ืคืจืฉื ื™:ื‘ื‘ืœื™:ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื– ื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ


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ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคืจืฉื ื™ - ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.

ืžื˜ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ? ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ. ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื™? ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืขืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืืœืชืš ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื– ื

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืจื ื•ืฉืืœ: ืื™, ืื ื›ืš, ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ื›ืš: ืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช - ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืœื, ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš - ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืœื, ื•ื™ื”ื ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื!  1590 

 1590.  ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื›"ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœ', ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื), ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• - ืœื ื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื• ื”ืขื, ื•ื™ืกื™ื—ื• ื“ืขืชื ืžื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”, ืื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจื• - ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื”ื - ืžื•ืชืจ.
ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ื”ื ืื™ืชืงืฉ ืœื ื–ื™ืจ (ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ืงืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืœื ื–ื™ืจ). ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื, ื›ืš ื›ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ืจืš ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื.
ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืจื: ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืš, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ื’ื ืœื ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืฉ ืœื–ื”, ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ - ืœื–ื”.
ื•ืืชื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ืงืฉ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช - ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ. ื•ืœื ื–ื™ืจ - ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ืžื ื–ื™ืจ - ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ.
ื•ืชืžื•ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ! ืžืื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื“ืžืงืฉืช ืœืงื•ืœื (ืžื” ืจืื™ืช, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ื•ืœื ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืš), ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื•,
ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืืงื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื (ื ืงื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื), ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื ื–ื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ, ื›ืš ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ื›ืš ืžื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš!
ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืงืฉ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช - ืืกืžื›ืชื ื ื™ื ื”ื• ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”)  1591 . ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ.

 1591.  ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ืœื ื–ื™ืจ ื•ืœืžืฉืจืช - ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืฉืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ - ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื. ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืงืฉื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื, ื•ืชื•ืจื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ! ื•ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื—ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช), ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ (ืฉื ืชืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื“), ื‘ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื - ืฉืœื ื ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืžื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš - ืืœื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืงืฉ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื”. ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ: ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" - ืืœื ื›ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื”ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื”ืœืœ ื“ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื ื•: ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•'.
ืฉื•ืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ืžืื™ ืงืืžืจ (ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ืชื ื•), ืฉืคืชื— ื•ืืžืจ: "ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช", ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืœื‘ืืจ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: "ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื•'". ืžื”ื• ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•?
ื•ืžื‘ืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ (ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ืชื ื): ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช - ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”.
ื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช -
ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื™ ืœื—ืžื™ ืœืืฉื™". ื•ื”ื™ืืš ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืงืจื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื•?
ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช.
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื.
ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช, ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•.
ื•ืชืžื”ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื: ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืคื™ืฉืŸ ืœื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื (ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื”), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ื”ืŸ!
ืืœื ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื: ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ืŸ, ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•.
ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื?
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ (ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช) ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ืŸ ื›ืš:
ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื”ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืžื”ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ืžื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืชื ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ  1592 .

 1592.  ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืœื ืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉืขืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื: ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืขืœื” - ื™ืขืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืขืœื” - ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ืกืคืง ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื. ื•ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ืš: ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• - ืœื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ - ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ืœื ืขืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“, ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ. ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื•  1593 .

 1593.  ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืชืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™, ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืžื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื• ืจื•ื‘ื, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜, ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉื ื›ื•ืœื, ืืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื— ื›ื•ืœื ! ื•ื›ืชื‘, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืฉืœืฉืชื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืขืžื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื‘ื”, ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืžื“. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืžื“. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ, ืืœื ืฉืžืชืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ.
ื‘ืžืชื ื™ืชื ืชื ื (ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื ื™ื ื•), ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ื  1594  , ื•ืืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ  1595  , ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื’ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ.

 1594.  ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžื˜ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืœืช "ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื" ื‘ืฉื’ื’ืช ื”ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื›ื”ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืš: ืชื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ืฆืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขื“ ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื”". ื•ื›ืš ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื" - ืืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ" - ืืœื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื. "ื•ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ืฆืฆืจื™ื" - ืืœื• ื›ื”ื ื™ื. "ื”ื›ืœ ืขื“ ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื”" - ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.   1595.  ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื•ื‘, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” (ื  ื‘). ื•ืื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืœ. ืจืฉ"ืฉ.
ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ.
ื‘ืžืื™ ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ (ื‘ืžื” ื ื—ืœืงื•), ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื?
ืžืจ, ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื - ื‘ืคื” ื”ื•ื. ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืืœื ืœื”ื ืขื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื ื ืœื•ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื.
ื•ืžืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ  1596 .

 1596.  ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื, ืื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืœื. ืฉืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื”, ืื–ื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื•ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™, ืื–ื™ ื”ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื. ื•ืชืžื”ื• ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ืืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืจืง ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ! ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืชืœื• ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ - ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœื™ ื–ืžืจ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ! ืืœื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืืœื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ! ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื”, ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ื‘ื”ื ืชืœื™ื. ืฉืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื–ืžืจ. ื•ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉืจืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช.
ืืœื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ  1597  ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ, ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ื ื•.

