ืคืจืฉื ื™:ื‘ื‘ืœื™:ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื• ื‘

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ


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ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคืจืฉื ื™ - ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.

ืžื˜ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ? ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ. ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื™? ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืขืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืืœืชืš ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื• ื‘

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื. ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช (ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ื”ืจ  1555 .

 1555.  ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื›ื— ื‘) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–.
ื‘. ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื•  1556 .

 1556.  ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืคืจืง ื“' ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“), ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืฉื›ืš ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื (ืคืจืง ื“' ื”ืœื›ื” ื”'): "ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™, ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœืฉืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื™ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืœืฉืœื• ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ืขืœื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื. ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื•ืงืคืฅ ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืคืจืกื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื” ื’ืจืžื• ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช". ื•"ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื”" ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ื•ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจืงื ื•ืก ื•ืืจืกืชื‘ื•ืœื•ืก ื›ืฉืฆืจื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื (ืคื‘ ื‘). ืืžื ื, ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืฆืจ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ืžื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืื‘, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืคืกืง ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืžื. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™.
ื’. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื  1557 .

 1557.  ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืž"ื˜): "ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื ื‘) "ืฆื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื˜' ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ", ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืžืชืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืžืชื—ืœื” ืชืงื ื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜' ื‘ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื˜' ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ื™"ื–, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ื™"ื–, ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื•, ืœืคื™ ื“ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืจ ืœืŸ". ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื–. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื•, ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™"ื–. ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืชืขื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ืชืขื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื™"ื–, ืฉื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื›ื— ื‘), ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื.
ื“. ื•ืฉืจืฃ ืืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”  1558 .

 1558.  ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืจืื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืจื™ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื–ืจื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจื”, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ื”ื• ืฉืืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉืจืฃ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื˜ ื”ืชื ื "ืชื•ืจื”" ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉืข ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”. ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ืžืœืš (ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) ืฆืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ  1559 .

 1559.  ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืชืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ืก ืฉืฉืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ. ื›ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืœื" ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช: "ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืฆืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ". ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืจืฉ"ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืก "ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืฆืœื", ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘"ื— ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืœืžื“ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื "ื•ืœืชืช ืฉืงื•ืฅ ืžืฉื•ืžื", ื•ืžืงืจื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื ืฉื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ: "ืื™ืช ืชื ื™ื™ ืชื ื™ ื”ื•ืขืžื“, ื•ืืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืฉื” ืงืื™. ื•ืื™ืช ืชื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื“, ื•ืืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก ืงืื™".
ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘: ื. ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ (ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืคืจืง ื™"ื’ ื•ืื™ืœืš).
ื‘. ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ) ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ),
ื’. ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™), ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘.
ื“. ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ื•ืœื  1560 .

 1560.  ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื ื– ื), ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช (ืคืจืง ื”' ื”ืœื›ื” ื’'): "ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื” ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื“ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื•ื ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ". ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
ื”. ื•ื ื—ืจืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘  1561 .

 1561.  ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ืชื—ืจืฉ". ืฉื ื—ืจืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืฉื“ื” ื—ืจื•ืฉื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื›ื˜ ื, ื“"ื” ื ื—ืจืฉื”). ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืจื ื•ืกืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืฉืข ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ.
ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจืขื• ืื•ืชื ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืœืคื™ื›ืš -
ืžืฉื ื›ื ืก ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ื•ืื™ืœืš - ืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”  1562 .

 1562.  ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ืžื’ ื) ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืฉืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ื‘ืžืชืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืข. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื”ืœื›ื” ื•) ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” - ืžื•ืชืจ. ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืฉืžืืจืกื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ื•ื ืกื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืžืชืืจืกื™ื ื‘ืœื ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ืกืขื•ื“ื” - ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืื™ืชื, ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืืจืก, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื™ืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืœื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜ ื): ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ืืœื ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•, ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืจื—ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื• ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื•, ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ื  ื‘).
ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข) ืฉื—ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” (ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข), ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงืฆืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืžืœืกืคืจ ื•ืžืœื›ื‘ืก  1563  ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข.

 1563.  ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ืก ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœ ืœื‘ืฉื•ื”ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžื‘ื™ื, ืฉืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ืก ืžืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืจืง ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ืก ืืกื•ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ืกื™ื, ื•ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ, ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื (ืžื’ื‘ื•ืช) - ืืกื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื.
ื•ืื ื—ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช  1564 , ืื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื• ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ืก  1565 , ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘)  1566 .

 1564.  ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื• ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืš. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™ ืฉืชืžื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.   1565.  ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืกืคื•ืจืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื™"ื’), ืฉืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉืจ"ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืžื•ืชืจ.   1566.  ื•ืื ื—ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•. ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ืœืงืžืŸ. ืจืฉ"ื™.
ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืคืกืงืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื™ืฆืขืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸ  1567  , ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื’ื™ื  1568 .

