ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
(ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ)
ืชื’ื™ื•ืช: ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“
ย 
(26 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 13 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Kumu zeu metoch ami.jpg|left|thumb|250px|"ืงื•ืžื• ืฆืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื™" - ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื]]
๏ปฟ'''ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื''' ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ [[ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘[[ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ]]* ื•ืจืง ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ[[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]]. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ:[[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]] ื•ื”ืงืžืช [[ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช]]. ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช [[ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ]] ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ.
'''ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื''' ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ [[ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]. ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘[[ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ]]* ื•ืจืง ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ[[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]]. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ:[[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™]] ื•ื”ืงืžืช [[ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช]]. ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช [[ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]] ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš [[ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ]] ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ.


==ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช==
==ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช==


ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืฉืข ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ [[ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื]] ื ืขืจืšย  ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ - ื“ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•:
ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืฉืข ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ [[ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื]] ื ืขืจืšย  ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ - ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•:
* '''ื”ืฉืืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื''' -ย  ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ:"ื“ึทึผื‘ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึตืึตืช ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืžึตืึตืช ืจึฐืขื•ึผืชึธื”ึผ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘" <ref>ื™"ื, ื‘'</ref>. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœ[[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], ืฉืื—ืจื™ย  <ref>[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื’</ref>ย  "... ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผื•ึผ ืึนืชึธื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”." (ื™"ื“) "...ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึดึผืจึฐื›ึปืฉื ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ" - ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™). ย 
* '''ื”ืฉืืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื''' -ย  ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ:"ื“ึทึผื‘ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึตืึตืช ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืžึตืึตืช ืจึฐืขื•ึผืชึธื”ึผ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘" <ref>ื™"ื, ื‘'</ref>. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœ[[ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•]], ืฉืื—ืจื™ย  <ref>[[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื’</ref>ย  "... ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผื•ึผ ืึนืชึธื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”." (ื™"ื“) "...ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึดึผืจึฐื›ึปืฉื ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ" - ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™). ย 
*'''ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช''' - "ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช-ืึธื‘ึนืช ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช" <ref>ื™"ื‘, ื’'</ref> . ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื :"ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•: "ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ)ย  <ref>ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื˜"ื– ื‘</ref> , ื›ืฉ"ื› ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• :" <ref>ืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืฆืืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืœื”ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื</ref>.
*'''ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช''' - "ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช-ืึธื‘ึนืช ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช" <ref>ื™"ื‘, ื’'</ref> . ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื :"ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•: "ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ)ย  <ref>ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื˜"ื– ื‘</ref> , ื›ืฉ"ื› ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• :" <ref>ืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืฆืืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืœื”ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื</ref>.
ืฉื•ืจื” 16: ืฉื•ืจื” 15:
==ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื==
==ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื==


ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื›ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื•ืชย  ืคืจืขื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื” ืŸืœืื”ืจืŸย  ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: " ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืฆึฐึผืื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื’ึทึผื-ืึทืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธึนื” ื›ึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจึฐื›ึถื" (ืœ"T) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก:" ื’ึทึผื-ืฆึนืื ึฐื›ึถื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผืงึทืจึฐื›ึถื ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึทึผืจึฐืชึถึผื ื•ึธืœึตื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ืึนืชึดื™(ืœ"ื‘). ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” : " ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื" ( ืœ"ื’). ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆื”ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื›ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: "ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืฆึฐึผืื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื’ึทึผื-ืึทืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธึนื” ื›ึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจึฐื›ึถื" (ืœ"ื) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก:" ื’ึทึผื-ืฆึนืื ึฐื›ึถื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผืงึทืจึฐื›ึถื ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึทึผืจึฐืชึถึผื ื•ึธืœึตื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ืึนืชึดื™(ืœ"ื‘). ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” : " ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื" ( ืœ"ื’). ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆื”ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ.


ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข: ื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ื”ึธืขึธื ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืงื•ึน ื˜ึถืจึถื ื™ึถื—ึฐืžึธืฅ ...ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึธืœึนืช" (ืœ"ื“ -ืœ"ื”) ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข: ื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ื”ึธืขึธื ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืงื•ึน ื˜ึถืจึถื ื™ึถื—ึฐืžึธืฅ ...ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึธืœึนืช" (ืœ"ื“ -ืœ"ื”) ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”.
ืฉื•ืจื” 22: ืฉื•ืจื” 21:
==ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื==
==ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื==


ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื [[ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช]]ย  ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•' ืœ[[ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ]] ืื• ื‘ื–' ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ.ย  ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื— ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื [[ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช]]ย  ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•' ืœ[[ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ]] ืื• ื‘ื–' ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ.ย  ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื˜ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.