 1597.  ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช (ืžืฆื•ื” ืœ"ื•) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืขืฆื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•', ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ืืžื ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืงื ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื.
ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• - ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ (ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช) ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”  1598 .

 1598.  ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืชื—ืœืงื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช.
ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื” ืฉื ืชืจื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืชื ืœืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ (ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช) ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื”  1599 .

 1599.  ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ - ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืžืืœืขื–ืจ. ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืชืงื ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืื™ืชืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš: "ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื•ื–", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืชืงื ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื•ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืขื–ื™ืจ ื’ืœืขื“". ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงืจืื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“  1600 , ื ืžื ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช.

 1600.  ื•ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืงืฉื” ืžื™ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข. ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
ืžื™ืชื™ื‘ื™ (ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืงืฉื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘): ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” - ืžืื™ืชืžืจ.
ื‘ื (ื‘ืื•) ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ - ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ (ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช) ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข.
ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืžื” ื™ืกื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืื”  1601  ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื"  1602 .

 1601.  ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืจื•ืื”", ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื.   1602.  ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ืกื“ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืจืื• ืœืกื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื.
ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื•, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘, ืฉืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข!
ืžื‘ืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ (ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื): ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืžืชื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช - ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช.
ืชื ื™ื ืื™ื“ืš (ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื—ืจืช): ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ: ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช - ืžืื™ืชืžืจ.
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืจื‘ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ - ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื—ืœืงื•ื (ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ), ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข. ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ - ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” - ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ.
ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ - ื•ื™ื—ืœืงื•ื. ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจืืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ, ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืžื•ื ื”". ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ืžืฆืื• "ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื" (ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช: ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžื”ื - ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื - ืžืื™ืชืžืจ.
ื•ืื•ืžืจ (ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืžืงืจื ืื—ืจ): "ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื– ืื—ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจ"  1603 .

 1603.  ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื ื–ื”.
ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื•ื– (ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ) ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช - ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘. ื•ื–ื”ื• "ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ", ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“.
ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืื™ืชืžืจ, ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ื•ื– ืืฃ ืขืชื”. ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื–ื”ื• "ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื•ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจ", ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื ืฉืืจ ื’ื ืขืชื”.
ืฉื•ืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ืžืื™ "ื•ืื•ืžืจ"? ืœืฉื ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืžืžืงืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ? ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืื™ืชืžืจ - ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ!
ื•ืžื‘ืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื•ื›ื™ ืชื™ืžื (ื›ื™ ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืจืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื ืชืืžืจ), ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ื ืคื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ), ื”ื›ื ื ืžื™ ื“ื ืคื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” (ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื”),
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื™ืงืจื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื•ื• (ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื  1604  ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘), ืืœื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” -

 1604.  ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืืžื ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื”ื•"ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื™ืชืžืจ ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ, ื•ืœืื™ืชืžืจ - ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
ืชื ืฉืžืข: "ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื– ืื—ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจ". ืฉืžืžืงืจื ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื—, ืฉืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ืจืง ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื ืชืจื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘.
ืชื™ื•ื‘ืชื ื“ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื (ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืขืœ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื)!
ืืžืจ ืœืš ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื: ืชื ืื™ ื”ื™ื (ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ), ื•ืื ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ืชื ื ื“ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” (ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ึธืจึทื™ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื™ื—ื“)  1605 .

 1605.  ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™, ืืžื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืชืžืจ, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื•ื– ืœืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื•ื– ืœืื™ืชืžืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื• ืฉืžืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืขื–ืจ - ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ "ื”ืžื” ื™ืกื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ", ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื• ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื” - ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืง, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื—), ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•? ื•ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ ื—ืžื ืืžืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘, ื”ืจื™ ืจื‘ ืชื ื ื”ื•ื - ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื ืกื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชืจื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื ืžืฆื ืชื ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืื•ืชื• ืชื ื, ืžืืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื ื - ื•ืคืœื™ื’.
ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ (ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืœื•ืช).
ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช:
ื. ื™ื“ืขื™ื”,
ื‘. ื—ืจื™ื,
ื’. ืคืฉื—ื•ืจ,  1606 

 1606.  ื”ืงืฉื” ืจืฉ"ื™, ื”ืœื ืคืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืชื™ืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืžืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”. ื•ื ืชืจื‘ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื™ืžืจ ื•ืคืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
ื“. ื•ืื™ืžืจ.


ื“ืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืกื›ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื ื™

ื“ืฃ ื‘ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื‘ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื’ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื’ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื“ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื“ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื” ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื” ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื• ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื• ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื– ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื– ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื— ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื— ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื˜ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื˜ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื‘ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื’ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื’ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื’ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื“ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื“ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื˜ื• ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื˜ื• ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื˜ื– ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื˜ื– ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื– ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื– ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื– ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื— ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื— ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื™ื˜ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื™ื˜ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื› ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื› ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื’ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื’ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื” ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื” ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื– ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื– ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื— ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื— ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ื›ื˜ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ื›ื˜ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ืœ ืข"ื | ื“ืฃ ืœ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ืœ ืข"ื‘ | ื“ืฃ ืœื ืข"ื |