 1567.  ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืืฃ ื“ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• - ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื• ื‘). ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื. ืืœื, ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื™ื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื—ื“ ืฆืœื™, ื•ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชืžื—ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ืงื“ืจื” ืื—ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืื—ื“. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ื” ื•ื—ืชื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–"ืœ, ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืกื™ื™ื: ื•ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ - ืชื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื”.   1568.  ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืืกื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• "ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ", ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืœื™ื—, ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืขื ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืื—ืจ. ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื™ืฉื ื” (ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืžื” ื ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ).
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื” (ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”), ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœื™ื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจืงืข  1569 .

 1569.  ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื˜ื• ื‘): "ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื™ ื ืชืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ื” - ื›ืคื• ืžื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”". ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™ (ืœืงืžืŸ ืœ ื‘), ื”ืจื™ ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ! ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืคืจืง ื”' ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื™"ื—), ืฉืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืค"ื– ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘'): "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื”". ืืžื ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจืงืข. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื (ืกืง"ื‘).
ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”. ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืชื•  1570 .

 1570.  ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื "ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘'): ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžืฉื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืจืืฉื•. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ื‘' ื›ืจื™ื, ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืื—ื“. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ: ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืื‘, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื  1571 .

 1571.  ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื˜ืขื: ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืชืจื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœื• ื‘ื• ืžืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืฉืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื”ืกืคื“. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืกืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืœื (ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืกืœืžืื™ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืคืชื™), ื•ื’ื ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื, ื•ื ืืกืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืคื“ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืฉืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื ืื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ืŸ  1572  ืฉืื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืฉื•ืืœืช ื‘ื’ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ืฉืœื”).

 1572.  ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื - ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ื. ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืœื”ืœืŸ (ืœื ื, ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื”ืŸ).
ื•ืœืžื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืš -
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•.
ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš, ืฉืฉืืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื (ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื) ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”. ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืฉืืœื”. ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืงื™ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ื•ืฉืžื ื ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื” ื˜ืžืื™ื  1573 .

 1573.  ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื - ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืœื•ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“.
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืช (ืจื•ืงื“ื•ืช. ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช"  1574 ) ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื  1575 .

 1574.  ื›ืžื• "ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื, ื›ื), ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื–ืžืจ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืœ.   1575.  ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืฉื ืงื˜ ื›ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืืฉืชืš ื›ื’ืคืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืชืš". ื›ื’ืคืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืช (ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืช). ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื, ืœืจืžื– ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืฉื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื–ื ื”, ื›ื’ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืคืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื”, ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื.
ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื•ืช?
ื‘ื—ื•ืจ! ืฉื ื ื ืขื™ื ื™ืš, ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืืชื” ื‘ื•ืจืจ ืœืš  1576 .

 1576.  ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจืกื™ืกื™ ืœื™ืœื” (ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ), ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื (ื› ื), ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช. ื•ื”ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ื—ื˜ืคื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืืฉืชื•, ื•ื—"ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืงืจ ! ื•ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื™ืžื”. ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ื• ืžื’ืขืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ืชื• ืœืฉื. ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื“ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื”. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ืื ืื‘ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื, ืื• ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจื ื” ืœื™ื ืฉื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ื™ ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ืืŸ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืŸ ืื ืœื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
ืืœ ืชืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื‘ื ื•ื™  1577  , ืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”! ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืš ืืฉื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื•ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื”: "ืฉืงืจ ื”ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืคื™. ืืฉื” ื™ืจืืช ื”'!!!

 1577.  ืืฃ ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื•ืืžืจื• "ืฉื ื ื ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืืชื” ื‘ื•ืจืจ ืœืš", ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™, ืืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืงื“ืฉ ืืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื” ืžื•ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ. ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืœื”ืœืŸ (ืœื ื, ื“"ื” ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ).
- ื”ื™ื ืชืชื”ืœืœ"  1578 .

 1578.  ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื—ืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื™ืคื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืฉื” ื™ืจืืช ื”', ื”ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื”ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื”. ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืœื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”', ืฉืขืงืจ ื™ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื™ืจืื™ ืืœืงื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจืื” "ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื". ื•ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื™ ื”', ื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื.
ื•ืื•ืžืจ (ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืกื•ืง ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”): "ืชื ื• ืœื” ืžืคืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ืœืœื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื”". ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืžืชื”ืœืœืช ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืคื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ  1579 : "ืฆืื™ื ื”  1580  ื•ืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืขื˜ืจื” ืฉืขื˜ืจื” ืœื• ืืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื•".

 1579.  ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ืืœ (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกื›ืช) ืžื‘ืืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื‘ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื (ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื•, ืฉืขื•ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื), ืืœื ืชื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• "ืฆืื™ื ื” ื•ืจืื™ื ื”", "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•" ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืื– ืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืฉื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืจืก ืขืฆืžื• (ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชืฉืžื™ืฉ) ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืœืขืœื•ื– ื‘ืืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ - ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื•ืขื•ื ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช. "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื•" - ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ืจื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื”ื• (ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ) ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืžืžืฉืžืจืชื. ื•ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื” - ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื–ืงื ื•ืชื•.   1580.  "ืฆืื™ื ื”" - ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืช. ืจ"ืŸ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืข"ื‘, ืฉืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืจืื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”. "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•" - ื–ื” ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื•" - ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
"ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื• ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื).
"ื‘ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื”" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื. ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืžืœืš ืฉื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื•.
"ืืžื•" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ  1581 .

 1581.  ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืคืจืฉื” ื’'): "ื‘ืขื˜ืจื” ืฉืขื˜ืจื” ืœื• ืืžื•, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืฉืืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™, ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉืžืขืช ืžืื‘ื™ืš ืžื”ื• "ื‘ืขื˜ืจื” ืฉืขื˜ืจื” ืœื• ืืžื•"? ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื”ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื”ื™ืืš? ืืžืจ ืœื•: (ืžืฉืœ) ืœืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื” "ื‘ืชื™". ื•ืœื ื–ื– ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื ืื•ืชื” "ืื—ื•ืชื™". ื•ืœื ื–ื– ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื ืื•ืชื” "ืืžื™". ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืงืจืืŸ "ื‘ืชื™" ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืœื ื–ื– ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉืงืจืืŸ "ืื—ื•ืชื™" ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืœื ื–ื– ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉืงืจืืŸ "ืืžื™" ื•ื›ื•'. ืขืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื•ื ืฉืงื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื•ืืžืจ: ืืœื• ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ืืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืคื™ืš ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” - ื“ื™ื™ !
"ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื ืชื•" - ื–ื” ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
"ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื•" - ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•  1582   1583 .

 1582.  ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืคืจืง ื’' ืคืกื•ืง ื™"ื) ืžื‘ืืจ, ืฉ"ื‘ืขื˜ืจื” ืฉืขื˜ืจื” ืœื• ืืžื•" - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•" - ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืขื˜ืจื•ื”ื• ืœื”ื ืœืžืœืš, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื•ืœื•. "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื•" - ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžืœื•ืื™ื, ืฉื ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ.   1583.  ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ (ื‘ืฉื•"ืช, ื—ืœืง ื' ืกื™ืžืŸ ืง"ื’) ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื (ื•ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื•ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ืžืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘.
ื’ืžืจื:
ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื ื•: ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื›ื•'.
ืฉื•ืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื”ื™ืืš ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื, ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื”?
ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช  1584 .

 1584.  ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ืžื™ ืื™ื›ื ืžื•ืกืฃ (ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ)?  1585 

 1585.  ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืืจื™, ื”ืจื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ! ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
ื•ืžืชืจืฆืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ืžืฉื ืชื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• - ื—ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื—ืกืจื (ื—ืกืจื” ื”ื™ื). ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืชื ื™ (ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืชื”):
ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื, ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ืŸ (ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื). ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื”.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื, ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื: ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื ืขื™ืœืช ืฉืขืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช.
ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื: ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื”: ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื ื•, ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื.
ืžืืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžื™ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื›ืžื™ื) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ -
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื.
ื“ืชื ื™ื: ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ.
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื. ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื.
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื—ื•ืœืง ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื ืขื™ืœื” - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื. ืžื ื—ื” - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื.
ื‘ืžืื™ ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ (ื‘ืžื” ื ื—ืœืงื•) ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื•?
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื‘ืจ: ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื ื˜ืขืžื ืžืื™ ืœื ืคืจืฉื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžื ื—ืชื (ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”) -
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” - ืื—ืจื™ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉืชื›ืจ ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืฉื ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื›ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•!  1586 

 1586.  ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืืœ ืชืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื›ื ืืœ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืœื ืชืžื•ืชื•". ื•ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื - ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ืœืงืžืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืชื•ื™ ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืกื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืฉืื– ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉืชื›ืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื•.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื ื, ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืœื™ื›ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช (ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉืชื›ืจ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”.
ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืจ: ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื“ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื (ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืขื ื™ืช) ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื” - ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช).
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื”, ื“ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื ืฉื›ืจื•ืช (ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ  1587 ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื) ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืื• ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืฉื›ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉืื• ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช.

