ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืžืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ืž (ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืงื•ืจ)
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(29 ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 5 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead sea.jpg|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ [[ื ืืก"ื]]]]
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead sea.jpg|ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื - ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื:Prolineserver]]
'''ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—''' ื”ื•ื [[ื™ืžื”]] [[ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ|ืžืœื•ื—ื”]] ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ [[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœ[[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”"ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื™ื•ื 26 ืžืื™ 2008 ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ bar 1.053 โ€โ€<ref>โ€[http://isramar.ocean.org.il/DeadSea/seawindbasic.asp ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ]โ€</ref>. ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• (ืื—ืจื™ "ืื’ื ืืกืืœ" ื‘"ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™"). ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื 31.5%, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘[[ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ|ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]] ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 3.5% - 3.9%.
'''ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—''' ื”ื•ื [[ื™ืžื”]] [[ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ|ืžืœื•ื—ื”]] ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ [[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]], ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœ[[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]]. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”"ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื™ื•ื 26 ืžืื™ 2008 ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ bar 1.053 โ€โ€<ref>โ€[http://isramar.ocean.org.il/DeadSea/seawindbasic.asp ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ]โ€</ref>. ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• (ืื—ืจื™ "ืื’ื ืืกืืœ" ื‘"ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™"). ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื 31.5%, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘[[ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ|ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]] ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 3.5% - 3.9%.


==ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื”==
==ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื==


ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืžื” , ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืืฉืœื’ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื] ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื.ย  ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘[[ืžืงืจื]] ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.ย  ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืžื• [[ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื”]] . ื‘[[ืชื "ืš]] ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]] (ืคืจืง ื’' ื™"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื '''ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื—''' ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื '''ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื™ึธื ื”ึธืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื—''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื‘,ื’"|ื›ืŸ}} . ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื '''ืขึตืžึถืง ื”ึทืฉึดึผื‚ื“ึดึผื™ื''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื’'|ื›ืŸ}}, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ืขืžืง ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” [[ื—ืงืœืื•ืช|ื—ืงืœืื™ืช]], ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืœื•ึนื˜ ืึถืช ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื•, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ื›ึดึผื›ึทึผืจ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ, ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึปืœึธึผื”ึผ, ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึถื”--ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฉึทืื—ึตืช ื”', ืึถืช-ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืขึฒืžึนืจึธื”, ื›ึฐึผื’ึทืŸ-ื”' ื›ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื‘ึนึผืึฒื›ึธื” ืฆึนืขึทืจ".{{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื™"ื’,ื™'|ื›ืŸ}}. ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื ื• '''ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™''', ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืงื“ืžื”', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”:"ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึทื™ึดื-ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื ืžึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทืงึทึผื“ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ: ื‘ึทึผืงึทึผื™ึดืฅ ื•ึผื‘ึธื—ึนืจึถืฃ, ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื”" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|[[ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”]], ื™"ื“, ื—'|ื›ืŸ}}
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ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืžืจืคื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ื“ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืื’ืจื™ย  ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื™ื-ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื - ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื -ย  ืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจืคื ื‘[[ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™]] ื•ื‘[[ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืง]] . ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื โ€โ€ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื”ย  ืœืฉืืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ืงืœย  ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื <ref>โ€[[ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•]] ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš: " ื•ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืงืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื“ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื’ื ืื ื™ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ืืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ืืžืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื”, ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื ืคื” ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื— ืœืžืขืœื”" (ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื“,ื—,ื“, ืขืž' 271-270) </ref> .
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ืžื”ย  ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• [[ืžืฆื“ื”]] ื•ืžืขืจื•ืช [[ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ]]ย  ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื• ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”ย  ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืงื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื’ืข ืขืย  ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื‘ืชื ืืช ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœย  [[ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื|ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื]] ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžื™ืžื™ื•. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื : [[ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™]] ื•[[ืขื™ืŸ ืคืฉื—ื”]].
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ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘[[ืžืงืจื]] ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช [[ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”|ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื]] ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืืŸืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื. . ื‘[[ืชื "ืš]] ื‘[[ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื]] (ืคืจืง ื’' ื™"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื '''ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช''' ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื '''ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื”'''. ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื• ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื '''ืขึตืžึถืง ื”ึทืฉึดึผื‚ื“ึดึผื™ื''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื’')}}, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ืขืžืง ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” [[ื—ืงืœืื•ืช|ื—ืงืœืื™ืช]]. ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื ื• '''ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™''', ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืงื“ืžื”', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|([[ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”]], ื™"ื“, ื—')}}.
