ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
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(5 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 4 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:ืชืžื•ื ื”:Alex the mummy Ranbar.jpg|left|thumb|250px|ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื - ื•ืขืงืขืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Ranbar]]
'''ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”''' ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื•ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘<ref>[[ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ]] <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘</makor> ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืžื, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.</ref>, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”'<ref>ืฉื”ืฉ"ืจ ื‘ ื™ื’. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื"ืข, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor> ื•ืจืื” [[ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™]] ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”', ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’ ื) - ืื ืคืงื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ.</ref>. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ืคื’ื™ ื”ืชืื ื”<ref>ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor></ref>.
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'''ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”''' ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื•ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘<ref>[[ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ]] ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘ ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืžื, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.</ref>, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”'<ref>ืฉื”ืฉ"ืจ ื‘ ื™ื’. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื"ืข, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” [[ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™]] ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”', ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’ ื) - ืื ืคืงื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ.</ref>. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ืคื’ื™ ื”ืชืื ื”<ref>ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</ref>.


== ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”==
== ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”==
ืฉื•ืจื” 7: ืฉื•ืจื” 5:
ื‘ืœืขื– ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืžื™ื”<ref>mummia. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื - ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื— ื™ื—; ืฉื ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื; ืฉื ื™ื“ ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืชืชืงืขื˜; ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื“. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืจืื” E. Reichman, In: F. Rosner (ed): ''Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics, ''
ื‘ืœืขื– ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืžื™ื”<ref>mummia. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื - ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื— ื™ื—; ืฉื ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื; ืฉื ื™ื“ ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืชืชืงืขื˜; ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื“. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืจืื” E. Reichman, In: F. Rosner (ed): ''Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics, ''


Janson Aronson, Northvale, 1997, pp. 27ff. ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” - ืจืื” ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื ืขืž' 33-31.</ref>. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช 'ืžื•ื', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื–ืคืช ืื• ืฉืขื•ื•ื”. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื”ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื imbalsamare, ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ in balsamum, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื<ref>ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืข' ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื›ืจืš ื™ื–, ืขืž' 703.</ref>, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. Balsma ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ<ref>ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืช ืกื‘ ื, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ + ื‘ืœืกื - ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื–. ืขืžืจ, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื–, ืชืฉื "ื–, ืขืž' 473.</ref>. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆืžื— ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ื•ื ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื™ื—ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.
Janson Aronson, Northvale, 1997, pp. 27ff. ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” - ืจืื” ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื ืขืž' 33-31.</ref>. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช 'ืžื•ื', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื–ืคืช ืื• ืฉืขื•ื•ื”. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื”ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื imbalsamare, ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ in balsamum, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื<ref>ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืข' ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื›ืจืš ื™ื–, ืขืž' 703.</ref>, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. Balsma ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ<ref>ืจืื” <makor>ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืกื‘ ื,</makor> ื•ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ + ื‘ืœืกื - ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื–. ืขืžืจ, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื–, ืชืฉื "ื–, ืขืž' 473.</ref>. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆืžื— ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ื•ื ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื™ื—ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.


== ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™==
== ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™==
ืฉื•ืจื” 18: ืฉื•ืจื” 16:


==== ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ==== ย 
==== ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ==== ย 
ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ<ref>ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื“ ื‘, ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืงื™ืกื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ.</ref>. ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืกืชืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืชืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื—ืชืš ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื™ืœืื• ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฅ ืืจื–, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืชื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืš 70 ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจื—ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก.</ref>, ืื• ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฉืš 40 ื™ื•ื<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’, ื•ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’.</ref>, ืื• ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœืœื™ - ืจืื” E.W. Budge, The Mummy, New York, 1972, p. 179.</ref>. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืจื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ, ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ ืคืฉืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื<ref>ืžืฉืœื™ ื– ื˜ื–. ืจืื” ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” The Mummy, p. 179.</ref>. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืชื”. ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช 'ืกื ื™ื™ื•', ื•ื”ื 'ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื' ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื.
ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ<ref>ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื“ ื‘, ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืงื™ืกื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ.</ref>. ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืกืชืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืชืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื—ืชืš ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื™ืœืื• ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฅ ืืจื–, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืชื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืš 70 ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจื—ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก.</ref>, ืื• ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฉืš 40 ื™ื•ื<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’,</makor> ื•ืจืื” <makor>ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘,</makor> ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’.</makor></ref>, ืื• ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ<ref>ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœืœื™ - ืจืื” E.W. Budge, The Mummy, New York, 1972, p. 179.</ref>. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืจื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ, ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ ืคืฉืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื<ref>ืžืฉืœื™ ื– ื˜ื–. ืจืื” ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” The Mummy, p. 179.</ref>. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืชื”. ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช 'ืกื ื™ื™ื•', ื•ื”ื 'ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื' ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื.


==== ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื” ====
==== ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื” ====
ืฉื•ืจื” 30: ืฉื•ืจื” 28:


=== ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
=== ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื<ref>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืœื• entaphiastai, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื.</ref>. ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื–ืจืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืงืœืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช.
ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื<ref><makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor> ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืœื• entaphiastai, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื.</ref>. ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื–ืจืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืงืœืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช.


=== ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
=== ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
ืฉื•ืจื” 41: ืฉื•ืจื” 39:


=== ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ===
=== ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ===
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืจืง ืืฆืœ [[ื™ืขืงื‘]]<ref>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื˜ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ืช, ืจืื” ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื—"ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</ref>, ื•ืืฆืœ [[ื™ื•ืกืฃ]]<ref>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•.</ref>. ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ [[ืœื‘ืŸ]] ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื“ื [[ื‘ื›ื•ืจ]] ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื‘ืœื—ืฉ<ref>ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืคืœ"ื•.</ref>.
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืจืง ืืฆืœ [[ื™ืขืงื‘]]<ref><makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor> ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื˜ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ืช, ืจืื” ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื—"ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor></ref>, ื•ืืฆืœ [[ื™ื•ืกืฃ]]<ref><makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•.</makor></ref>. ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ [[ืœื‘ืŸ]] ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื“ื [[ื‘ื›ื•ืจ]] ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื‘ืœื—ืฉ<ref>ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืคืœ"ื•.</ref>.


ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืช [[ืจื—ืœ]] ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘[[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืืจืฅ]], ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช<ref>ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–; ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืช"ืก ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™.</ref>.
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืช [[ืจื—ืœ]] ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘[[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืืจืฅ]], ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช<ref>ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–;</makor> ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืช"ืก ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™.</ref>.


ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื’ื ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš ื ื—ื ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•<ref>ืจืื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš (ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ื˜ื–) 'ื•ื™ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžืจืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืงื—ืช ืžืขืฉื”', ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื”.</ref>,<ref>ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช [[ืื’ื“ื”|ืื’ื“ื™ื™ื]] ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ'ืชืจืคื™ื' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื ื™ื˜) ื›ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื - ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื“. ืฉืคืจื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื›ื•-ื›ื–, ืชืฉื "ื”, ืขืž' 371 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืž. ืื™ื“ืœ, ื’ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื•, ืขืž' 270-267.</ref>.
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื’ื ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš ื ื—ื ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•<ref>ืจืื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘,</makor> ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš (ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ื˜ื–) 'ื•ื™ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžืจืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืงื—ืช ืžืขืฉื”', ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื”.</ref>,<ref>ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช [[ืื’ื“ื”|ืื’ื“ื™ื™ื]] ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ'ืชืจืคื™ื' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื ื™ื˜) ื›ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื - ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื“. ืฉืคืจื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื›ื•-ื›ื–, ืชืฉื "ื”, ืขืž' 371 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืž. ืื™ื“ืœ, ื’ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื•, ืขืž' 270-267.</ref>.


ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืจืžื– ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•<ref>ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–. ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืžื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื ื˜ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžืช, ืื• ืฉืžืช ื•ืœื ื”ืกืจื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”<ref>ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื• ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืž. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืœื‘ื™"ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘.</ref>. ื ื—ืœืงื• [[ืชื ืื™ื]] ืื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•<ref>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื—ืช"ืก ืขืœ ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืค"ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ื•' ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.</ref>. ื”[[ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื]] ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื—ื ื˜ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ - ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•; ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉ[[ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘|ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื]] ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘<ref>ืจืื” - ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ื—ื™, ืจ"ื  ื‘; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘; ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื—, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”; ืก' ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืง"ื  ืกื™' ืฉืคื’.</ref>.
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืจืžื– ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•<ref>ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–.</makor> ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืžื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื ื˜ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžืช, ืื• ืฉืžืช ื•ืœื ื”ืกืจื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”<ref>ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor></ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื• ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืž. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืœื‘ื™"ื, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘</makor> ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘.</ref>. ื ื—ืœืงื• [[ืชื ืื™ื]] ืื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•<ref><makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“.</makor> ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื—ืช"ืก ืขืœ ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor> ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืค"ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ื•' ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.</ref>. ื”[[ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื]] ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื—ื ื˜ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ - ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•; ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉ[[ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘|ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื]] ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘<ref>ืจืื” - ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ื—ื™, ืจ"ื  ื‘; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘;</makor> ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื—, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”; ืก' ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืง"ื  ืกื™' ืฉืคื’.</ref>.


ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•<ref>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื™ื‘. ื"ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ.</ref>.
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•<ref><makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื™ื‘.</makor> ื"ืข <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•,</makor> ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ.</ref>.
ย 
ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื ื˜ ืืช ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืชื•


=== ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
=== ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ===
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”[[ืžืคืจืฉื™ื]] ื•ื”[[ืคื•ืกืงื™ื]], ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื—<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜.</ref>. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืœื‘, ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืคืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื—<ref>ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•"ืฉ ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืค"ื  ืื•ืช ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜.</ref>, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“.</ref>, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ<ref>ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืขื”"ืค ื•ื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื“ืจ"ื  ืข"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืงื• ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื ืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืกืžื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.</ref>, ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื— ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”.</ref>, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืช; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ืš ืขืฉื• ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื˜ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•. ื•ืื’ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœื ืงื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื“ืง, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืกืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.</ref>, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ.</ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช<ref>ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜. ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื - ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื“"ืง ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื - ืข"ื– ื™ื ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื—, ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืš ื“ื ื–ื™ืจ ื ื ื‘, ื“ืืฉืงื•ื” ืžื™ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื ืฉื, ื•ืฉืœืงื• ื‘ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ืœืง ื“, ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื.</ref>,<ref>ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืฆืœ ืืกื (ื“ื‘ื”"ื™ ื˜ื– ื™ื“), ื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื“ ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ ื - ืขืœ ืฉืจืคื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื“) ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืคืช, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื - ืจืื” ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืžื” ื, ื•ืจืื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื‘ ื‘. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ืžื˜ืขื ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืชืœื›ื•, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืฉืจืคื• ื”ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืืคืจ ื”ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช - ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ืชืŸ ืื“ืœืจ, ื”ืจืžืŸ ืื“ืœืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื ื” ืœื”, ื—ื•ื‘' ื‘, ,1962 ืขืž' 127, ืืš ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื™ื’-ืงื™ื“ ืคื™ืงืคืง ืื ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื›, ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื’ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื” ื–, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—-ื™, ืชืฉืœ"ื—, ืขืž' ื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื ื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืขื‘ ืื•ืช ื“; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื ืคื˜"ื– ืื•ืช ื˜; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื–ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื—-ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืœื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื™' ืงืฆื–-ืงืฆื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื™ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื– ืื•ืช ื‘; ืฉื, ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ื ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื—' ืืžื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื›ื’-ืงื›ื“ (ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›); ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™' ืงืฆื˜ ืกื•ืกืง"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื•ื ืชืงืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื, ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ืจืคื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืกืชืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืกื™' ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืจื” ืชื ื™ื ื ืกื™' ืกื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืกื™' ืฉืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืžื”; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืฉ) ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงืž; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืกื™' ื› ื•ืกื™' ืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื’; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืื™"ืฉ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื”-ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ, ืกื™' ืขื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืืฉืจ ืกื™' ืกื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืข; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื–; ืคืจื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื ืจ, ืขืž' 523-521; F. Rosner, ''Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics''
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”[[ืžืคืจืฉื™ื]] ื•ื”[[ืคื•ืกืงื™ื]], ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื—<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜.</ref>. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืœื‘, ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืคืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื—<ref><makor>ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.</makor> ื•ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•"ืฉ ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืค"ื  ืื•ืช ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ <makor>ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜.</makor></ref>, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“.</ref>, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ<ref>ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืขื”"ืค ื•ื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื“ืจ"ื  ืข"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘,</makor> ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืงื• ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื ืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืกืžื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ <makor>ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘,</makor> ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.</ref>, ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื— ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”.</ref>, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืช; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ืš ืขืฉื• ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื˜ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•. ื•ืื’ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœื ืงื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื“ืง, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืกืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.</ref>, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ.</ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช<ref>ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ <makor>ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜.</makor> ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื - ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื“"ืง ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื - <makor>ืข"ื– ื™ื ื,</makor> ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื—, ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืš ื“ื ื–ื™ืจ ื ื ื‘, ื“ืืฉืงื•ื” ืžื™ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื ืฉื, ื•ืฉืœืงื• ื‘ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ืœืง ื“, ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื.</ref>,<ref>ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืฆืœ ืืกื (ื“ื‘ื”"ื™ ื˜ื– ื™ื“), ื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื“ ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื <makor>ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ ื</makor> - ืขืœ ืฉืจืคื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื“) ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืคืช, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื - ืจืื” ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘; <makor>ืจืžื‘"ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื”;</makor> ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืžื” ื, ื•ืจืื” <makor>ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื‘ ื‘.</makor> ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ืžื˜ืขื ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืชืœื›ื•, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืฉืจืคื• ื”ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืืคืจ ื”ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช - ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ืชืŸ ืื“ืœืจ, ื”ืจืžืŸ ืื“ืœืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื ื” ืœื”, ื—ื•ื‘' ื‘, ,1962 ืขืž' 127, ืืš ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื™ื’-ืงื™ื“ ืคื™ืงืคืง ืื ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื›, ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื’ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื” ื–, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—-ื™, ืชืฉืœ"ื—, ืขืž' ื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื ื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืขื‘ ืื•ืช ื“; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื ืคื˜"ื– ืื•ืช ื˜; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื–ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื—-ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืœื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื™' ืงืฆื–-ืงืฆื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื™ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื– ืื•ืช ื‘; ืฉื, ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ื ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื—' ืืžื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื›ื’-ืงื›ื“ (ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›); ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™' ืงืฆื˜ ืกื•ืกืง"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื•ื ืชืงืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื, ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ืจืคื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ <makor>ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื.</makor> ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืกืชืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืกื™' ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืจื” ืชื ื™ื ื ืกื™' ืกื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืกื™' ืฉืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืžื”; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืฉ) ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงืž; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืกื™' ื› ื•ืกื™' ืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื’; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืื™"ืฉ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื”-ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ, ืกื™' ืขื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืืฉืจ ืกื™' ืกื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืข; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื–; ืคืจื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื ืจ, ืขืž' 523-521; F. Rosner, ''Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics''