'''ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘[[ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื]] ื•ื‘[[ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช]]''' .{{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืค"ื—'ื‘')}}:"ืชื ืฉืžืข , ื“ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื: ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืคืกื—ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”. ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืฉ : ื™ืจื—ื ื“ื ื™ืกืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”.ย  ืจื™ืฉ ื™ืจื—ื ื“ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื (ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) , ื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืย  (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™). ย 
'''ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘[[ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื]] ื•ื‘[[ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช]]''' .{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืค"ื—' ื'|ื›ืŸ}}:"ืชื ืฉืžืข , ื“ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื: ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืคืกื—ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”. ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืฉ : ื™ืจื—ื ื“ื ื™ืกืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”.ย  ืจื™ืฉ ื™ืจื—ื ื“ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื (ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) , ื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืย  (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™). ย 


ื•ืขื•ื“... ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ, ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ : '''ื‘ืฉื ื™''' ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉย  ืขืœื” ืžืฉื” ื•ืฉืžืข "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™"ย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื™</ref> ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; '''ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™''' ืขืœื” ื•ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; '''ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™''' ื™ืจื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืœื” ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื• ื›ื•ืœื;... ื‘'''ื—ืžื™ืฉื™''' ื‘ื ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื‘ื— ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืจ" <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“,ื“</ref> ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ; '''ื‘ืฉืฉื™''' ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™. 'ืžืื™ ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืชื•ืจื” (ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช). ย 
ื•ืขื•ื“... ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ, ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ : '''ื‘ืฉื ื™''' ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉย  ืขืœื” ืžืฉื” ื•ืฉืžืข "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™"ย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื™</ref> ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; '''ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™''' ืขืœื” ื•ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; '''ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™''' ื™ืจื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืœื” ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื• ื›ื•ืœื;... ื‘'''ื—ืžื™ืฉื™''' ื‘ื ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื‘ื— ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืจ" <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“,ื“</ref> ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ; '''ื‘ืฉืฉื™''' ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™. 'ืžืื™ ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืชื•ืจื” (ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช). ย 


'''ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืค"ื•,'ื‘')}} ืœืืžื•ืจ: ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื</ref> "ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™", ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘,ื‘</ref>ย  "ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”" - '''ื”ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื”''': ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
'''ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืค"ื•,'ื‘'|ื›ืŸ}} ืœืืžื•ืจ: ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื</ref> "ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™", ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘,ื‘</ref>ย  "ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”" - '''ื”ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื”''': ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.


ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ:ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื›,ื–</ref>ย  ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’,ื’</ref>ย  "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ย  ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืง ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”' ืืชื›ื ืžื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื—ืžืฅ" - ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื "ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”" - ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ '''ื”ื–ื”'''ย  ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•');
ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ:ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื›,ื–</ref>ย  ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชืย  <ref>ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’,ื’</ref>ย  "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ย  ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืง ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”' ืืชื›ื ืžื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื—ืžืฅ" - ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื "ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”" - ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ '''ื”ื–ื”'''ย  ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•');


ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ :"ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืจ". ื•'''ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉื” ืžื“ืขืชื•''' ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืจ". ื•'''ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉื” ืžื“ืขืชื•''' ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”.


ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืกืขื ืžืจืคื™ื“ื™ื - ืœืคื™ ืžืจื ืŸ ? ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช:
ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืกืขื ืžืจืคื™ื“ื™ื - ืœืคื™ ืžืจื ืŸ ? ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช:
ืฉื•ืจื” 61: ืฉื•ืจื” 60:
| ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ|| ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™||ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
| ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ|| ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™||ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
|-
|-
|[[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™|ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”]]|<br />"ื”ื‘ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืขืชื•"||ื•' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช||ื–' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช
|[[ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™|ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”]]|<br />"ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืขืชื•"||ื•' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช||ื–' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช
|}
|}


ืฉื•ืจื” 70: ืฉื•ืจื” 69:
* ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื :" ืœึตื™ืœ ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”'ย  ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื”ื•ึผื-ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึทื”' ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื:
* ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื :" ืœึตื™ืœ ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”'ย  ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื”ื•ึผื-ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึทื”' ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื:


