื ืงื‘ืœ 13 ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื!) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ: "ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”."


==ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช==
ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื• [[ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš]] ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื•. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื ืืœ: "ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืงืกื™ืœื” (ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื“ ืชืœ
ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจืงื•ืŸ), ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืคืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘. ืžื–ืจ. ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉืคืœืช ืœื•ื“ ื•ืื•ื ื•, ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื”ืขืžืง. ื›ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขื ืš, ืžื’ื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ - ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื“ืžืชืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ืฉืžืจ ืœื ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“. ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘. ืžื–ืจ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืžื– ืœืกื“ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื' ื“, ื–-ื™"ื˜)[http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/milhamot-2.htm ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ] - ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ืœ"ื” ืชืฉื™"ื—


==ื”ืชืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช==
ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”: "ื•ึฐื›ึดืœึฐื›ึฐึผืœื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื‘ึตึผื™ืชื•ึน:ย  ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉื,ื–'|ื›ืŸ}}. ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื
ื‘[http://www.shevanet.org.il/06/06-13.htm ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื]: "ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื (ืžื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื) ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ืฉืจื™ ืืœืคื™ื, ื•ืœืืœืคื™ื ืฉืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉืจื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•.{{ืฉ}}
ื•ืžืื›ืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืจ ืกืœืช ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืจ ืงืžื— ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื™ืกื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจ ืื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื‘ ืขื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, ืžืื” ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืขื“ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ"
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ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ืืกืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ื ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ<ref> ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 3: ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”</ref>, ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช:
* ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• [[ื ืคืชืœื™]], [[ืืฉืจ]], [[ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ]], [[ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ]], [[ื’ื“]] ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจ ืืคืจื™ื. ืืœื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช.
*ย  ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช "ื›ื ืขื ื™ื" ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื”: ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืงืจ, ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘, ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจ.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื•ื’ืจื™ืช, ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช-ืชืขื ืš ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจ: "ื‘ืŸ ืจืžืœื™ื”ื•" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืืœ".
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช: ืฉืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืฉืฉื”, ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" - ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš.
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ืื”ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืชื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ื“ืืจ ื•ื‘ื ืคืชืœื™,ย  ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
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===ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช===
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:First century palestine.gif|left|thumb|250px|ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช - ื”ืžืื” ื”-1, ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”" Andrew]]
==ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช==
ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืž[[ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื]]. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื—' ื“ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช{{ื”ืขืจื”|ืจืื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืจ"ืฉ ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—'}}.}}
== ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ==
=== ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ===
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]}}
=== ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ===
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ]]}}
==== [[ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช]] ====
==== [[ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช]] ====
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”]]}}
==== [[ื™ื•ื‘ืœ]] ====
==== [[ืขืจืœื”]] ื•[[ื ื˜ืข ืจื‘ืขื™]] ====
=== ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ===
[[ืœื ืชื—ื ื]]; [[ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš]]; ...
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* [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/mehirat-2.htm ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื›ืจื™] - ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—. ื—ืจืœ"ืค ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
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==ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ==
{{ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘|ืขืจืš=[[ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•]]}}
ื”[[ืจืžื‘"ืŸ]] ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ <ref>ืคืจืง ื›ื•</ref>, ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง :"ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉึดืืžึนึผืชึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึฐืžื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ"<ref>ืคืจืง ืœื‘</ref> ื•ื–"ืœ:
:"ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืืŸ (ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืœื‘) ื•ืฉืžืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื›ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ืจืื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื ืงื‘ืœื” ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื."
[ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื– ื›ื“].
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ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1867 ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืกืข ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ืžืžื” ืฉืื“ืžืชื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืช - ืžืจื—ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื ื•ืื‘ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื–ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืชืคืืจืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉ. ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœื”ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืจ... ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื”... ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฅ ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื—. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืจ - ืื•ืชื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžืช ื–ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช - ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ."<ref>ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช "ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ื—"ื ืขืž' 12.</ref>
ย 
ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘[[ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ]]<ref>ื“ืฃ ืฆื— ืข"ื</ref>: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื: ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ<ref>ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคืจืง ืœื•</ref>: 'ื•ึฐืึทืชึถึผื ื”ึธืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื ึฐืคึฐึผื›ึถื ืชึดึผืชึตึผื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืคึถืจึฐื™ึฐื›ึถื ืชึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื›ึดึผื™ '''ืงึตืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ''' ืœึธื‘ื•ึนื' ืข"ื›. ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "'ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื”' - ื›ืฉืชืชืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืื– '''ื™ืงืจื‘''' ื”ืงืฅ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ".
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==ืจืื• ื’ื==
*[[ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ]]
*[[ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช]]


==ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช==
==ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช==
ืฉื•ืจื” 46: ืฉื•ืจื” 170:
**ย  ''ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช''' - 1993
**ย  ''ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช''' - 1993
* ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื '''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''', ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1993.
* ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื '''ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื''', ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1993.
== ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ==
* [http://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hamaayan/erets-2.htm ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื] - ืจ' ืจืคืืœ ืฉื•ื—"ื˜
* [http://www.shaalvim.co.il/torah/maayan-article.asp?id=330 ื”ืขืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื”]
== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
<references/>


[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ06:11, 17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021
Nuvola apps kcmpartitions.png ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขืจืš ื–ื”
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืœื ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื•. ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”:AnonMOooS ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื': "ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึนืฉึตืืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ื”ึทืžึทึผืžึฐืœึธื›ื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ... ื›ึดึผื™-ื”ื•ึผื ืจึนื“ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ, ืžึดืชึดึผืคึฐืกึทื— ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืขึทื–ึธึผื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™, ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ; ื•ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœื•ึน ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ-ืขึฒื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืžึดืกึธึผื‘ึดื™ื‘. ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื—, ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึทึผืคึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธืชื•ึน, ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ, ื•ึฐืขึทื“-ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืขื›ึนึผืœ, ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”(ื”',ื'-ื”')

ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืืจืฆื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื:

  • ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื ื›ื™ื™ื: ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ.
  • ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื[1]: ื—ืืจื™ื•ืฉื” (ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช), ืืžื•ืจื• (ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืขืจื‘), ืจืช'ื ื•/ืจื–'ื ื•, ื—ื•ืจื• (ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื).

ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื”.

ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ื:

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคืจื™, ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืœืš ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื".

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ - ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช: ื”ืคื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ื’ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืฆืจื™ื", ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืงืœ ื•ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ( [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื‘', ื™'-ื™"ื“). ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช "ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื›ืืžื•ืจ: "ืœื–ืจืขืš ืืชืŸ ื”ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—).

"ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืขื™" ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื 18 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื ื—ืœืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช". ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™: "ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืคึนึผืœ ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื”, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึทืŸ, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืคึฐึผืึทืช-ื ึถื’ึถื‘ ืžึดืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึทึผืจ-ืฆึดืŸ, ืขึทืœ-ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึฑื“ื•ึนื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื ึถื’ึถื‘, ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”. ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื ึธื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” (ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ) ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท; ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ-ืึทื“ึธึผืจ, ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึนื ึธื”. ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึตืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืŸ, ื ึทื—ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื•, ื”ึทื™ึธึผืžึธึผื”. ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื. ื•ึฐื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ: ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื, ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื, ื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ. ืžึตื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ, ืชึฐึผืชึธืื•ึผ ืœึฐื‘ึนื ื—ึฒืžึธืช; ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืช ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ืฆึฐื“ึธื“ึธื”. ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ื–ึดืคึฐืจึนื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ; ื–ึถื”-ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ. ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐืึทื•ึดึผื™ืชึถื ืœึธื›ึถื, ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”, ืžึตื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืขึตื™ื ึธืŸ, ืฉึฐืืคึธืžึธื”. ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ ืžึดืฉึฐึผืืคึธื ื”ึธืจึดื‘ึฐืœึธื”, ืžึดืงึถึผื“ึถื ืœึธืขึธื™ึดืŸ; ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœ, ื•ึผืžึธื—ึธื” ืขึทืœ-ื›ึถึผืชึถืฃ ื™ึธื-ื›ึดึผื ึถึผืจึถืช ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื”. ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืชื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื—; ื–ึนืืช ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ (ืœ"ื“,ื’'-ื™"ื‘).

