ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื ื’'ืœื• - ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืคืกืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื”ืฉื ืช 1513 ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ืœื:Ulrich Mayring

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื". ื‘ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช "ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื" [1] ื•"ืขื‘ื“ ื”'" [2] . ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื ืืžืจ "ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”". ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื, ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื” ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื–ืžืชื•. ืืš ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” [3].


ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉ"ืžืžืฉื” ืขื“ ืžืฉื” ืœื ืงื ื›ืžืฉื”", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืื– ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”:" ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื“ ื”ึทื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึนืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืจึธื ื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืžืฉืึถื” ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ-ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ" ([[ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]], ืœ"ื“, ื™"ื‘). ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข"ืค, ื‘ื™"ื“ ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื™ื“- ื”ื—ื–ืงื”". ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘" ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.


ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื–' ืื“ืจ ืฉื ืช ืชืค"ื— (2,488 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื), ื‘ืŸ 120 ืฉื ื” (2,368), 40 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื (2,409). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ "ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื”', ื•ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”" [4] . ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.

ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืจืฉื• :" ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืกืชืชืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘``ื”, ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื. ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืชื—ื ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืžืฉื”, ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื“ื ื•! ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”".

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—: ื›ึผึทืžึธื” ืžึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ืœึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ!

ืึดืœื•ึผ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืฉืึฐืคึธื˜ึดื™ื, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืฉืึฐืคึธื˜ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึตืืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึตืืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึธืจึทื’ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจึตื™ื”ึถื, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื”ึธืจึทื’ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืžึธืžื•ึนื ึธื, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืžึธืžื•ึนื ึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึธืจึทืข ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธื, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืงึธืจึทืข ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึตื™ืจึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ื•ึน ื‘ึผึถื—ึธืจึธื‘ึธื”, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึตื™ืจึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ื•ึน ื‘ึผึถื—ึธืจึธื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึดืงึผึทืข ืฆึธืจึตื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ื•ึน, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืฉืึดืงึทืข ืฆึธืจึตื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ื•ึน ื•ึฐืœึนื ืกึดืคึผึตืง ืฆึธืจึฐื›ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืกึดืคึผึตืง ืฆึธืจึฐื›ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ืœึนื ื”ึถืึฑื›ึดื™ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืŸ, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื”ึถืึฑื›ึดื™ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืŸ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึตืจึฐื‘ึธื ื•ึผ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืจ ืกึดื™ื ึทื™, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ืงึตืจึฐื‘ึธื ื•ึผ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืจ ืกึดื™ื ึทื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึดื›ึฐื ึดื™ืกึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.
ืึดืœื•ึผ ื”ึดื›ึฐื ึดื™ืกึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึธื ึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื—ึดื™ืจึธื”, ื“ึผึทื™ึตื™ื ื•ึผ.

ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.


ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื”

ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจืช: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื—ืกืจ
ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” - ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื
ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” - ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1900 - ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ - Sherurcij

ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” "ืžื›ื™ืŸ" ืืช ื’ื•ืืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ : "(ื•)ืกืžืš ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ (ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืฉื”) ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช - ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืžื›ื”."

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืขืžืจื


ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžืจื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืึดืฉืืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื•. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืฉืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื .

ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:

ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืจื ื‘ืŸ ืงื”ืช ื•ื“ื•ื“ืชื• - ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืช ืœื•ื™
ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ [5] ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึถืšึฐ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึผึทื— ืึถืช ื‘ึผึทืช ืœึตื•ึดื™" ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ื‘ื”: "ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืžืจื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“... ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืืœืงื™ืช." ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ " ื–ื”ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืš ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืจืง ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™... ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœื ื ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื”... ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœ, ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืืœ, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ."

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืคืฉื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ื—ืžืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืš ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืœืชื•. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื ืจื’ืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืงื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ.

ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึทืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืžืฉืึถื” ื•ึทืชึผึนืืžึถืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ" [6] . ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื›ืชื‘: " ืฉื ืžืฉื”, ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ืขืชืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื“ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื ื• ืื• ืฉืืœื”. ื•ืืœ ืชืชืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื™. ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืขืœื™ื" - ืžื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื.

ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืžื“ืจืฉ: ื•ึทืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืฉืึฐืžื• ืžืฉืึถื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ:" ืžึฐืžึทืœึผึตื˜ ื•ึผืžื•ืฉืึถื” ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึผึธืจึธื”. ื•ึทืชึผืืžึถืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ. ื”ึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ืฉืึถืงึผึฐืจึธืืชึดื™ื• 'ืžืฉืึถื”' ืœึฐื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืžึทืœึผึตื˜ ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ืชึดื™ื”ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึผื˜ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ื›ึธื. ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืœื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึทืช ืขึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ [7] , ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืžึทืœึผึตื˜ ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื.

ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื˜ื” (ื™"ื‘) ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•.

  • ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืโ€“ ืชื ื™ื: 'ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื˜ื•ื‘"ืฉืžื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: "ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”" ืฉืžื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช (ืจืืชื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ [ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืŸ] ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”). * ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืœ.
  • ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื” ื ืชืžืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืื•ืจ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื: 'ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื', ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื [8] ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ [ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืš].
  • ื•ืชืงื— ืœื• ืชื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื - ืžืื™ ืฉื ื 'ื’ื•ืžื'? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืžื™ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืžื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ืคืŸ (ืฉื“ืžื™ื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืจ ื’ื•ืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ [ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ] ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืงืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื), ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืžื”? ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ. ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืžื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•:" ืืžืจ: ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืš ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” (ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืจ ื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” - ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” - ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ - ื ืชืงืœ ื•ื ื–ื“ืงืจ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื•).
  • ื•ืชื—ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื–ืคืช' - ืชื ื: 'ื—ืžืจ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื–ืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื™ื— ืจืข (ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช)'. - ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชืŸ ื“ืื’ื”.

ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”. ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื [9] ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืจืื” ืืช ืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•. ื”ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœ ื•ื ืืœืฃ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘',ื™'-ื˜"ื–). ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉื” " ื•ื”ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ( ื™') ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขืื™: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื• ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•" - ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ "ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช". ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื - "ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืŸ" - ื•ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื:

  • ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืŸ.
  • ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“, ื“) ื ืชื ื” ืจืืฉ ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”.
  • ื”ื ืฉื”ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.

ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื“"ื” 'ืžื™ ืฉืžืš ืœืื™ืฉ - "ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•: ื“ืื’ ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ (ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื) , ืืžืจ ืžืขืชื” ืฉืžื ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืืœ". ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื" :"ื•ึทื™ึผืืžึทืจ ืึธื›ึตืŸ ื ื•ื“ึทืข ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืึธืžึทืจ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทืžึผื•ืกึตืจ ืึถืช ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืึตืœึผึถื” ื‘ึผึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืœึธื›ึตืŸ ืœื ื”ึธืจึทื’ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผื•ืกึตืจ ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืขึถืœึถืช ื‘ึผึทื”ึฒืจึดื™ื’ึธืชื• ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืžึธืกึธืจ" - ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.

ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืก ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื’ ืืช ืžืฉื” - "ืžืกืจื• ืœืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ืœื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื” [10] ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ืžื—ืจื‘ ืคืจืขื”. ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืชื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”:"ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžืฉื”, ืฉืœื— ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื”, ื ืชื ื• ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื™ืงืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: [11] ืฆื•ืืจืš ื›ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ."


ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืชื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ - "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ื“ืขืช". ืขืš ื›ืš ื’ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืžื ืฉืงืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”... ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืขื” ืžื ืฉืงื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืชืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžืฉื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ...ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื•: ืžืชื™ืจืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื–ื”, ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืชืจืš ื•ื ื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืžืš. ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืฉืจืคื•. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช, ืืœื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืงืขืจื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื’ื—ืœืช, ืื ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื• ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื• ืœื’ื—ืœืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ืœืงื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืชืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื™ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื•ื ื›ื•ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื ืขืฉื” [12] ื›ื‘ื“ ืคื” ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืงื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืจื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื•ืชื -ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ :" ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืœืš ื•ืืžืจ ืœืคืจืขื”: ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืื™ื ื• ื ื— ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื•ื ืžืช! ื•ืืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื ืžืชื™ื! ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืœืš ื•ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืืžืจ. ื”ืœืš ืžืฉื” ื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื•ื—."

ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ืฆืคื•ืจื”
ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ Botticelli, Sandro, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ,Eloquence

ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื: ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”: "ื•ืชึผึดึทืงึผึทื— ืฆึดืคึผึนืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ ื•ืชึผึดึทื›ึฐืจึนืช ืึถืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึธื”ึผ" - ืฆึดืคึผึนืจึธื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆึนืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ:" "ื•ื™ึทื”ึดึฐื™ ื‘ึทื“ึผืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืœื•ึนืŸ ื•ื™ึผึทืคึดึฐื’ึผืฉืึตึฐื”ื•ึผ ื“' ื•ื™ึทื‘ึฐึทืงึผึตืฉื ื”ึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน"

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”[13] ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ: ืœืžื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆึนืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืช? ื•ืขื•ื“, ืื™ืคื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”? ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช :ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืœื• ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืฉื”?

ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื•. ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื:

  • "ืคึผึถื”" - ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ - "ื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืคึผึถื” ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™" - ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช.
  • "ืฆึนืจ" - ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื” ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฆึนืจ. ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”

ืžืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆึนืจ.

ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื” - ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฆึดืคึผึนืจึธื”. ื•ื–ื” ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฆึดืคึผึนืจึธื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฆึนืจ" ื•"ืคึผึถื”".

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื. ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื: "ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืืžืจ ืœืื”ืจืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื): ืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฉื” (ืฉื‘ื ืžืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ). ื™ืฆื ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื—ื‘ืงื• ื•ื ืฉืงื•. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืžื” ื˜ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืขืžืš? ืืžืจ ืœื• ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื•ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืœื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืืžืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืจื”: ืœื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš. ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ื˜ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”".

ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื• ื”ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” [14] ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืš ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื, ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืœืžืฉื” , ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื–ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ-ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. " ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืืจืฆื." -ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื™ืžื• ื•ื›ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื™ืชืจื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืชืจื•: "ื•ื™ืงื— ื™ืชืจื• ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื” ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืืฉืช ืžืฉื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ื”". ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื—ื“ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืœืื•: ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, "ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื›ื” ื‘ืกื ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื–ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉืชื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืœื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ื˜ื” ืืช ืื•ื”ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”. ืื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”."

ืขื•ื“ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ [15] ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืš ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื. - ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืื—ื™ื”, ืื”ืจืŸ, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืงื— ืžืฉื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื”. ืืš ืื– ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื”ืงื‘"ื” :"ื•ึผืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืœึนื ื™ึฐืจึตืืชึถื, ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™ ื‘ึฐืžึนืฉืึถื”". ืžืจื™ื ื ืขื ืฉืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ื ื™ื•.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืกื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื•ืก - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืกืฃ: Ingsoc

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืกื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง "ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท, ืœึนื-ื™ึดื‘ึฐืขึทืจ ื”ึทืกึผึฐื ึถื”" [16] . ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืœื ืงืœื”: "ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธื” ื•ึฐืึถืฉืึฐืœึธื—ึฒืšึธ ืึถืœ-ืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึตื ืึถืช-ืขึทืžึผึดื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื" [17].

ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื— ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช. [18]

ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื•:

  1. "ืžึดื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตืœึตืšึฐ ืึถืœ-ืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื”; ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื" [19]
  2. "ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถื, ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืฉืึฐืœึธื—ึทื ึดื™ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื; ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ-ืœึดื™ ืžึทื”-ืฉึผืึฐืžื•ึน, ืžึธื” ืึนืžึทืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื." (ื™"ื’)
  3. "ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึทืŸ ืžึนืฉืึถื”, ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึตืŸ ืœึนื-ื™ึทืึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึดื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืงึนืœึดื™: ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ, ืœึนื-ื ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื”'"[20]
  4. "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืึถืœ-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธื”, ื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™, ืœึนื ืึดื™ืฉื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื’ึผึทื ืžึดืชึผึฐืžื•ึนืœ ื’ึผึทื ืžึดืฉึผืึดืœึฐืฉืึนื, ื’ึผึทื ืžึตืึธื– ื“ึผึทื‘ึผึถืจึฐืšึธ ืึถืœ-ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึถืšึธ: ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึฐื‘ึทื“-ืคึผึถื” ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึทื“ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™." (ื™')
  5. " ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ, ื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™; ืฉืึฐืœึทื—-ื ึธื, ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“-ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธื—." (ื™"ื’)


ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ (ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜) ืกืคื™ืจื• ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืืœ: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื”, ืฉืืœื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ื”' ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ืึดืžื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”: "ืฉืึฐืœึทื—-ื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“-ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธื—", ื•ืื– ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”' ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™: "ื•ึทื™ึผึดื—ึทืจ-ืึทืฃ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืžึนืฉืึถื”" [21] ืžื” ืงืจื” ? ื‘ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ืžื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ? ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžืฆื“ ื”' ?

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช " ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ืื–. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืขื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืขื ืงืฉื”-ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช." ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื ื•ืขืœ ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ืฉื™ : "ืฉืึฐืœึทื—-ื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“-ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธื—" . ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืคื” - ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ : "ืฉืœื— ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืืœื ืœืขืชื™ื“".

ืžืกื›ื ืกืคื™ืจื•:" ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ; "ืื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื• ื›ืœื•ื!" ื•ืื–: "ื•ึทื™ึผึดื—ึทืจ-ืึทืฃ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืžึนืฉืึถื”". ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื–ืืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ: "ืœื ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ึดื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื”" [22] .

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืกืคืงื˜ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื , ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื—ื–"ืœ "ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืคื” , ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืจื•ืŸ". ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”"ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ" ืคื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืžืžืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”' ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืงืคื•ืงื™ื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืขืžื ื• ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืก ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”."

ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื


ืžื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•: ื”ืฉืืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš , ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคืกื— ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื "ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื™ื•ึนื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”" [23] . ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช : ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื”, ืžืชืŸ ื”ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื—.

ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขื•ื“: "ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึนืชึธืจ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ (ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื—) ืขึทื“-ื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ื‘ึผึธืึตืฉื ืชึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึนืคื•ึผ" (ื™')-ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื›ืจืช, ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจืš :" "ืชึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืžึธืชึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึฒื’ึปืจึดื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืžึทืงึผึถืœึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื" (ื™"ื)- ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื” ืŸืœืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: " ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืฆึผึฐืื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ ื’ึผึทื-ืึทืชึผึถื ื’ึผึทื-ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนึธื” ื›ึผึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึถืจึฐื›ึถื" (ืœ"ื) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก:" ื’ึผึทื-ืฆึนืื ึฐื›ึถื ื’ึผึทื-ื‘ึผึฐืงึทืจึฐื›ึถื ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื•ึธืœึตื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึผึถื ื’ึผึทื-ืึนืชึดื™(ืœ"ื‘). ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” : " ื•ึทืชึผึถื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื" ( ืœ"ื’). ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข: ื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉืึทื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื ึธื”" (ืž') - ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื. ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื :" ...ื”ึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึทื”' ืฉืึดืžึผึปืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื" (ืž"ื)

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ

=ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”

ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช

ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื

ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™

ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ื”ืกื•ืคืจ "ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื" ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืืžืจื• 'ืžืฉื”: " ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื— ื•ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจื โ€“ ื–ื” ื’ื‘ึผื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืจื—ืคืช ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ืื•ืชื™ ืœ"ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ" โ€“ ืื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช...ืืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืงืฆืจื” : ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืชื• ื•ืžื”ื•ึผืชื•, ืื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืชื›ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• (ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื” ืื—ืจ, ืžืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื–ื” ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืขืžื ื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืคืกืงื” ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื”. ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ, ืื• ืฉืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ืœื ื™ื’ึธืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืžืื•ืžื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ, ื–ื” ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืืœื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”"ืžื“ื‘ึผืจื•ืช", ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื”." [24]


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,ืœ"ื’, ื'
  2. โ†‘ ืฉื ืœ"ื“ ,ื”'
  3. โ†‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืžืฉื” ื“ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ - ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ
  4. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ื“ ื”'-ื•'
  5. โ†‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื" (ืคืจืง ื˜ื–)
  6. โ†‘ ื‘',ื™'
  7. โ†‘ ืข"ืค ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“, ื™ื“
  8. โ†‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื,ื“
  9. โ†‘ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”
  10. โ†‘ ื™"ื— ื“
  11. โ†‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–, ื”
  12. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื“, ื™
  13. โ†‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช
  14. โ†‘ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  15. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ื™"ื‘
  16. โ†‘ ื’',ื“'
  17. โ†‘ ื’',ื™'
  18. โ†‘ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืžืจืื” ื”ืกื ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ "ืึตืœึฒื›ึธื” ื ึผึธื ื•ึฐืึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืึถืœ-ืึทื—ึทื™", ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”' "ืœึตืšึฐ ืฉืึปื‘ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื›ึผึดื™-ืžึตืชื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ-ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึฒื‘ึทืงึฐืฉืึดื™ื ืึถืช-ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึถืšึธ" ื“',ื˜'
  19. โ†‘ ื’',ื™'
  20. โ†‘ ื“',ื'
  21. โ†‘ ื“',ื™"ื“
  22. โ†‘ ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื›ื
  23. โ†‘ ื™"ื‘ ื•'
  24. โ†‘ ืžืฉื” - ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืžืฉื”_ืจื‘ื™ื ื•&oldid=28731"