 1587.  ื”ืงืฉื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ื™ ื) ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื›ืจื•ืช? ื•ืชื™ืจืฆื•, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื, ืฉืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื—ืžืชื” - ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ืช, ืฉืคื•ืกืœืชื• ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื - ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ืงืฉ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ.
ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื‘ืจ: ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื“ืื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื (ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”), ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืื• ื›ืคื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื”, ื“ืœื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื (ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื), ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื” ื›ืคื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ. ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช.
ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื•: ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืขื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ.
ื•ืจื‘ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื•: ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ.
ื•ืขืชื” ืžื‘ืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื.
ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ (ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ) ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื•: "ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ", ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืจืงื (ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืš.
ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ: "ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ", ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ), ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืจื•ื™ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืŸ (ืื ื‘ื ืื“ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•).
ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ืžื ื”ื’" ื”ื™ื, ืฉืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื.
ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ: "ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืขื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ", ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืื ื‘ื ืื“ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืื•ืจื•ื™ื™ ืœื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•). ื•ืื™ ืขื‘ื™ื“ - ืขื‘ื™ื“ (ื•ืื ื ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ืžื“ืขืชื•, ืขืฉื”), ื•ืœื ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” (ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ).
ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ื ื”ื’ื•" ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš ืžื“ืขืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืงืจ.
ื•ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™. ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื” - ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ.
ื•ืžืกื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™.
ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ, ื”ืื™ื“ื ื, ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืคืจืฉื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžื ื—ืชื ื“ืชืขื ื™ืชื (ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช)?
ืžื‘ืืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืงื ืคืจืฉื™ (ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืจืง ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžื ื—ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื”, ืžืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื”) - ื›ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ื“ืžื™ื (ื“ื•ืžื” ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื”, ืฉื–ืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”  1588 .

 1588.  ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืžืคืจืฉ, ืฉืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื”, ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘" ื. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื•ืžืกืงื ืชื•, ืฉืœืคื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืœื”. ืืžื ื ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›"ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” - ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ืขื™ืœื”. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืงื ืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš, ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” "ืจืฆื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื•", ืืœื ืจืง "ืื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชืคืœืชื". ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืจืฆื”". ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืจืฆื”" ืืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืจืฆื”" ื‘ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื•ืกื‘ืจืชื, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืชืคืœื”, ืื•ืžืจ "ืจืฆื”". ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชืคืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื•ืกื™ื™ื: "ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืžืช".
ื•ืขืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืฉืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื.
ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ืžื™ื”ืช (ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ) ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื.
ืžื ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ (ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”)?
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงืคืจื: ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ: "ื›ื” ืชื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ืจื›ืš ื”' ื•ื’ื•'". ื›ืืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื.
ื•ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง, ื ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืจ: "ืื™ืฉ ืื• ืืฉื” ื›ื™ ื™ืคืœื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ืจ ื ื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื•'".
ื•ืขืชื”, ืœืžื” ื ืกืžื›ื” ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš - ืœืคืจืฉืช ื ื–ื™ืจ?
ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœืœืžื“ื ื•: ืžื” ื ื–ื™ืจ - ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•: "ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื™ื–ื™ืจ"), ืืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš - ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš.
ืžืชืงื™ืฃ ืœื” (ื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•) ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืจื (ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืจื), ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืจ ื–ื‘ื“ื (ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืจ ื–ื‘ื“ื):
ืื™, ืื ื›ืš, ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืจ, ืฉืžื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื ื–ื™ืจ ื›ืš: ืžื” ื ื–ื™ืจ (ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื–ื™ืจ) ืืกื•ืจ ืืฃ ื‘ื—ืจืฆืŸ (ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ) ืฉืœ ื’ืคืŸ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืžื—ืจืฆื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื–ื’ ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ", ืืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจืฆืŸ?!
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš. ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืงืจื (ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘): "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”' ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื’ื•' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื•". ืžื›ืš ืฉื ืกืžืš ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช.
ื•ื›ืš ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื™ืงืฉ ื–ื”: ืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช - ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืจืฆืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• "ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืืœ ืชืฉืช ื•ื’ื•' ื‘ื‘ื•ืื›ื ืืœ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“", ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆื ื™ื -
ืืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš - ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจืฆืŸ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ  1589 .

 1589.  ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช, ืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืœ "ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื•", ืœืฉื ืžื” ื ืฆืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื ื–ื™ืจ? ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ื›ืืŸ ืžืกื™ืงื” ืฉืืกืžื›ืชื ื”ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืช, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฉ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืœื— ื) ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ! ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืœืžื” ื’ื–ืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืœืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื, ื•ื’ื–ืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืจื•ืช - ืื˜ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ! ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคืœื” ืคืจืง ื˜"ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื“') ื›ืชื‘ ืกืชื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืคืชื— ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื’ื•ืจืก ื‘ื’ืžืจื: "ืืœื ืืžืจ ืงืจื ืœืฉืจืชื• ื›ื•'", ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉ"ืก ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื ื–ื™ืจ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.


ื“ืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืกื›ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื ื™

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