==ื”ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื==
==ืจืื” ื’ื==
*[[ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื]]
*[[ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ]]
*[[ืžืกืขื•ืช]]
*[[ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—]]
*[[ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ]]
*[[ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช]]
*[[ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื]]


ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸย  ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืœืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืคืจืขื” ืžืจื ืคืชื—, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืื—ื“ ืžืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื‘[[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], ื‘ืฉื ืช 1230ย  ืœืคื ื”"ืกย  ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘. ื”ืืกื˜ืœื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืฆื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืžืชืคืืจ ืคืจืขื” ืžืจื ืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื”<ref> ืžืงื•ืจ: '''ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ'''</ref> ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื ืคืชื— ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื ืงื•ื ืืช ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืงืžืชื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื“ื—, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืืจื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืกืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœืš, ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื .
==ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช==


ื•ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืืฉืฉื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื [ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื<ref>[ืžืืžืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื“ืขืชhttp://www.daat.co.il/daat/tanach/maamarim/hatanach1-2.htm]</ref> ], ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ:
* ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ, '''ืืชืžื•ืœื™ื''' - ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ,
ย 
* ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืจ, [http://www.hidabroot.org/ArPrint.asp?BlogID=7268 ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”], ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช.
ย 
* ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, [http://www.hidabroot.org/MediaDetail.asp?MediaID=9672 ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”]
'''ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ'''
* [http://theends.tv/index.php?act=video&vid=47 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื], ื‘ืืชืจ "ื”ืกื•ืฃ".
ย 
* [http://thedos.co.il/Article.aspx?Article=683 ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ], ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืืชืจ "ื”ื“ื•ืก".
ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ (Rijksmuseum Van Oudheden), ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื ืžืฆื ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก (ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื) ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’: # 344), ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืงืจื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ" (Ipuwer). ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ Emanuel Vilkovski ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ืš ื”ื•ื ืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
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ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• "ืขืฉืจื” ืืกื•ื ื•ืช (ืžื›ื•ืช)" ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืช.
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ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ืขื‘ื“ื™ื" ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™: "ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: 'ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช...', ื”ืื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื... (ื›ืืŸ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“), ื”ืžื ืงื” ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืœื•...", ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืง ื“), ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืช, ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืคืจืขื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื "ืœ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช. ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช:
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื– :ย  ย  ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ืžื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ....
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื–:ย  ย  ื™ึตึผื”ึธืคึฐื›ื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ึฐืึนืจ ืœึฐื“ึธื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื!
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื–:ย  ย  ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึนืช ืžึทื™ึดื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึฐืึนืจ.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืžืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื .... ืื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•! ื–ื• (ื”ื™ืชื”) ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•! ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื”ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“!
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜:ย  ย  ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื™ึทื“ ื”' ื”ื•ึนื™ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืงึฐื ึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื‘ึทึผืกึผื•ึผืกึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืžึนืจึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื’ึฐึผืžึทืœึดึผื™ื ื‘ึทึผื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฆึนึผืืŸ ื“ึถึผื‘ึถืจ ื›ึธึผื‘ึตื“ ืžึฐืึนื“.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ...ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื‘ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”. ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื’ื•ื ื— ......... ื”ื“ึถึผื‘ึถืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ...ย 
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜:ย  ย  ื•ึทืชึดึผื”ึฒืœึทืšึฐ ืึตืฉื ืึธืจึฐืฆึธื” ... ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึธืจึธื“ ื•ึฐืึตืฉื ืžึดืชึฐืœึทืงึทึผื—ึทืช ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืจึธื“ ื›ึธึผื‘ึตื“ ืžึฐืึนื“.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉืขืจื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื‘ืืฉ.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜:ย  ย  ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืจึธื“ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืžึตืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึตืฉึถื‚ื‘ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื”ึดื›ึธึผื” ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืจึธื“ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืฉึดืื‘ึตึผืจ.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ... ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•. ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ (ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•) ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืจื” ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜:ย  ย  ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึดึผืฉึฐืืชึธึผื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึฐึผื‚ืขึนืจึธื” ื ึปื›ึธึผืชึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผื‚ืขึนืจึธื” ืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึดึผืฉึฐืืชึธึผื” ื’ึดึผื‘ึฐืขึนืœ.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜:ย  ย  ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ืึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืช ืžึดืงึฐื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื ืขื–ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืชื.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™: ย  ย  ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ... ื•ึทื™ึฐื›ึทืก ืึถืช ืขึตื™ืŸ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฐืฉึทืืšึฐ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืื›ึทืœ ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึตืฉึถื‚ื‘ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ื•ึนืชึดื™ืจ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืจึธื“ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ื•ึนืชึทืจ ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึถืจึถืง ื‘ึธึผืขึตืฅ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึตืฉึถื‚ื‘ ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืขื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื ืขืœื. ื”ืฉื“ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืจื™ืง ื›ืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืฉืชืŸ. ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ... ืจืขื‘.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™:ย  ย  ื•ึดื™ื”ึดื™ ื—ึนืฉึถืืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืจ.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื:ย  ย  ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืฆึฐืขึธืงึธื” ื’ึฐื“ึนืœึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื›ึธึผืžึนื”ื•ึผ ืœึนื ื ึดื”ึฐื™ึธืชึธื” ื•ึฐื›ึธืžึนื”ื•ึผ ืœึนื ืชึนืกึดืฃ.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืขืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืงื™ื ื”.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื‘:ย  ย  ื›ึดึผื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืฉึธืื ืžึตืช.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื‘:ย  ย  ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ืฆึฐืขึธืงึธื” ื’ึฐื“ึนืœึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืึตื. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื? ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœื™ื“ื”? ... ื”ื›ืœ ื ื”ืจืก! ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื‘:ย  ย  ื•ื”' ื”ึดื›ึธึผื” ื›ึธืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื›ึนืจ ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึดึผืกึฐืื•ึน ืขึทื“ ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจ.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ... ื”ื›ืœื ื ื”ืจืก.
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ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื‘:ย  ย  ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ (ืื ืœื ื ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ) ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื.
ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ:ย  ย  ย  ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืช.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ื ื”ืคืš ืœื“ื, ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”"ืขื‘ื“ื™ื" (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื), ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ: "ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ืฉืžื—ื”. ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจืช: ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื ื• ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•!". ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื˜ ื™), ืฉืžืชืืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื, ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช.
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ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจ ื’ื ืฉืื– ืงืจืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื: "ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•? ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื–ืจื™ื ". ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืžืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” (ื‘"ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื“ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื"). ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ืื ืœื ื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืคืชื—ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืขื”, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืื—ื™ื”ื, ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื ืกืคื•.
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ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘: "ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉ(ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ) ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกื ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ "- ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื˜ื•,ื™ื“), ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช). ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช, "ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช" (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช), ื™ืฆืื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, "ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืกืคื™ืจ, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื˜, ืกืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ... ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช". ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ ืœื”).
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ืžืกืคืจ ื’"ื› ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ, ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชื”ืœืš ื‘ืคื ื™ "ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ" (ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื), ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’, ื›ื.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ืฉื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ, ืืงื“ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืจืงืข ืžืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช: ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื (ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื ืฉื™ื). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืจืขื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืฉื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ืž"ืž ืคืจืขื• ื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ืœืฉืคืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืื™ืจืข ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ืžื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ ื ืกื’ืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื• ื™ื“), ื›ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื ืชืžืœื ืื™ืžื” ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืข"ื› ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื: "ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืฉืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืขื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื). ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”.... ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ... ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ... ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืฉืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ... ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ื (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืกื™ื”) ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื“ื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ (ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ?)... ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืคื—ื“ ".
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ืงื˜ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ): "ืจืื• ืขืชื”, ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆืืช ืœืœื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื”. ืจืื”, ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ... ื›ืžื• ืฆืืŸ ืชื•ืขื” ืœืœื ืจื•ืขื”. "
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ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉื, ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช:
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'''ื”ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื•'''
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ืžืฆื ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืฉืžื• "Papyrus Ermitage" (ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™: 1116b ื™ืฉืจ). ื”ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• (Nefer-rohu). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืืกื™ืืชื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆืืŸ (ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื“ ืœื’, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆืืŸ) ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื•, ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ), ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื: 1) ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื”ืจ ืžืชื• (ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื–:ย  ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึธึผื’ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ึฐืึนืจ ืžึตืชึธื”); 2) ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื ื”ืจืก; 3) ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื ื”ืจืกื” ื›ืœื™ืœ (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื“ ื•ืืจื‘ื”); 4) ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืช ืขืจื•ื‘. ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื• ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื— ื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืฉื‘ืžื›ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ); 5) ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื›ื‘ื”; 6) ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื. ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื•: "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื”ืคื›ื”, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจื”".
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ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ ื™ื‘ (ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื), ืฉื‘ืžื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
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ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• ืžืชืืจ ื’ื ืžืœืžื—ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืžืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื™ืคื•ื•ืจ.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืคืจืขื” ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ - ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื›ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืงืฆืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ ื– ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื“ ื”.
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ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื”ื‘ื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื "ืืœ ืื—ืจ". ืชืœื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ื“ ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ ืœื— ืžืชื•ืืจ, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
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'''ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ'''
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ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื ืคืจ-ืจื”ื• (ืื‘ืœ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ (ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ A. Gardiner ื‘- JEAืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 95, 109).
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'''ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื'''
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1. ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก (ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ย  # 348), ื•ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœ-ืขื‘ื™ืจื• )ืื• "ืขืคื™ืจื•" ืื• "ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•", ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ืขื›"ืค ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”: ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื) ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืขืžืกืก."ย  (ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื).
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2. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืžืจืื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื– ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืจื ืจ ืงืœืจ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ืชื "ืš ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืž' 108: "ืžืชืžื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื ืจ ื‘ื“ ืงืฆืจ. ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืคืงื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื”ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื... ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื- ืืœ ืชืชืจืฉืœื•".