, 1986, pp. 306-308. ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื— ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื 'ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื', ืžื”ืจื‘ ื“ืืœื˜ื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืงื‘ ืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืขื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜-ื ; ืฉื•"ืช ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ืกื™' ืงื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื— ืกื™' ืœื”; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื›ื‘ ืื•ืช ื›ื‘. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ ืจืื” ืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืงื™ืจืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืžืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื” (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ) ืชืฉื›"ื’, ื›ืจืš ื”, ืขืž' 21, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 23. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื˜ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœ; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ืกื™' ื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืกื™' ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 368-367.</ref>.
, 1986, pp. 306-308. ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื— ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื 'ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื', ืžื”ืจื‘ ื“ืืœื˜ื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืงื‘ ืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืขื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜-ื ; ืฉื•"ืช ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ืกื™' ืงื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื— ืกื™' ืœื”; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื›ื‘ ืื•ืช ื›ื‘. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ ืจืื” ืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืงื™ืจืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืžืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื” (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ) ืชืฉื›"ื’, ื›ืจืš ื”, ืขืž' 21, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 23. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื˜ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœ; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ืกื™' ื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืกื™' ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 368-367.</ref>.


ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื•<ref>ื‘"ื‘ ื’ ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ Preuss J, ''Biblical and Talmudic Medicine''
ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื•<ref><makor>ื‘"ื‘ ื’ ื‘.</makor> ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ Preuss J, ''Biblical and Talmudic Medicine''


ย  (trans. F. Rosner), p. 513.</ref>.
ย  (trans. F. Rosner), p. 513.</ref>.
ืฉื•ืจื” 62: ืฉื•ืจื” 62:
== ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื==
== ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื==


ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื.
ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืืกื•ืจื” .


ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื’ื ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื‘ื™"ืช ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจื™. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืš, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืžืฆืจืฃ, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื–, ืฉื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืชืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›ื (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜); ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื™' ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืž; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉืื”, ืกื™' ืฉื ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•.</ref>, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื–ื”; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืคืจื” ืœืžืช<ref>ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื– ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื’-ืงืžื“, ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.</ref>, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืคืจืช ื”ืžืช<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืจืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืคืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื™ื˜, ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื”.</ref>. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช<ref>ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื.</ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืืกืจ ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืžื“ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื“.</ref>, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง<ref>ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื•"ืง ื›ื– ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื ื’.</ref>. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ื ืื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื•<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืข' ื ืชื•ื— ืžืช.</ref>.
ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื’ื ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื‘ื™"ืช ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจื™. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืš, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืžืฆืจืฃ, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื–, ืฉื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”.</ref>; ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืชืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›ื (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜); ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื™' ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืž; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉืื”, ืกื™' ืฉื ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•.</ref>, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื–ื”; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืคืจื” ืœืžืช<ref>ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื– ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื’-ืงืžื“, ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.</ref>, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืคืจืช ื”ืžืช<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืจืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืคืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื™ื˜, ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื”.</ref>. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช<ref>ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื.</ref>; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืืกืจ ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืžื“ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื“.</ref>, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง<ref>ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื•"ืง ื›ื– ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื ื’.</ref>. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ื ืื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื•<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืข' ื ืชื•ื— ืžืช.</ref>.
ืฉื•ืจื” 68: ืฉื•ืจื” 68:
ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช. ืื›ืŸ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืจืงื‘ื•ื ื• ื•ืกืจื—ื•ื ื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื“ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช, ื•ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ืžืช ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ืขืžื•, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช<ref>ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—"ื ืค"ื” ืื•ืช ื–.</ref>. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืžื ื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื™ ืขืžื™ื ื• ืคืงืจื• ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื’. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื—, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.</ref>.
ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช. ืื›ืŸ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืจืงื‘ื•ื ื• ื•ืกืจื—ื•ื ื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื“ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช, ื•ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ืžืช ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ืขืžื•, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช<ref>ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—"ื ืค"ื” ืื•ืช ื–.</ref>. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืžื ื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื™ ืขืžื™ื ื• ืคืงืจื• ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ<ref>ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื’. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื—, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.</ref>.


ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื, ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื<ref>ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื. ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉ"ืก ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ืฃ ืงื™ื–, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ื.</ref>. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื<ref>ืชื•"ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืขื’; ืชื•"ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืจืข. ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื” ื, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื– ื, ื•ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื” ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื•ื˜. ื•ืืืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืช ื›ื˜, ื“ื—ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื™ื’ืจืข ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื ืžืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.</ref>.
ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื, ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื<ref>ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื. ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉ"ืก ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ืฃ ืงื™ื–, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ื.</ref>. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื<ref>ืชื•"ืช <makor>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืขื’;</makor> ืชื•"ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืจืข. ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื” ื, <makor>ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื– ื,</makor> ื•ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื” ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื•ื˜. ื•ืืืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืช ื›ื˜, ื“ื—ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื™ื’ืจืข ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื ืžืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.</ref>.


ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžื ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื<ref>ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™' ื“-ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•.</ref>.
ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžื ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื<ref>ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™' ื“-ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•.</ref>.
ืฉื•ืจื” 77: ืฉื•ืจื” 77:


ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”<ref>ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื›ื. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื ื›ืจื™, ื•ืชืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”.</ref>.
ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”<ref>ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื›ื. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื ื›ืจื™, ื•ืชืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”.</ref>.
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{{ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื|ื˜ื•ืจื™ื=ื›ืŸ}}
==ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื==
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[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื”]]

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ16:53, 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020

ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉื ื•ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘[1], ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”'[2]. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ืคื’ื™ ื”ืชืื ื”[3].

ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืœืขื– ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืžื™ื”[4]. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช 'ืžื•ื', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื–ืคืช ืื• ืฉืขื•ื•ื”. ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื”ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื imbalsamare, ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ in balsamum, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื[5], ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. Balsma ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ[6]. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆืžื— ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ื•ื ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื™ื—ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.

ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก (425-484 ืœืคื ื”"ืก)[7], ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืก (ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 40 ืœืคื ื”"ืก)[8]. ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ ื–ื›ื• ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืช-ืขื ื—'-ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืกืงืจ-ืื-ืกืืฃ, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5,000 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื - ื“ืจืš ื™ืงืจื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื–ื•ืœื”.

ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ[9]. ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืกืชืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืฉืชืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื—ืชืš ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื™ืœืื• ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฅ ืืจื–, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืชื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืš 70 ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจื—ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ื[10], ืื• ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฉืš 40 ื™ื•ื[11], ืื• ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ[12]. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืจื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”, ื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ, ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ ืคืฉืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื[13]. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืชื”. ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช 'ืกื ื™ื™ื•', ื•ื”ื 'ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื' ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื.

ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืžืขืฅ ืืจื–, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจืชื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื–ืจืง, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืชืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื”, ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื ืœืžื™ืกืžื•ืก ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืชื” ื‘ื ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื ืœื”ืžืกืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœื ืขื•ืจื• ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื•.

ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•ืœื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื™ืก, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืš 70 ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช 'ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื•', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื’ื•ืœืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ืžืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื“.

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืจื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื ื˜ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ[14]. ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืขื“ ืฉืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื— ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”[15].

ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื[16]. ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื–ืจืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืงืœืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช.

ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ื™ื-ืฉืœืื—ืจ-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืชื, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ืคืฉ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื[17].

ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”.

ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘[18], ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ[19]. ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื‘ืœื—ืฉ[20].

ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืช ืจื—ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช[21].

ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื’ื ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš ื ื—ื ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•[22],[23].

ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืจืžื– ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•[24]; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื ื˜ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžืช, ืื• ืฉืžืช ื•ืœื ื”ืกืจื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”[25]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื• ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•[26]. ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•[27]. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื—ื ื˜ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ - ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•; ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘[28].

ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•[29].

ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื ื˜ ืืช ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืชื•

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื—[30]. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืœื‘, ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืคืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื—[31], ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ[32], ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช[33]; ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ[34], ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ[35], ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืช; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ืš ืขืฉื• ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื ื˜ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ[36], ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš[37]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช[38],[39].

ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื•[40].

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืืกื•ืจื” .

ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื’ื ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืœืžืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ[41]; ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืชืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ[42], ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื–ื”; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืคืจื” ืœืžืช[43], ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืคืจืช ื”ืžืช[44]. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช[45]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืืกืจ ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”[46], ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง[47]. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ื ืื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื•[48].

ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช. ืื›ืŸ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืจืงื‘ื•ื ื• ื•ืกืจื—ื•ื ื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื“ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช, ื•ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ืžืช ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ืขืžื•, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช[49]. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืžื ื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื™ ืขืžื™ื ื• ืคืงืจื• ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ[50].

ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื, ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื[51]. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื[52].

ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžื ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื[53].

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘'ืชืจื•ืคื”' ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืžื–ืคืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื[54]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืืกืจื•[55].

ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”[56].

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘ ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืžื, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
  2. โ†‘ ืฉื”ืฉ"ืจ ื‘ ื™ื’. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื"ืข, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืื ื” ื—ื ื˜ื” ืคื’ื™ื”', ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’ ื) - ืื ืคืงื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.
  4. โ†‘ mummia. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื - ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื— ื™ื—; ืฉื ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื; ืฉื ื™ื“ ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืชืชืงืขื˜; ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื“. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืจืื” E. Reichman, In: F. Rosner (ed): Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics, Janson Aronson, Northvale, 1997, pp. 27ff. ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื–ืคืช ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” - ืจืื” ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืฉื ืขืž' 33-31.
  5. โ†‘ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืข' ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื›ืจืš ื™ื–, ืขืž' 703.
  6. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืกื‘ ื, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ + ื‘ืœืกื - ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื–. ืขืžืจ, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื–, ืชืฉื "ื–, ืขืž' 473.
  7. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™, 85.
  8. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 91.
  9. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื“ ื‘, ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืขืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืงื™ืกื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ.
  10. โ†‘ ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก.
  11. โ†‘ ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’, ื•ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื’.
  12. โ†‘ ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœืœื™ - ืจืื” E.W. Budge, The Mummy, New York, 1972, p. 179.
  13. โ†‘ ืžืฉืœื™ ื– ื˜ื–. ืจืื” ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” The Mummy, p. 179.
  14. โ†‘ The Mummy, p. 183.
  15. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื, ;1:9 ื”ื "ืœ, ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื™ื“, 4:7.
  16. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืœื• entaphiastai, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื.
  17. โ†‘ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื—"ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–.
  18. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื˜ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืงืคืชื™ืช, ืจืื” ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื—"ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.
  19. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•.
  20. โ†‘ ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืคืœ"ื•.
  21. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–; ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืช"ืก ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™.
  22. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืกื ื”ืžืœืš (ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ื˜ื–) 'ื•ื™ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžืจืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืงื—ืช ืžืขืฉื”', ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ืฆื”.
  23. โ†‘ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื’ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ'ืชืจืคื™ื' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื ื™ื˜) ื›ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื - ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื“. ืฉืคืจื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื›ื•-ื›ื–, ืชืฉื "ื”, ืขืž' 371 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืž. ืื™ื“ืœ, ื’ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉื "ื•, ืขืž' 270-267.
  24. โ†‘ ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื–. ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืžื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“.
  25. โ†‘ ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘.
  26. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืž. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืœื‘ื™"ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘.
  27. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื“. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืœื—ืช"ืก ืขืœ ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืค"ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื—ื ื˜ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ื•' ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.
  28. โ†‘ ืจืื” - ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื™ื—ื™, ืจ"ื  ื‘; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘; ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื—, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”; ืก' ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืง"ื  ืกื™' ืฉืคื’.
  29. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืง ื™ื‘. ื"ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ.
  30. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜.
  31. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•"ืฉ ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืค"ื  ืื•ืช ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜.
  32. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“.
  33. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—.
  34. โ†‘ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื ืคืจ' ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืขื”"ืค ื•ื™ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื“ืจ"ื  ืข"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืงื• ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื ืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืกืžื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื‘, ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
  35. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื— ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•ืค"ื”.
  36. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•. ื•ืื’ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืฉืžืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœื ืงื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื“ืง, ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืกืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
  37. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ.
  38. โ†‘ ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ื˜. ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื - ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื“"ืง ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื - ืข"ื– ื™ื ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื—, ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›, ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืš ื“ื ื–ื™ืจ ื ื ื‘, ื“ืืฉืงื•ื” ืžื™ ื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื ืฉื, ื•ืฉืœืงื• ื‘ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื—ืœืง ื“, ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื.
  39. โ†‘ ื•ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืฆืœ ืืกื (ื“ื‘ื”"ื™ ื˜ื– ื™ื“), ื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื“ ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ ื - ืขืœ ืฉืจืคื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื“) ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืคืช, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื - ืจืื” ืฉืžื•"ื ืœื ื™ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืžื” ื, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื‘ ื‘. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ืžื˜ืขื ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืช, ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืชืœื›ื•, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืฉืจืคื• ื”ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืืคืจ ื”ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช - ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ืชืŸ ืื“ืœืจ, ื”ืจืžืŸ ืื“ืœืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจืฅ, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื ื” ืœื”, ื—ื•ื‘' ื‘, ,1962 ืขืž' 127, ืืš ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื™ื’-ืงื™ื“ ืคื™ืงืคืง ืื ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื›, ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื’ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื” ื–, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—-ื™, ืชืฉืœ"ื—, ืขืž' ื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื ื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืขื‘ ืื•ืช ื“; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื ืคื˜"ื– ืื•ืช ื˜; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื›ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื–ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื—-ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืœื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื™' ืงืฆื–-ืงืฆื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื™ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื– ืื•ืช ื‘; ืฉื, ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ื ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื—' ืืžื•ืช ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ - ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงื›ื’-ืงื›ื“ (ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›); ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™' ืงืฆื˜ ืกื•ืกืง"ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื•ื ืชืงืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื, ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ืจืคื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืกืชืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืกื™' ืœื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืจื” ืชื ื™ื ื ืกื™' ืกื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ืกื™' ืฉืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืžื”; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืฉ) ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืงืž; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืกื™' ื› ื•ืกื™' ืžื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื’; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืื™"ืฉ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื”-ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ, ืกื™' ืขื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืืฉืจ ืกื™' ืกื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืข; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื–; ืคืจื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื ืจ, ืขืž' 523-521; F. Rosner, Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics , 1986, pp. 306-308. ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื— ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื 'ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื', ืžื”ืจื‘ ื“ืืœื˜ื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืงื‘ ืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืขื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜-ื ; ืฉื•"ืช ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ืกื™' ืงื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื— ืกื™' ืœื”; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ - ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ ื—"ื’ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื›ื‘ ืื•ืช ื›ื‘. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ ืจืื” ืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืงื™ืจืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืžืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ืื–ื›ืจื” (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ) ืชืฉื›"ื’, ื›ืจืš ื”, ืขืž' 21, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 23. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ื˜ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœ; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื ืกื™' ืœื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ืกื™' ื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืกื™' ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 368-367.
  40. โ†‘ ื‘"ื‘ ื’ ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ Preuss J, Biblical and Talmudic Medicine (trans. F. Rosner), p. 513.
  41. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืฉืกื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืคื“; ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื‘ื™"ืช ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจื™. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืš, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืžืฆืจืฃ, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื–, ืฉื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื”.
  42. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื—"ื ืกื™' ื›ื (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื˜); ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื™' ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืž; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉืื”, ืกื™' ืฉื ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืช"ืก ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื•.
  43. โ†‘ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื– ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื’-ืงืžื“, ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.
  44. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืจืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืคืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื—"ื ืค"ื ืกื™' ื’ ืื•ืช ื™ื˜, ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
  45. โ†‘ ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื; ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื.
  46. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืžื“ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืžื“.
  47. โ†‘ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื•"ืง ื›ื– ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื ื’.
  48. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืžื—. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืข' ื ืชื•ื— ืžืช.
  49. โ†‘ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—"ื ืค"ื” ืื•ืช ื–.
  50. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืจื’. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ืœืืืžื•"ืจ ืกื™' ืงื—, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
  51. โ†‘ ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื’ ื. ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉ"ืก ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ืฃ ืงื™ื–, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ื.
  52. โ†‘ ืชื•"ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืขื’; ืชื•"ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ืจืข. ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื” ื, ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื– ื, ื•ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื” ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื•ื˜. ื•ืืืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืช ื›ื˜, ื“ื—ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื™ื’ืจืข ื—ื ื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื ืžืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.
  53. โ†‘ ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™' ื“-ื”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•.
  54. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืชืชืงืขื˜. ืจืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ E. Reichman, In: F. Rosner (ed): Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics, Janson Aronson, Northvale, 1997, pp. 45-46, ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื.ื. ืฉืžืฉ, ืืกื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘' ืกื˜-ืข, ืชืฉืก"ื‘, ืขืž' 140 ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืžื”ืจื™ืง"ืฉ ืกื™' ืฉืฆื ืกืง"ื; ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™, ืฉื ื” ื‘, ืคืจ' ืืžื•ืจ, ืกืง"ื•. ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื–. ืขืžืจ ื•ื. ืœื‘, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืชืฉ"ืก, ืขืž' 138-9. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™-ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–. ืขืžืจ, ืืกื™ื, ืขื’-ืขื“, ืชืฉืก"ื“, ืขืž' 32 ื•ืื™ืœืš.
  55. โ†‘ ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื.
  56. โ†‘ ืžืฉืœ"ืž ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ื›ื. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื˜ ื ื›ืจื™, ื•ืชืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžืช ืขื›ื•"ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”.