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื: ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืื“ื•ื, ืžื”ืคืื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ "ื—ืฆื‘ื”" , ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ "ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื‘". ื•ืžืฉื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจ "ืฆื ื”" ื•ืœืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืงื“ื™ืจืืช), ื—ืฆืจ ืื“ืจ, "ืขืฆืžื•ื ื”" ืืœ ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ) ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช.

ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช, ื”ื•ื "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื" - "ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".

ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืž"ื”ืจ ื”ื”ืจ" ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, (ืœื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ), ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, "ืฆื“ื“ื”", ื–ื™ืคืจื•ื ื”" ื•"ื—ืฆืจ ืขื™ื ืŸ" - ื›ืœ ืืœื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.

ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืž"ื—ืฆืจ ืขื™ื ืŸ", "ืฉืคืžื”", ื”ืจื‘ืœื”", ืžืงื“ื ืœ"ืขื™ืŸ", ื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืชืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช. ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขื“ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืื” "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคืœื•ืกื™ืช" - ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช "ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ" ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจืฅื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ "ืคื˜ืจื”" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื•ืฉืง ืœื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื•"ื”ืจ ื”ื”ืจ" ืžื–ื•ื”ืช ืขื ื”ืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืก ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืจ' ื’ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ื—ืœืง ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ ื—ืœืง ื’ ื—ืœืง ื“

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ


ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื ื‘ื• (ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ) - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื: Biorgen

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื'ืชืชืงืž"ื—, ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 1948 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ( ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•: "ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึธึผืจึทืช ื”' ืึถืช-ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืึถืช-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช, ืžึดื ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืขึทื“-ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ึนืœ ื ึฐื”ึทืจ-ืคึฐึผืจึธืช (ืกืคืจ [[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื—).

ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื˜ืจื ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ: "ืึถืจึถืฅ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึนึผืจึตืฉื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ, ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื“, ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืžึตืจึตืฉึดืื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึธึผืื ึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉึธืื ึธื” (ื™"ื,ื™"ื‘). ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื ื‘ื• )ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื”): "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืžึตืขึทืจึฐื‘ึนืช ืžื•ึนืึธื‘, ืึถืœ-ื”ึทืจ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึน, ืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทืคึดึผืกึฐื’ึธึผื”, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐืึตื”ื•ึผ ื”' ืึถืช-ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“, ืขึทื“-ื“ึธึผืŸ. ื•ึฐืึตืช, ื›ึธึผืœ-ื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื”; ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ. ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื ึถึผื’ึถื‘, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ ื‘ึดึผืงึฐืขึทืช ื™ึฐืจึตื—ื•ึน ืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืชึฐึผืžึธืจึดื™ ืขึทื“-ืฆึนืขึทืจ. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจื”' ืึตืœึธื™ื•, ื–ึนืืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ืœึฐื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ, ืึถืชึฐึผื ึถื ึธึผื”; ื”ึถืจึฐืึดื™ืชึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ, ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึธึผื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ (ืกืคืจ [[ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ืœ"ื“,ื'-ื“').

ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• (ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ื•ืžืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื: ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื“ ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื”. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื• ื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื: ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ื”ืขื™, ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืก 31 ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืฉืืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš (ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช. ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš (ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื• ืžืคื”) ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•: "ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื›ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึนื›ึฐืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนืืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึดื™ื (ื“',ื›').

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช -ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช - ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืœื• ืžืžื ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 538 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืœืš ืคืจืก ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืคื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื›ืœืœ ืจืง 40,000 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืœื›ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-1 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืคื•ืžืคื™ื•ืก, ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-1. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืจื“ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื‘ื‘ื, - ืฉื ืช 135 - ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื”" - ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื“ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉ"ื— (1948 ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื).

ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจืฅ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื”ืžืงื•ืจ - ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืื™ื•ืจ - Janz, ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - ื‘ืจื™"ื ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื: "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึดื ึดึผื™ื—ึท ื”', ืœึฐื ึทืกึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึธึผื ืึถืช-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื-ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ, ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ืžึดืœึฐื—ึฒืžื•ึนืช ื›ึฐึผื ึธืขึทืŸ... ื—ึฒืžึตืฉึถืืช ืกึทืจึฐื ึตื™ ืคึฐืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ-ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึดึผื™ื“ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึดึผื™, ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื”ึทืจ ื”ึทืœึฐึผื‘ึธื ื•ึนืŸ ืžึตื”ึทืจ ื‘ึทึผืขึทืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžื•ึนืŸ, ืขึทื“ ืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื—ึฒืžึธืช... ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืงึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™, ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐึผืจึดื–ึดึผื™, ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™.  ; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ, ืึถืช-ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื(ื’',ื'-ื”' -ื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื ).

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, "ื•ืชื ื•ื— ื”ืืจืฅ" - ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืจืฅ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืช:

  • ื›ึผื•ึผืฉึทืืŸ ืจึดืฉึฐืืขึธืชึทื™ึดื, ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืจึทื ื ึทื”ึฒืจึธื™ึดื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  • ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื™ื" - ื™ืจื™ื—ื•.
  • ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉึทืืžึฐื’ึทึผืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืขึฒื ึธืช - ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื.
  • ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึทืŸ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึธืœึทืšึฐ, ื‘ึฐึผื—ึธืฆื•ึนืจ ืžืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช: "ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ืฉึทืืžึฐื’ึทึผืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึฒื ึธืช, ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื™ึธืขึตืœ, ื—ึธื“ึฐืœื•ึผ, ืึณืจึธื—ื•ึนืช; ื•ึฐื”ึนืœึฐื›ึตื™ ื ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ, ืึณืจึธื—ื•ึนืช ืขึฒืงึทืœึฐืงึทืœึผื•ึนืช. ื—ึธื“ึฐืœื•ึผ ืคึฐืจึธื–ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื—ึธื“ึตืœึผื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ืฉึทืืงึทึผืžึฐืชึดึผื™ ื“ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนืจึธื”, ืฉึทืืงึทึผืžึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึตื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ื”', ื•'-ื—').
  • ื”ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืขื–ื”. ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจ ืžืฆืžืจืจ: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื”, ืึดื ื–ึธืจึทืข ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึธืœึธื” ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื•ึทืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืงึถื“ึถื, ื•ึฐืขึธืœื•ึผ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒื ื•ึผ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืื—ึดื™ืชื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืขึทื“-ื‘ึผื•ึนืึฒืšึธ, ืขึทื–ึธึผื”; ื•ึฐืœึนื-ื™ึทืฉึฐืืึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึดื—ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืฉึถื‚ื” ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ. ื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึตื ื•ึผืžึดืงึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื™ึทืขึฒืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึธื”ึณืœึตื™ื”ึถื, ื™ื‘ืื• (ื•ึผื‘ึธืื•ึผ) ื›ึฐื“ึตื™-ืึทืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืœึธืจึนื‘, ื•ึฐืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืœึดื’ึฐืžึทืœึตึผื™ื”ึถื, ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืกึฐืคึธึผืจ; ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืœึฐืฉึทืื—ึฒืชึธื”ึผ (ื ', ื’'-ื”').
  • ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
  • ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึฐึผื ึตื ื”' ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื" (ื™"ื’,ื')

ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืคืœ ืžื™ื“ื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข. ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึธืขึตืžึถืง ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ, ื›ึดึผื™-ื ึธืกื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื›ึดื™-ืžึตืชื•ึผ, ืฉึธืืื•ึผืœ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื•; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทื–ึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื ึปืกื•ึผ, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืคึฐืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึธึผื”ึถืŸ (ืœ"ื,ื–') - ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ - ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”" Armoruso

ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื-ืœึธื”ึผ ืขึดื™ืจ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื”' ื“'-ื•'). ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ, ืึถืช-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื, ืžึดื’ึถึผื‘ึทืข, ืขึทื“-ื‘ึนึผืึฒืšึธ ื’ึธื–ึถืจ" (ืฉื, ื›"ื”) - ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“ ืึถืช-ืคึฐึผืœึดืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ืึถืช-ืžื•ึนืึธื‘... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“, ืึถืช-ื”ึฒื“ึทื“ึฐืขึถื–ึถืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืจึฐื—ึนื‘ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืฆื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื‘ึฐึผืœึถื›ึฐืชึผื•ึน, ืœึฐื”ึธืฉึดืื™ื‘ ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื”ึทืจ- (ืคึฐึผืจึธืช)... ื•ึทืชึธึผื‘ึนื, ืึฒืจึทื ื“ึทึผืžึถึผืฉึถื‚ืง...ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“ ื‘ึทึผืึฒืจึธื, (ื—', ื' ื—'). ืืจืฅ ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืื‘ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืžืฉืง, ืืจื ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืขื "ืื“ื•ื". ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึฐื—ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ืขึทืžึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ื›ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ืึถืช-ืึฒืจึทื ื‘ึตึผื™ืช-ืจึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืึฒืจึทื ืฆื•ึนื‘ึธื, ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืึถืœึถืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื” ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื, ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื-ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื (ืฉื,ื™',ื—').

ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“


ืžืกืข ื”ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื—ื•ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžื ื, ืขืœ ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ืื• ื™ื•ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”: "ืฉืื•ึผื˜-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ-ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื˜ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทื“-ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘', ื›"ื“,ื‘') ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื‘ืช ืืจื ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื ื•ืฉืง ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ.

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืึดื™ืฉื-ื—ึทื™ึดืœ, ืฉึนืืœึตืฃ ื—ึถืจึถื‘" (ืฉื, ืฉื,ื˜'). ื•ืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ื•ึทืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืฉึฐืืžึนื ึถื” ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ... ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ื—ึฒืžึตืฉื-ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื. ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื”ื•. ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื˜ืจืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘: ื—ื˜ืืชื™ - ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืžื ื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืื•ืœ: "ื•ื™ืคืงื“ื ื‘ื˜ืœืื™ื" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื', ื˜"ื•, ื“') ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืจื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช".

ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืงื•ื‘ืข 12 ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืฉื ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-12 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืื ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“, ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื ื™ืจืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื’, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™-ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืขืงื‘ ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.

ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜:

  1. ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื•ืจ - ื”ืจ ืืคืจื™ื
  2. ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืงืจ - ืžืงืฅ, ืฉืœืขื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ืื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื ืŸ (ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฆืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ืŸ)
  3. ื‘ืŸ-ื—ืกื“ - ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื” ื•ืืจืฅ ื—ืคืจ
  4. ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ - ื ืคืช ื“ืืจ
  5. ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ - ืชืขื ืš, ืžื’ื™ื“ื• "ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืืฆืœ ืฆืจืชื ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืขื“ ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืงืžืขื"
  6. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื‘ืจ - ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืขื“, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืขื“, ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืฉืŸ, "ืฉืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื— ื ื—ื•ืฉืช"
  7. ืื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืจื - ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื (ื“ืจื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ)
  8. ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ - ื ืคืชืœื™
  9. ื‘ืขื ื ื‘ืŸ- ื—ื•ืฉืข - ืืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
  10. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื•ื— - ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ
  11. ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื - ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ
  12. ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืจื™ - ืืจืฅ ื’ืœืขื“, ืืจืฅ ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ืืžื•ืจืข ื•ื’ื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ

ื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) - ืจืื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื”

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจ: "ื’ึถึผื‘ึถืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืึปืจึดื™, ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“--ืึถืจึถืฅ ืกึดื™ื—ื•ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™, ื•ึฐืขึนื’ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธืืŸ, ื•ึผื ึฐืฆึดื™ื‘ ืึถื—ึธื“, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ. ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื›ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ืขึทืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ืœึธืจึนื‘, ืึนื›ึฐืœึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนืืชึดื™ื, ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึดื™ื. (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื“' ื™"ื˜-ื›') ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืš: "ื•ึผื ึฐืฆึดื™ื‘ ืึถื—ึธื“, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ. ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืจืง ืื– ื ืงื‘ืœ 13 ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื!) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ: "ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”."

ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื•. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงื ืืœ: "ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืงืกื™ืœื” (ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจืงื•ืŸ), ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืคืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘. ืžื–ืจ. ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉืคืœืช ืœื•ื“ ื•ืื•ื ื•, ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื”ืขืžืง. ื›ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขื ืš, ืžื’ื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ - ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื“ืžืชืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ืฉืžืจ ืœื ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“. ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘. ืžื–ืจ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืžื– ืœืกื“ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื' ื“, ื–-ื™"ื˜)ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ืœ"ื” ืชืฉื™"ื—

ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”: "ื•ึฐื›ึดืœึฐื›ึฐึผืœื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ื‘ึตึผื™ืชื•ึน: ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” (ืฉื,ื–'). ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื: "ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื (ืžื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื) ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ืฉืจื™ ืืœืคื™ื, ื•ืœืืœืคื™ื ืฉืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉืจื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•.
ื•ืžืื›ืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืจ ืกืœืช ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืจ ืงืžื— ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื™ืกื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจ ืื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื‘ ืขื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, ืžืื” ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืขื“ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ"

ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ืืกืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ื ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช.

ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ[2], ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช:

  • ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืคืชืœื™, ืืฉืจ, ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื’ื“ ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจ ืืคืจื™ื. ืืœื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช.
  • ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช "ื›ื ืขื ื™ื" ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื”: ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืงืจ, ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘, ื‘ืขื ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ื™ืœื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจ.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื•ื’ืจื™ืช, ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช-ืชืขื ืš ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจ: "ื‘ืŸ ืจืžืœื™ื”ื•" ืื• "ื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืืœ".

ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช: ืฉืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืฉืฉื”, ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" - ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš.

ืื”ืจื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืชื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ื“ืืจ ื•ื‘ื ืคืชืœื™, ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.

ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช - ื”ืžืื” ื”-1, ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”" Andrew

ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื—' ื“ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช‏[3]

ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ

ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”

ื™ื•ื‘ืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืœื” ื•ื ื˜ืข ืจื‘ืขื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื ืชื—ื ื; ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš; ...

ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•

ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ [4], ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง :"ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉึดืืžึนึผืชึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึฐืžื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ"[5] ื•ื–"ืœ:

"ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืืŸ (ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืœื‘) ื•ืฉืžืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื›ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ืจืื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื ืงื‘ืœื” ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื."

[ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื– ื›ื“].

ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1867 ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืกืข ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ืžืžื” ืฉืื“ืžืชื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืช - ืžืจื—ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื ื•ืื‘ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื–ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืชืคืืจืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉ. ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœื”ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืจ... ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื”... ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฅ ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื—. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืจ - ืื•ืชื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžืช ื–ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช - ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ."[6]

ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ[7]: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื: ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ[8]: 'ื•ึฐืึทืชึถึผื ื”ึธืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื ึฐืคึฐึผื›ึถื ืชึดึผืชึตึผื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืคึถืจึฐื™ึฐื›ึถื ืชึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื›ึดึผื™ ืงึตืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึธื‘ื•ึนื' ืข"ื›. ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "'ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื”' - ื›ืฉืชืชืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืื– ื™ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงืฅ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ".

ืจืื• ื’ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ, ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
    • ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจ - 1988
    • ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช' - 1993
  • ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื ืื˜ืœืก ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1993.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
  2. โ†‘ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 3: ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”
  3. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืจ"ืฉ ืžืงื•ื•ืื•ืช ื—'.
  4. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื•
  5. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ืœื‘
  6. โ†‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช "ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ื—"ื ืขืž' 12.
  7. โ†‘ ื“ืฃ ืฆื— ืข"ื
  8. โ†‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคืจืง ืœื•
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