ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืฉื•ืจื” 37: ืฉื•ืจื” 37:
== ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ==
== ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ==


ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื—ืœ"ืช (ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”), ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ "ืื™ืชื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื. ื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื˜ (1959) ืคื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•.
ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ[[ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค]], ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ [[ื”ืจืื™"ื”]], [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]], ื™ื—ื“ ืขื [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ]]. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ [[ื’ื—ืœ"ืช]] (ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”), ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ "[[ืื™ืชื ื™ื]]" ืฉืœ [[ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื]]. ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ [[ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจื‘]] ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื. ื”ื ืจืื• [[ื‘ืจืฆื™"ื”]] ืงื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ [[ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช]] ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื˜ (1959) ืคื ื” [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]] ืืœ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™]] ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื [[ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™]] ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช [[ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื]]. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ [[ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจืื”]] ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•.


ื‘-ื”' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉ"ืš (1960) ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) ื”ื—ืœื” ื”"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช" ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ") ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื›ืจืš ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™.
ื‘-ื”' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉ"ืš (1960) ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) ื”ื—ืœื” ื”"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช" ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช [[ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื”]] ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ [[ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”]] ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ [[ืืžื•ื ื”]], ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("[[ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ]]") ื‘ืกืคืจ "[[ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ]]", ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืคื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื]], ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืคื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื]] ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™]], ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ[[ ื‘ืชื "ืš]] ืžืคื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื›ืจืš]] ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ [[ืžื•ืกืจ]] ืžืคื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ]], ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ [[ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข]] ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ [[ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”]]. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง]] ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™.


ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืจืžื™"ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืื•, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจืื™ (ืœื™ื˜ืžืŸ), ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืขืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืชืจื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื” [[ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ]]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื [[ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ]] [[ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“]] ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ [[ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”]] ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ[[ ื”ืจืื™"ื”]]. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืจืžื™"ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื [[ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืื•]], [[ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจืื™]] (ืœื™ื˜ืžืŸ), [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ]], [[ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“]], [[ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ]], [[ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’]], [[ืขืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’]], [[ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ]], [[ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ]] [[ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™]]. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื [[ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ]], [[ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ]], [[ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ]], [[ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“]], [[ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™]] ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืชืจื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.


ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "[[ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ]]", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืจืžื™"ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื.
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ[[ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™]], ื‘ืกืคืจ [[ืื•ืจื•ืช]], [[ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”]], [[ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”]], [[ื•ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื]]. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ [[ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ]], ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื [[ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื]] ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, [[ืจืžื™"ื]] [[ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช]]. ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื.


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช[[ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื]], ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ [[ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื]], ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ[[ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”]] ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ [[ื™ืฉ"ืข]]. ืชื ื•ืขืช [[ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื]] ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ [[ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช]], ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ[[ ื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™]], ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื" ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื“ืื–. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ (ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™) ืฉืจื ืกืงื™.
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช "[[ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื]]" ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ [[ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช]] ื“ืื–. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ [[ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ]][[ ื ืชืŸ ืฉืจื ืกืงื™]](ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™).


ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ืœ (1970) ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• - ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) - "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื", ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ "ื ืขื", ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ (1972). ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื•ื "ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”", ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื– (1977). ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืงื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ" ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืฅย  ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ืœ (1970) ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช "[[ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”]]" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช [[ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“]] [[ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ]]. ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• - ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) - "[[ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื]]", ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื]], ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ "[[ื ืขื]]", ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ (1972). ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื•ื "[[ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”]]", ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื– (1977). ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืงื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ [[ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื]] ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "[[ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ]]" [[ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”]]. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืฅย  ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื—[[ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]] ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื [[ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ]], [[ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ]], [[ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ]], [[ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“]], [[ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™]] ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื [[ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช]] ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.


ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” [[ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื]] ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” [[ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”]] ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก [[ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ [[ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™]].
ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฉื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982) ืขืœื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื.
ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ [[ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•[[ืžืฆืจื™ื]] ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ [[ืกื™ื ื™]] ืœื™ื“ื™ [[ืžืฆืจื™ื]]. [[ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™[[ ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช]], ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฉื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982) ืขืœื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง]] ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื.


== ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ==
== ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ==

ื’ืจืกื” ืžึพ00:47, 25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009

"ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ" (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–, ื‘ืžืœืขื™ืœ) ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง (ื”ืจืื™"ื”) ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื“ (1924). ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช-ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ื’ืื•ืœื”", ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช "ืœืื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช" ื•ืœืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืข"ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื”, ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘.

ื™ืกื•ื“ื”

ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื. ื’ื ื›ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช (ืชืจืก"ื“ - ืชืจืข"ื“, 1904 - 1914) , ืฉื ื”ื—ืœ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืข"ื˜ (1919) ื ืชืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”'ืชืจืก"ื“ - ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื”, 1904 - 1935). ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ืืฉืจ ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืชืื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืขื“ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื (1921) ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื›-25 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื ืขื• ืืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ, ื‘ื ื” ืืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘" ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืจืค"ื’ (1923) ื ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื ื•ื›ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘". ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื—ื“ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื“ (1924) ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžืฉื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘".

ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ") ืžืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื’ (1923) ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: "ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืจ, ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืช, ื•ืืคืชื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื™, ื•ืืฉืืœื, ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื? ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ื™, ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืขื“ืชื™ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื‘... ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”".

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ). ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื‘ (1922) ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ"), ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจื‘ื•. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืžืื“ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืขื– ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื’ืœื” (ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืžืฉืคื˜) ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจ(ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”) ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื "ืš, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”.

ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืฉ"ืก ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื•"ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ" ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื "ืš, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ โ€ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืจื™ื’, ืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื“ (1924), ื•ืœืฉืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘,ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืค ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื•ืขืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘, ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื‘ืจืžืกืงื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื—. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื ืฉื ืœืขืชื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช, ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืจืืฉ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื•. ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื” ืžื ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ืื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ (1929) ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื” (1935). ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืจื—ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”"ื”ื’ื ื”" ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• (ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืจื–ื™ืืœ ื”ื™"ื“, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ). ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ (1929).

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื‘-ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืคืจืง ืจื‘ ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ื™ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื. ืฆืขืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœื™ื•ื” ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง.

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืกื“" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•"ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘. ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ื” (1946), ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ื—, ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”"ื”ื’ื ื”". ื‘ื–' ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื• ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื‘ (1952) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค. ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง

ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื—ืœ"ืช (ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”), ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ "ืื™ืชื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื. ื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื˜ (1959) ืคื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•.

ื‘-ื”' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉ"ืš (1960) ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) ื”ื—ืœื” ื”"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช" ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ") ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื‘ืชื "ืš ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื›ืจืš ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœื”ืจืื™"ื”. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืจืžื™"ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืื•, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจืื™ (ืœื™ื˜ืžืŸ), ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืขืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืชืจื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืจืžื™"ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื" ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื“ืื–. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸื ืชืŸ ืฉืจื ืกืงื™(ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™).

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ืœ (1970) ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• - ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964) - "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื", ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืžืจืืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ "ื ืขื", ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ (1972). ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื”ื•ื "ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”", ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื– (1977). ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืงื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ" ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“, ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฉื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982) ืขืœื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”

ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื’ (1983) ื ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื‘ื“ืœ"ื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื—ื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื– ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืชืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื’ืœื• ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฆืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืื™ ืคืจืกื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืžืœื ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืžื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื›ืืŸ ื–ื›ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฉื” ื•ืžืชืจืฅ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืคืจืง ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื™ื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื—.

ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”'ืชืฉื "ื” (1995) ื—ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘-ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช "ืฉืœื—-ืœืš", ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉื "ื– ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื–ืžืžื• ืœื’ืจืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืขืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืขื•ื– ื›ืืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชื•, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ื”ื™ื ื ืœื—ื ืœืœื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื•", ื•ืฉืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื— (2007), ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื‘ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื—, ื ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื‘ืœื˜ื•"ื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื‘ืจ"ื— ืื“ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื— ื—ื“ืจ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™"ื“. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืฉืœ"ืฆ) ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš.

ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง (ื”ืจืื™"ื”) โ€“ ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืจืืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืค"ื“- ืชืจืฆ"ื” (1924-1935). ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืจื™ื’) โ€“ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ "ื ืจ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ" ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืค"ื“- ืชืจืค"ื• (1924-1925). ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค โ€“ ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืกื“", ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื‘ื•ืœ", ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื” - ืชืฉื™"ื‘ (1935-1952). ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง (ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”) โ€“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉื™"ื‘ โ€“ ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1952-1982). ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื•ื"ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื‘ โ€“ ืชืฉื "ื” (1982-1995). ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื (ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื•ื) โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื‘ โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื— (1982-2007). ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื - ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืžืื– ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื— (2007).

ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”

  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจ - ืื‘"ื“ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื ื”-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื” ื‘ืค"ืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื ื™ืจ" ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ - ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืื• - ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ - ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ - ืžืœืžื“ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืจื™ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”-ืฉื›ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ - ืžืžื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืจืืฉื™ "ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™ - ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืžืŸ - ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื”.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ - ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื‘ื‘ืช-ื™ื, ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ื‘ืช-ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• - ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื• - ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช-ืืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ - ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขื˜ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื'.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืจ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช - ื—"ื› ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ืจื•ืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื“ืœืจ - ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื“ืŸ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“" ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ "ืขืœื™".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืืจื™ืืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื™ืื‘ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ืžืŸ - ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื›ืœืœืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืจื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืœ - ืจืืฉ ืžื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืœืงื ื”.
  • ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš - ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื‘.
  • ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืืฉ - ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
  • ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืืฉ - ืขื•"ื“ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
  • ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื"ืœ ืืคื™ ืื™ืชื - ื—"ื› ื•ืฉืจ, ืชื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœ' ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ - ื—"ื› ื•ืฉืจ, ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื•ืžืŸ - ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืข. ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
  • ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืงืœืืจ- ืžื ื›"ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืขืœื”.
  • ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ - ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืจ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื” ื›ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ืจืžื•ืŸ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ืฆืงื™ - ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ "ืžื”ื•ืช" ื•ืžืจืฆื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืก - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืจื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื™ื - ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืงืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ - ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื‘ืจื˜ืคืœื“ - ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ - ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืคื— ื–ืฆ"ืœ - ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”".
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื™"ื“.
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื–ื ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ - ืžืจืืฉื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื.
  • ื“ื•ื“ ืจื–ื™ืืœ ื”ื™"ื“ - ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง.