ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืกืคืง ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”

ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ืกืคืง ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื—ืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื•ืœื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜., ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื, ื•ืกื™ื™ื (ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื): "ื“ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื™ ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”").

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ "ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืžืฆืืชื™" (- ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื ืชื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื•ืœื‘ื•ืขืœ - ืกื•ื˜ื” ื›ื”.), ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช:

  1. ืกืคืง ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืืจืกื” ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื•, ืกืคืง ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•,
  2. ื•ืื ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืชื—ืชื™ื• - ืกืคืง ื‘ืื•ื ืก (ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื” - ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’: ื•ืขื•ื“) ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™:ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜.).

ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” - ื”ืกืชืคืง ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื) ื”ืื ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื—ื•ืœืง ื’ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•. ืืš ื”ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื (ื-ื™ื—) ื•ื”ื”ืคืœืื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•) ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืงืœ ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื. ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื. ื•ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ืก (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜.) ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ืข' ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื’, ื“ืฃ ื ื— ืข"ื‘, ื“ืฉืจื™ื•ืชื ื“ืก"ืก ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื“ื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื• ืฉืจื™ื•ืชื ื“ืก"ืก ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืข"ืฉ, ื•ืขื™' ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืจืžื– ื›ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืกื™' ืชืงืก ืขืฉ"ื”. ื•ืข"ืข ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืœื‘, ืขืฉ"ื” ืž"ืฉ ื•ืจ"ื’ ื“ืคืกื™ืœ ื‘ืก"ืก ื›ื•' ื•ื’ื ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืก"ืก ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืข"ื– ืขืฉ"ื”" ืขื›"ืœ.


ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื "ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื", ืืš ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.

ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ

ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื’: ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืฉื™ืฉ "ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื" ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ?

  • ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘[1] (ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜. (ื‘ืชื•ื“"ื” ืื‘ืขื™ืช ืื™ืžื), ื“"ื” "ื‘ื"ื“ [ื“ืกืคืง ืื•ื ืก", ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ืขื™' ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชื; ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื - ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™' ื›ื”, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืก"ืง ื›ื“ ื‘ืชื•"ื“: "ื•ื›ืŸ ืก"ืก ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื"; ื•ืขื•ื“).
ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ("ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ื") ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ[2] ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ("ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื") ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ[3], ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ[4] ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ[5]. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ื—ื™' ื”ื’ืจื "ื˜, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืจืก"ื™ ื›ื”; ืงื”ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ื“ื•' ืชืฉืž"ื— ืกื™' ื—, ืขื ืฃ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ืœืค"ื– ื”ื, ืžื”ื“ื•' ืชืฉืž"ื˜ ืกื™' ื™ื, ืขืž' ืžื“-ืžื”; ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžืื™ื“ืš - ืขื™' ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืขืจ ื ืคื™"ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ื "ืœ, ืขืž' ื ื–, ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื" ื•ืœื "ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช", ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื).
  • ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืคื™"ื— ืžื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื™"ื– ื•ืขื•ื“; ืขื™' ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื, ื[6]) ืฉืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืจืง ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื•ืืกืจื•ื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ "ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ืกืคืง ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืคื "ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜. ื‘ืชื•ื“"ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื; ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ืก ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“"ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื— ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ืœืขื "ื“; ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื’:).
[ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื’. ื“"ื” ืžืžื–ืจ ื•ื“ืื™; ื•ืขื™' ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื”ื "ืœ[7]) ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืž"ืž ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืชืจ - ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื‘ืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื].
  • ื”ื’ืจื "ื˜ (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืกื™' ื›ื” ื“"ื” ื•ืœืคื™"ื– ื™"ืœ, ืขืž' ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ื "ืœ), ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ืจื. ื•ื"ื› ื™"ืœ ืฉื’ื–ื™ืจืชื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืืžืจื” ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื.
  • ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงืืค (ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจ ืฉืขืจ ื ืคื™"ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ื "ืœ, ื—"ื ืขืž' ื ื–) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื ื”ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจืฉื’ื™ืืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜: ื—ืกืจ ืชื’ </ref> ืกื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื’ <ref> (ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ืชื ื™ื ื ืœื—, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื˜-ื™ื‘ (ืœื: ื‘ื“ืคื™ื•)).ืžืชื”ืคืš - ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืš ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืืœื ื›ืกืคืง ื™ื—ื™ื“.

ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื—ื˜ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืคื’ื•ืžื”. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื: [ื] ืกืคืง ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืคืจืงืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืืš ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉืจื”, [ื‘] ื’ื ืื ื ืคื’ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื” - ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉืจื”.

ืืš ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืคืง [ื] ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, [ื‘] ื•ื’ื ืื ื ืคื’ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” - ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืžื” ื‘ืžืคืจืงืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื ืคื’ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื˜ืจื™ืคื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื (ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืื•ืช ื™ื’).

ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื (ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื—"ื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื‘-ื’).

ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ืฉืงื•ืœ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืื• ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื (ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื-ื™ื—. ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื’ - ืื™ื ื• ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื).

ืืฉื ืชืœื•ื™ - ื“ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืืฉื ืชืœื•ื™ (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื—: ื“"ื” ืžื“ืกื™ืคื, ื•ื”ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื—"ื ืขืž' 474 ืชืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื).

ื›ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื, ื•ื”ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช). ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืฉืื– ื”ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื™ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื) (ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ื‘ื™ืช ื“ ืฉืขืจ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง).

ื—ื•ื–ืง

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื›ืจืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืกื•ืชืจืช ืื•ืชื”[8].

ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืžื ื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืชื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืคืกืงื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื›ื˜ (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช) ื›ืœืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื™ื’ื• ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื™) ืฉืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืจื•ื‘). ืืš ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขื“ื™ืฃ (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื-ื›).

ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืžืขื™ืงืจื - ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘[9], ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืจื•ื‘ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ (ืฉื•"ืช ื—"ื ืชื). ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื›ื˜, ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื-ื›) ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื“ืื™[10], ื•ื"ื› ื ืฉืืจ ืจืง ืกืคืง ืื—ื“, ื•ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื (ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื›ื–).

ืžื•ื—ื–ืง, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• (ื•ืจืง ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ื•ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื•-ื–, ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื-ื›, ืชืงืคื• ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื›ื ื”ื’ื”ื” ื˜ื•, ื˜ื–. ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—). ื•ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืงืฉื” ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘)[11] (ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืฉืžื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜:). ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ)[12](, ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ)[13].

ืกืคืง ื˜ื•ืžืื” (ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื˜ืžื ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ) ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ - ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืžื (ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืจืžื•).

ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื-ืžื’ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื) ืื• ืฉืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื (ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™).

ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉื).

ื•ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื: ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“-ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ืจื˜ื•-ื›) ืคืกืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš.

ืžืจื ืงืžื ื ื’ื“ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื - ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืกืคืง, ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ (ื ื—ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื” ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืชืคื™ืกื” ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ื‘-ื“).

ื›ืœืœื™ื

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื (ื›ืœืœื™ื) ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช.

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™-ื—).

ื‘ืกืคืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืจื•, ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ื‘ืชืจื ื‘. ื“"ื” ืฉืื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช). ื•ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ, ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืžื˜ืขื ืจื•ื‘[14] (ืคืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”-ื’).

ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื›ื•"ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ: ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืจืง ืกืคืง ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืจืง ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ (ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ ืขืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœืฉ"ืš ืœื”).

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกืคืง ืœื ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”, ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื—ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื” (ืกืคืง ืฉืงื•ืœ) ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ, ืื• ืฉื”ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช:

  1. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื (ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื”) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ (ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ[15] ืฉืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื•).
  2. ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช (ืงื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘) ื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื•ื›ืžื—ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื” ื“ืžื™.
  3. ื”ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื) ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ื” (ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื“ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื-ื’).

ื‘ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ื“ื™ื ื - ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืœื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื (ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื-ื›ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจื™ื‘"ืœ).

ื‘ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ - ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืกืจ (ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช) (ืจืขืง"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘. ื“"ื” ืฉื ื•ืžืžืื™ (ื‘ืกื•ืคื•)).

ืจืื” ื’ื


ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื:



ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื”ืคืจื™ ืžืฉื” (ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘, ืžืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืื™ืจ ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืžื”ื“ื•' ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืชืฉื "ื”, ืกื™' ื‘ ืขื ืฃ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ื ืคืง"ืž ื‘ื–ื”, ืขืž' ื›) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื• ืก"ืง ื– ื‘ืชื•"ื“: "...ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื“ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ื”ื•ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ ืฉืชืœืชื ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ืœืคื ื™ื ื•...") ืื• ื“ื“ืœื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ (ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื‘ ืก"ืง ื™ื’ ื‘ืชื•"ื“: "ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืจืง ื›ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืœื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ"). ื–ื” ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœืงืžื™ื”, ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ื ืื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื“ื•"ืง.
  2. โ†‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ (ืงื”ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ - ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื).
  4. โ†‘ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื "ืœ: ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื—ืช - ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก; ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื” - ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ.
  5. โ†‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืกื™ืŸ.
  6. โ†‘ ื•ืข"ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื.
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ื›ื "ืœ.
  8. โ†‘ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื“ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืื—ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฉื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืฉื”.
  9. โ†‘ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื•) ื•ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฉื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื.
  10. โ†‘ ืืš ืข"ืข ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ#ืžืงื•ืจ_ื•ื˜ืขื (ื“"ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืชื”) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืžืขื™ืงืจื ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืื• ืกืคืง.
  11. โ†‘ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื•) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื”.
  12. โ†‘ ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื• ืื•ืช ื.
  13. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘#ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื_ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“"ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืื™ืชื ืงืžืŸ.
  14. โ†‘ ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื•.
  15. โ†‘ ืืš ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข.