ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ืฉืจืขื‘ื™)

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื [ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื“ื™ื“ื™ืข] ืฉืจืขื‘ื™[1] ืžื›ื•ื ื”: ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ, ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืž"ืฉ[2][3] (ื”'ืชืก"ื’[4], - ื™' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”'ืชืงืœ"ื–, 1777[5][6]) ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืž"ืฉ"‏[7] ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื•"ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ", ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืฉืจืขื‘[8][9][10][11] ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืžื“ ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ืฆื ืขื. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืฆืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื“, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืš ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฆื ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืœื“ืžืฉืง.

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•", ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื›ืš‏[12]: ื•ื“ืข, ื›ื™ 'ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื•'‏[13] ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื–"ืœ, ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืืจืฅ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆืจื” ืœืขื™ืจื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ืžืฉืง ... ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืขืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—, ื•ื ืชืขื›ื‘ ืคื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ืžืฉืง. ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืคื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืš ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืขืžื”ื. ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "ื•ื›ื” ืชื“ื‘ืจ"‏[14] ื•ื’ื•' ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืชื™ื‘ืช "ื›ื”" ืžืคื™ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืฆื•ืขืง ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช "ื›ื”" ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“? ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ื”ืื“ื™ ืืœ ื›ื” ื—ืจืงืช ืงืœื‘ื™"‏[15][16] ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื ืžืฆื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื–ืจื— ืื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ื‘"ื‘, ื‘ื ืืœ ืืจืฆื ื• ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื˜ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•'ืืฉืจื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืจืืชื”ื•'‏[17], ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ!‏[18] ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœื—ืœื‘, ืฉื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ื›ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ืจ. ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืฆื” ื‘ืคืกื—. ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” - ืจื‘ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื—ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”,‏[19] ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืง"ื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืืฉืชื• ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™[20] ื•ื‘ืชื• ืจื‘ืงื”‏[21]. ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื›ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื"‏[22] ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื,‏[23] ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื’ืื–ื™[24], ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื” ืจื•ื–ื”[25] ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืก ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘[26] ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ‏[27]ืืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืจื‘ื.

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืฉืœื— ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ืืœื’ืื–ื™[28] ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืจื™ืžื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืืฃ ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ[29], ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืจ' ื ืชืŸ ืื“ืœืจ (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ[30]. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงื "ื• ื™ืฆื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืจืขื‘ื™‏[31] ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ‏[32], ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช "ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•". ื•ืžืื– ื ืชืคืฉื˜ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”‏[33]. ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ.‏[34] ืื—ืช ืžืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.

ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื”‏[35] ื‘ื” ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืื‘ื” ื•ืฆืขืจื”, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ‏[36].

ืชืคื™ืœืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื ื•ืจืื” ื•ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื— ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื™ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.

ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื ืงืจืื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ื, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื™ืคื”, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืืžืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื‏[37], ืื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื‏[38], ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœื•ื‏[39], ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื‏[40], ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื.‏[41]

ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจ"ื™, ื•ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื. " "ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื 'ื•ืกื”ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื'‏[42] ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื‏[43] ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ืœืžื”ืจื—"ื• ื–"ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•‏[44], ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื’ืข ื™ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ..."

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘‏[45] ื›ืš: "ื™ืขืŸ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื–ืง ื™ืฆื ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื•, 'ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•'‏[46], ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”' ื™ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื“ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืžื”ื ื™ืฆื ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื”' ื™ื›ืคืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืืœื ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืจืขืชื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”', ื”' ื™ื›ืคืจ".

ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœืชื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ื›ื™ 'ืขื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื'‏[47], ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื•ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–ืœื”"ื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืžื”ืจื—"ื• ื–ืœื”"ื” ืœื‘ื“ื, ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ืกืคืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžื“ืœื’ื•, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืœื ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”', ืืœ ื™ื”ื™ ืœื›ื ืžื’ืข ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื".

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื‏[48] ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืœืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื ืฉืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ืื ืœืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ".‏[49]

ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœืื’'ื™ (ื”ืฉื ื™) ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืชื•ื›ื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื" ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™: "ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืจื‘ ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื–"ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•', ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืื ืชื–ื›ื• ืื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื›ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช‏[50], ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื–ื™"ืข." ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื[51] ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืคืœื... ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ..."

ืžืกืคืจื™ื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฆื‘ืชื•[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื.‏[53] ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืš: ืงื‘ืจ"ืช ืืจืฅ‏[54] ืื™ืฉ ื-ืœื“ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื,‏[55] ื”ืฉืงื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื‏[56] ื›ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื“ื™ื“ื™ืข ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื–ืœื”"ื”, ื ื— ื ืคืฉื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื ืช 'ืžื ื•ื—ืช"ื• ื›ื‘ื•"ื“'‏[57] ืœืค"ื’‏[58]

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ืฉื‘ื–ื™)[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื‘ืื–ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืฉื‘"ื– ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ืฉื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ)[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ - (ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉึฐื‚ื˜ึฐืจึธืืฉืื•ึผืŸ (ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ; ื™"ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืงื "ื“, 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1793 - ื™"ื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”'ืชืจืœ"ื‘, 21 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1872) ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืœื™ื˜ืื™, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ.

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • Pinchas Giller, Shalom Sharสฟabi and the Kabbalists of Beit El, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ืฉืจืขื‘ื™) ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
תקופת הזוגותתנאיםאמוראיםסבוראיםגאוניםראשוניםאחרוניםציר הזמן

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]


ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•
  2. โ†‘ ืื• ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ
  3. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื
  4. โ†‘ ืื• ื”'ืช"ืค 1720
  5. โ†‘ ืื• ื”'ืชืงืž"ื‘ 1782
  6. โ†‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘"ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™"]
  7. โ†‘ "ืฉืž"ืฉ" ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™.
  8. โ†‘ ืื• ื‘ืฆื ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ
  9. โ†‘ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื‘ื–ื™ ืžืฆื ืขื ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•
  10. โ†‘ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™' ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•
  11. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ ื ื•ื™, "ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ื“ืชึพื”ืขื ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื•ืื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ, ืชืฉืœ"ื–, ืขืž' ืงืœื‘-ืงืžื˜
  12. โ†‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•, ื—ืœืง ื', ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื“ืฃ ืก"ื“, ื“"ื” ื•ื“ืข, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจื "ื—, ืขืž' ืœื‘
  13. โ†‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžื“, ื‘)
  14. โ†‘ (ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื’, ื”)
  15. โ†‘ (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื–ืืช ื”"ื›ื”" ืฉืจืคื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™)
  16. โ†‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœืช "ื›ื”" ื”ื™ื ืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืง' ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ื ืขื ืงื•ื‘"ื” ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืขื”"ื› ืœืžื•ื”ืจื—"ื•
  17. โ†‘ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ืืžืจืชื ื›ื” ืœื—ื™
  18. โ†‘ ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•, ื—ืœืง ื', ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื“ืฃ ืก"ื“, ื“"ื” ื•ื“ืข, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจื "ื—, ืขืž' ืœื‘
  19. โ†‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• (ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื”), ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืกืชื "ืžื•ืจื™ ืจ' ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ืŸ" ื•ืœื "ืžื•ืจื™-ื—ืžื™" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”
  20. โ†‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื "ื”ื—"ื™ ื‘ืฉืž"ืฉ"
  21. โ†‘ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืœื ืจื‘ืงื” ื—ื ื”
  22. โ†‘ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื
  23. โ†‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ", "ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื"
  24. โ†‘ ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ืืœื’ืื–ื™
  25. โ†‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื›ื
  26. โ†‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืื’ืืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจืคืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื” ืคืจื™ืจื
  27. โ†‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”
  28. โ†‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืœ"ื–
  29. โ†‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ "ื”ื”ืคืœืื”"
  30. โ†‘ ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื–ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื‘ืขืœื–ื ืœื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื•. ืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื›ื˜ ืขืž' ืคื“)
  31. โ†‘ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ
  32. โ†‘ ืชื•ื ื™ืก ื•ืฉืืจ ืขืจื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
  33. โ†‘ "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื’, ืขืž' 206, ืžืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก "ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง"; "ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืขืž' 155. 660
  34. โ†‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืจื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ืœืจื‘ ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืคื’ื™'ืŸ.
  35. โ†‘ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ื‘ื˜ ืžืฉืžื™ื ืขื“ื” ืชืžื”", ื•ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
  36. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
  37. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืคื’'ื™ืŸ
  38. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื”ืœืœ
  39. โ†‘ ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™
  40. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฆืจื™
  41. โ†‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขื˜ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขื˜ื™ื™ื”
  42. โ†‘ ืื™ื•ื‘ ื˜ื–, ื™ื˜
  43. โ†‘ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช "ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ" ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
  44. โ†‘ ืข"ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ื“, ืœื”)
  45. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืกื™ื“ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ
  46. โ†‘ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ (ื–, ื›ื•) ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื”
  47. โ†‘ ืข"ืค ืื™ื•ื‘ (ื˜ื–, ื™ื˜)
  48. โ†‘ ื›ืžื• ืจ' ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจ ืžืฉื” ืคืจืกื™ืื“ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืคืชื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ื“ืฃ ื™"ื‘ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘'; ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืจื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืขื™ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืข ื“ืฃ ืข"ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘'
  49. โ†‘ "ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื" ื—ืœืง ื’' ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืกื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื“'
  50. โ†‘ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘:ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช
  51. โ†‘ ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉ' ื‘ืขืจื›ื•
  52. โ†‘ ื ื“ืคืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื—
  53. โ†‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื
  54. โ†‘ ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืคื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื—, ื–, "ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืจืช ืืจืฅ"
  55. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘, ื“, ื˜
  56. โ†‘ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ืœืง ื’, ื“ืฃ ืจืฆื•, ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘
  57. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื™ื, ื™, "ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ื—ืชื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“"
  58. โ†‘ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืชื• ืœืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื ื•ื˜ (ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื•ื ื™' ืฉื‘ื˜) ื›ืชื‘: ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ ืจื™ืงื.