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ืคืจื•ืค' ื. ืฉ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขืจื‘" ืขืž' 14-15 ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืฉืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื [ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืš: "ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช...ืœื ืจืง ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืžื•ื ืชื"].
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3. ื‘ืคืกืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ Sarbit el-Chadem) ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ืจื™" (ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื— ืข"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื ืข"ื‘) .
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4. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘- Tel-ed-Daba, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืช 1989, ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฉืŸ (ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ ื›ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื’ื•ืฉืŸ). ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 800 ืืชืจื™ ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื (ืฉืžื™ื™ื). ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”-12 ื•ื”-13 (ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”).
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5. ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘- Tel-ed-Daba: 65% ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื ืžื“, ืฉืคืจืขื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืจืฆื— 300 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื ืชื’ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช (ื ืฉื™ื) ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื (ื–ื›ืจื™ื).
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6. ื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ (ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ # 35.1446), ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 95 ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื "ื›ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ืฉืคืจื”" (ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ ื˜ื•).
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7. ืื•ืกื˜ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”"ืขื‘ื™ืจื•", ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืจ ืจืขืžืกืก.
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8. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™, ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ, ืžืกื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘: ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉ"ืคืจืขื” ื”ืžืฉืขื‘ื“" ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ืกื ืคืจื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ืขื ืง. ื’ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื•' ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื ืคืจื• ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืืกื™ื”. ื›ืš ืชื™ืžืฆื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื: ืžื ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”? ืฉืžื ืฉืœ "ืขืจื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืจืขื”" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื™ื): ืคืชื•ื (ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช: "ื‘ื™ืช - ืืชื•ื") ื•ืจืขืžืกืก (ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช: "ืจืข ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•"), ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ืกื ืคืจื•: ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืข"ืค ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืชื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืจื” ืข"ืค ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืจืข. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ืงืจืื• ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช: "ืคื™ืจืืžืื•ืก", ืฉื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช "ืคืชื•ื ื•ืจืขืžืกืก".
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'''ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• - ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช'''
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1. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”- 300 ืœืคื ื”"ืก,ย  Eusebies & Artapanus, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื "ืžืฉื”", ื ืกื™ืš ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืงืกื—). ืฉื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 18 ืฉื ื” (ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื”) ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžืœืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืงื ื•, ื•ื ืชืžื ื” ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืœืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืงื ื• ืžืช, ื”ื›ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฉื” ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ืžืฉื” ืžืœืš 40 ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ื ืกืข ืืœ ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื ืขืฉื” ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•.
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2. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ M. Greentz ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ ืงื“ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื– ื™ (ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื—"ื› ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ, ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืคืจืขื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ ื“).
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'''ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช'''
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1. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ M. Bietek ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืคื™ืจืชื• ื‘ Tel ed-Daba, ืžืฆื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ Avaris - ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื•ืคืชืื•ืžื™ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช: "ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช"). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ, ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ, ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”-14, ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.ย  (ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื’"ื› ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืจื•ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ืงืจื "ื”ืชื "ืš: ืžืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช").
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2. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื‘"ืžืงื“ืฉ" ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘"ืืœ-ืขืจื™ืฉ", ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกืžืขื™ืœื™ื”, ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืช ื—ื•ืฉืš ("ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื’ื•ืขื”. ืจืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื”. ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ... ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืœื ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ืืœื™ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื•"). ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ Emanuel Vilkovski ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘"ืžืงื“ืฉ" ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืคืจืขื” ืžืช (ืื• "ื›ืžืขื˜" ืžืช) ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘"ืคื™-ื—ืจื•ืชื™" ((Pi-Kharoti, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช", ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื“ ื‘.
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3. ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” "Unas" ื‘-Saqara ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื-ืืฉืจ-ืฉืžื•-ืžื•ืกืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช." ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ David Fry ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”: "ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื-ืืฉืจ-ืฉืžื•-ืžื•ืกืชืจ, ืฉื•ื ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื ืžื•ืกืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื". David Fry ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืื ื™ ื ืฉืคื˜ืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื-ืืฉืจ-ืฉืžื•-ืžื•ืกืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช." ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื ืฉืคื˜ืชื™" - "ื ื™ื“ื•ื ืชื™" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜ื• ื™ื“) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื: "ื“ืŸ ืื ื›ื™".
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4. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ "lapis-lazuli" ื›ืื‘ืŸ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื’ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืš? ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื—), ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืชื• ื ืขืฉื• ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ืื‘ืŸ "lapis-lazuli".
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'''ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื'''
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1- ื‘ืืกื˜ืœื” ืฉื‘ืื™ "ื™ื‘" (ืืœืคื ื˜ื™ื ื”), ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืคืจืขื” ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืืกื™ื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืฆืขื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ.
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2- ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื’ื“ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• แผˆฮนฮณฯ…ฯ€ฯ„ฮนฮฑฮบฮฌ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื) ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆืืŸ, ืฉืขืฉื• ืฆืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืš: "ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื.., ื•ืคื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”."
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื’"ื› ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ [[ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ]], ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.


== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
<references />
<references />
==ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช==
* ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ, '''ืืชืžื•ืœื™ื''' - ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ,






[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื—|*]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ]]

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ11:04, 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025

๏ปฟื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ* ื•ืจืง ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ:ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช. ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ.

ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืฉืข ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืขืจืš ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ - ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•:

  • ื”ืฉืืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื - ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ:"ื“ึทึผื‘ึถึผืจ-ื ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึตืึตืช ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืžึตืึตืช ืจึฐืขื•ึผืชึธื”ึผ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘" [1]. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืื—ืจื™ [2] "... ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผื•ึผ ืึนืชึธื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”." (ื™"ื“) "...ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™-ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึดึผืจึฐื›ึปืฉื ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ" - ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™).
  • ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืช - "ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช-ืึธื‘ึนืช ืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช" [3] . ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื :"ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•: "ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ) [4] , ื›ืฉ"ื› ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• :" [5].
  • ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคืกื— ืžืฆืจื™ื - " (ื‘) ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื™ื•ึนื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐืฉึธืื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึนึผืœ ืงึฐื”ึทืœ ืขึฒื“ึทืช-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึธืขึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผื™ึดื. ื•ึฐืœึธืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทื“ึธึผื ื•ึฐื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ-ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ื”ึทืžึฐึผื–ื•ึผื–ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ื”ึทืžึทึผืฉึฐืืงื•ึนืฃ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืชึดึผื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึธึผื”ึถื.

ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื‘ึทึผืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืฆึฐืœึดื™-ืึตืฉื ื•ึผืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ-ืžึฐืจึนืจึดื™ื ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœึปื”ื•ึผ [6] - ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”: ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื ืชื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืื›ื™ืœื”.

  • ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช - ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื:
  1. "ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึนึผืชึธืจ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืขึทื“-ื‘ึนึผืงึถืจ ื‘ึธึผืึตืฉื ืชึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึนืคื•ึผ" (ื™')- ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื›ืจืช
  2. "ืชึนึผืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืžึธืชึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึฒื’ึปืจึดื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผืจึทื’ึฐืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืžึทืงึถึผืœึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื" (ื™"ื)- ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”.
  3. "ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืœึฐืชึถึผื ืึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื—ึดืคึธึผื–ื•ึนืŸ" (ื™"ื) - ืžื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”

ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื›ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: "ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ืฆึฐึผืื•ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื’ึทึผื-ืึทืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึธึนื” ื›ึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจึฐื›ึถื" (ืœ"ื) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก:" ื’ึทึผื-ืฆึนืื ึฐื›ึถื ื’ึทึผื-ื‘ึฐึผืงึทืจึฐื›ึถื ืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึทึผืจึฐืชึถึผื ื•ึธืœึตื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึถึผื ื’ึทึผื-ืึนืชึดื™(ืœ"ื‘). ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” : " ื•ึทืชึถึผื—ึฑื–ึทืง ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ-ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึฐืžึทื”ึตืจ ืœึฐืฉึทืืœึฐึผื—ึธื ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืžึตืชึดื™ื" ( ืœ"ื’). ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆื”ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข: ื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ื”ึธืขึธื ืึถืช-ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืงื•ึน ื˜ึถืจึถื ื™ึถื—ึฐืžึธืฅ ...ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืึฒืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™-ื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืžึธืœึนืช" (ืœ"ื“ -ืœ"ื”) ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื”.

ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•' ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื–' ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื‘"ื ืชืž"ื˜ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช .(ืค"ื—' ื'):"ืชื ืฉืžืข , ื“ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื: ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืคืกื—ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”. ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืฉ : ื™ืจื—ื ื“ื ื™ืกืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”. ืจื™ืฉ ื™ืจื—ื ื“ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื (ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) , ื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื (ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™).

ื•ืขื•ื“... ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ, ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ : ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœื” ืžืฉื” ื•ืฉืžืข "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™" [7] ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืœื” ื•ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“; ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ืจื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืœื” ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื• ื›ื•ืœื;... ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื‘ื— ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืจ" [8] ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ; ื‘ืฉืฉื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™. 'ืžืื™ ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืชื•ืจื” (ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื ืื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช).

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืค"ื•,'ื‘') ืœืืžื•ืจ: ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ [9] "ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™", ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื [10] "ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”" - ื”ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื”: ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.

ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ:ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื [11] ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื [12] "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืง ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”' ืืชื›ื ืžื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื—ืžืฅ" - ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื "ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”" - ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•');

ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื "ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืจ". ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉื” ืžื“ืขืชื• ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืกืขื ืžืจืคื™ื“ื™ื - ืœืคื™ ืžืจื ืŸ ? ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช:

ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™
ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™
ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉ - ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืกื— - ื™"ื“ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื - ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช ื˜"ื• ืžื›ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™
ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื - ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืŸ - ื˜"ื• ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช
ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื - ื›"ื‘ ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›"ื’ ืื™ื™ืจ - ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืŸ- ื˜"ื– ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 6 ื™ืžื™ื
ื›"ื‘ ืื™ื™ืจ - ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 7 ื™ืžื™ื
ื›"ื’ ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง ื›"ื– ืื™ื™ืจ - ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื›"ื— ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™
ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”|
"ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืขืชื•"
ื•' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื–' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื:

  • "ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉึทืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืฉึฐืืœืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”" (ืž') - ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื.
  • "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”" - ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ื’ื ืขืœื•.
  • ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื :" ืœึตื™ืœ ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”' ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื”ื•ึผื-ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืœึทื”' ืฉึดืืžึปึผืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ-ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื:

ืจืื” ื’ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  1. โ†‘ ื™"ื, ื‘'
  2. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื’
  3. โ†‘ ื™"ื‘, ื’'
  4. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื˜"ื– ื‘
  5. โ†‘ ืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืฆืืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืœื”ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื
  6. โ†‘ ื™"ื‘ ื•'-ื—'
  7. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื™
  8. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“,ื“
  9. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื
  10. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘,ื‘
  11. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›,ื–
  12. โ†‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’,ื’