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==ืชืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื”==
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ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ [[ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”]], ื‘ื™ืŸ [[ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ืœ[[ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื•ืคื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื—). ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008ย  ื”ื™ื” 421.11 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช [[ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื]] [http://www.eingedi.co.il/htmls/article.aspx?C2004=13265&BSP=12570 ืžืงื•ืจ] ื•-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ [[ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ]].
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ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื” 650 ืงืž"ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002ย  โ€โ€<ref>โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ: [[http://www.sviva.gov.il/Enviroment/Static/Binaries/Articals/ds_low2_2.pdf ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“].โ€</ref>
ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื 67 ืง"ืž (ืื•ืจืš ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ - 51 ืง"ืž), ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืขื“ 18 ืง"ืž, ื•ืขื•ืžืงื• ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 380 ืžื˜ืจ (ื›-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื). ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื”, ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืคืœืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืœืคื™ ืžืคื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช [[ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™]] ืžืฉื ืช 1930 ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื” 1,038 ืงืž"ืจ , ืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื 76-78 ืง"ืž ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• 17.5 ืงืž"ืจย  ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœ[[ื”ืจ ืกื“ื•ื]]<ref name=braslavi>'''ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™</ref>.
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ื‘ืงืข ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืชื•ื—ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ืย  ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื”. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืชืš ืื•ืคืงื™ ื”ืฆืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื - ื›-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื ืขืŸืœื” ืขืœ 1,200 ืžื˜ืจ.
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ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืœื™ื ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ืขื–ืจืช 85 ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืงย  ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืื’ืŸย  ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืขื“ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“-ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื•ืชืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. "ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืงืจืงื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™-ืคืขื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืื“ื• ืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืœื™ืœ <ref name=niv>'''ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™''' </ref>.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—". ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ืงืจื "ื›ืฃ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835 ื•ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ "ื›ืฃ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื" ืขืœ ืฉื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1847 ืืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
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==ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช==
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ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื” ืžืœื•ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืงืข ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ [[ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ]], ื‘ืžืจื›ื– "ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™". ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื: "ื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ".
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ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืข ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื– ื•ืืฉ ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ืืฃย  ื‘[[ืชื "ืš]] "ื•ื”'ย  ื”ึดืžึฐื˜ึดื™ืจ ืขึทืœ ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืขึฒืžึนืจึธื” ื’ึธึผืคึฐืจึดื™ืช ื•ึธืึตืฉื:ย  ืžึตืึตืช ื”', ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึธื™ึดื. ื•ึทื™ึทึผื”ึฒืคึนืšึฐ ืึถืช-ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ, ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึนืฉึฐืื‘ึตื™ ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืืงึตืฃ, ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึทืขึฒืžึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื, ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึธืœึธื” ืงึดื™ื˜ึนืจ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ึฐึผืงึดื™ื˜ึนืจ, ื”ึทื›ึดึผื‘ึฐืฉึธืืŸ" {{ืžืงื•ืจ|([[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]], ืคืจืง ื™"ื˜, ื›"ื” - ื›"ื—)}}. ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืข: ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
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ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ืื• ืคื™ืงืจื“ย  ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 - ื”ืชืฉื™"ื—, ื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ึผโ€ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ"ย  ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืจื‘ื™ืขื•ืŸ" ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”"ืงื ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ" - ืžืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 1.75 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.ย  ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืžืง ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืขืžืงย  ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ" ื•ื”"ืจื‘ื™ืขื•ืŸ" - ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืื•ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”"ืžื™ื•ืงืŸ", ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘"ืคืœื™ืื•ืงืŸ" ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘"ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ".
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ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ ืกื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื”ืชืžืœืื” ื‘ืกื—ืฃ. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืš ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘: ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
* ื‘'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ''' ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืงืขืช-ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื™ืžื” ืžืชื•ืงื” ืžื‘ืงืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— โ€โ€<ref>โ€ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”โ€ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžื™ ื™ื</ref>. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ย  30 ืขื“ 40 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ [[ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ]], [[ืงื•ื ื’ืœื•ืžืจื˜|ืงื•ื ื’ืœื•ืžืจื˜ื™ื]] ืฉืœ [[ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ|ืื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืจ]] ื•[[ื˜ืจื” ืจื•ืกื”]].
* ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ'''ย  ืœ'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ''' ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช : ื”ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžืย  ื•ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืข. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉืคื›ื™ [[ืœื‘ื”]] ื‘ื™ืŸ [[ื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”]] ืœื‘ื™ืŸ [[ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช]]. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”, ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื“ื• ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช [[ื—ื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ]]
* ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ''' ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• "ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ" ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸย  ืž[[ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช|ื›ื ืจืช]] ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ืื–ื•ืจ [[ื—ืฆื‘ื”]] ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ([[ื ื—ืœ ื’ื“ืจื•ืŸ]] ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื ืืžื“ ื›-230 ืง"ืž . ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืœ-150 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืจืง 50 ืžื˜ืจ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืงืจื” ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืฆืคื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ 200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
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* ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ'''ย  ืื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”'''ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ'''ย  ื ืชืžืขื˜ื• ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืช: ื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื ืคื— ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื ืคื— ื”ืื’ื ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ืื ืื’ื ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• - ื›-180 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืคืœืก [[ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก]] - ืœืคื ื™ 25,000 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืžืง ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ 15,000 - 17,000 ืฉื ื”.ย  ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืœืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื”ืชื ื“ืฃ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืชื• ื•ืžืคืœืกื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 700 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืคืœืก ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.<ref name=ilan>'''ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ'''</ref>.
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'''ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™''' ื‘ืกืคืจื• [[ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ]] ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ "ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘-ืกื‘ื™ื‘"ย  ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืื• ืคื™ืงืจื“:
# ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 180 - 190 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— โ€โ€<ref name=braslavi>ื‘ืฉื ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ - 1943 . ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 25 ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื” ืื– 392 ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื</ref>. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืž[[ื™ืจื™ื—ื•]] ืขื“ ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช.
# ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 60 - 80 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— <ref name=braslavi/>.
# ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชื—ืชื•ื ื”ย  ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ย  4-6 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช <ref name=braslavi/>.
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ื›ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ (ื˜ืืจืกื•ืช) ืื•ืคืงื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืžื ื•ย  ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœื™ื•. ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ [[ื—ืฆืฅ]] ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืื’ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืงื™-ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ <ref name=niv/>.
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ืื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ย  ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืื’ื ืขืฆืžืื™ ืจื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื™ ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืงืข [[ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ]] ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื <ref name=ilan/>.ย  ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžืœื ืžื™ืย  ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืขื“ ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›-400 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืฉืงืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืย  ื›-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื .ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ย  ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืคืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื ื™ืชย  ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ . ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืกื›ื ืคื™ืงืจื“:" ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืจืง ืขื“ ืฉืคืชื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื—ืื•ื•ืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”[[ืžืฆื“ื”]]. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘[[ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื”]]
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===ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื”===
{{ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื}}
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==ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ืžื”==
{{ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื}}
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[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:DeadSea03 ST 04.JPG|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]]
ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืชืจ ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืžืฆื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื™ืชื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™, ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืจ ืื™ื“ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ:
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-26 ืžื˜ืจ, ืžื”ื 20 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช . ื™ืจื—ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืชืื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื™ืžื” - 400ย  ืžืœืž"ืง ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื“ื”ย  - 1,500ย  ืžืœืž"ืง, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ - 650ย  ืžืœืž"ืง ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.ย  '''ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืž-930ย  ืงืž"ืจ ืœื›-650 ืงืž"ืจ''' โ€โ€<ref>โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ: [[http://www.sviva.gov.il/Enviroment/Static/Binaries/Articals/ds_low2_2.pdf ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“].โ€</ref> ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื–ืจื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื“ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”[[ื™ืจื“ืŸ]] ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืœื•ืช , ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช,ย  ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”|ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช]] ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืž[[ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™]], ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจ ืกื“ื•ื, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช [[ืขืžื•ืก ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ]] ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื’ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
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[[ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจ-ื–ื”ืจ]] ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘[[ื›ื ืกืช]] :ย  "ืžื—ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“"ืจ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืขืœื” ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘-โ€Ž10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื•. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž12 - ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž12 - ืขืœื” ื”ืžืคืœืก ื‘-โ€Ž21 ืžื˜ืจ; ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž14 ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-โ€Ž19 ืžื˜ืจ. ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž16 ื•ื”-โ€Ž17, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-โ€Ž20 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืคืœืก. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž18, ืื’ื‘, ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžืคืœืก ืขื“ ืœ-โ€Ž404 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ [[ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™]] ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืจื™ . ื‘ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืž-โ€Ž1963 ืขื“ โ€Ž1969, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ , ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ืœื ื™ืจื“, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขืœื”. ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื โ€Ž1969 ืขื“ โ€Ž1979 ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœืก ื™ืจื“.
ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 - 1980 ื”ืžืคืœืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื›ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื - ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”.โ€โ€<ref>โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ :[http://www.knesset.gov.il/Tql/knesset/Knesset10/html/19820512@[email protected] ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช - ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื 12 ืžืื™ 1982]โ€</ref>
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸย  ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ [[ืื—ืื‘]] ื”ื™ื” [[ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ|ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ [[ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื]] ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืก ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช. โ€ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘[[ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช]] ืœืคื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”ย  ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœืฉืชื™ืœืช ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃย  ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืšย  ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื™ื โ€โ€<ref>โ€ืžืงื•ืจ: M. Stiller et al., 'The Late Holocene Sediments of Lake Kinneret {23} (Israel): Multidisciplinary Study of a Five Meter Core. GeologicalSurvey of Israel', Current Research, (1983-1984), pp. 83-88; U. Baruch,'The Late Holocene Vegetational History of Lake Kinneret (Sea ofย  Galilee) Israel', Paleorient, 12, 2 (1986), pp. 37-48ืœืขื™ืœ.โ€</ref>
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ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— , ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” "ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— - ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื - ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 330 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-70 ืžื˜ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›- 40% ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืžืคืœืก ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžืœื ืืช ืื’ืŸ ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื” <ref name=klain>'''ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ'''</ref> .
ืขื“ื•ืชย  ื ื•ืกืคืชย  ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืชย  ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘"ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื". ื”ืžืคื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืคื”ย  ืœื™ืžื” ืื™ืŸ "ืœืฉื•ืŸ". ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื•ืจืช [[ืืœื™ืคืกื”]] ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื”. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— [[ื”ืžืื” ื”-5]] -[[ื”ืžืื” ื”-6]] - ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื” - ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื ื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”.
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ืืจื™ื” ืื™ืกืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช" ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืื-ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืฆืคื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœื” ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื›-70ย  ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›-40 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžื™ื โ€โ€<ref>โ€โ€ืžืงื•ืจ: ืงืชื“ืจื” 61 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991 [http://www.snunit.k12.il/heb_journals/katedra/61067.html ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ื]โ€</ref>.
===ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืœืก===
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{{ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื}}
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[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead sea ecological disaster.gif|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]]
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ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ , ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 1,200 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื’ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ืื‘ ื—ืฆืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ื”"ืœืฉื•ืŸ" <ref name=ilan/>
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ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉย  ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช:
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, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขืช ื”[[ื‘ื•ืœืขืŸ|ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื]]. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื‘[[ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]] ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื™'), ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ืคืœื• ืžืœืš [[ืกื“ื•ื]] ื•ืžืœืš [[ืขืžื•ืจื”]] ืœื‘ืืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืžืชื•, ื›ื ืคื™ืœืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื”ื™ืžื” ื ื—ืฆืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™-ื”ืื™ "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ", ืฉื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ืœื™ื ืฅ' ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ืืœืฆื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆืจ ืœื™ื ืฅ', ืœื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ื‘ื ืชื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืœื”, ื•ืกื’ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฆื‘ื” ืชืขืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ".
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืชืขืœื” ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืฉืžื” "ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื-ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—". ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืขืœื” ืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื [[ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื]] ื ื’ื ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื”, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช - ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืฉืคื™ื›ืช ืžื™ ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ืกืช ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
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==ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—==
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Deadsea.jpg|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืœื™ื“ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืง]]
[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:Dead sea newspaper.jpg|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืชื™ื™ืจ ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]]
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* ื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ [[ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืจื”)|ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™]]
* ื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ [[ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ]]
* ื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ [[ืžืฆื“ื”]]
* ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข [[ืขื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืงื™ื]] (ืขื™ืŸ ืคืฉื—ื”)
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==ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช==
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1806 - 1807 -ย  ื”ื ื•ืกืขย  ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื–ื™ื˜ืฆืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืื’ื ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžื”ย  "ื’ืœื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื" ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืื™ืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ [[ืžืฆื“ื”]].
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1818 - ืฉื ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื :ืื™ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžื ื’ืœืก ื’ื ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ืื™ืžืชื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืืœ ื”"ืœืฉื•ืŸ".
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1819 -ย  ื’ื™ื™ ืœื•ืกืง: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—
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1835 - ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื›. ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืŸย  ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. ืžืช ืžืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื›ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืฃ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืŸ".
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1847 - ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื” ืื ื’ืœื™, ืช.ืžื•ืœื™ื ื”, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืจื”. ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื•ืžืช. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืฃ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื”". ืกื™ืจืชื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื•ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
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1848 - ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ืž[[ืืจื”"ื‘]] ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื ื ื˜-ืงื•ืžื ื“ืจย  ื•.ืค. ืœื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืขืจืš ืกืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื•: "ื—ืงืจ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืขืช ืžื•ืฉืœื".
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1867 - ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื.ืจื™ื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
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1902 - ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืœ: "...ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื, ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืจื—ื ื™ื•ืช..."
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1911 -ย  [[ืžืฉื” ื ื•ื‘ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืงื™]] - ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘[[ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
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1920 -ย  ืžืฉื” ื ื•ื‘ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ย  ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื .
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1930 -ย  ื”ืงืžืช [[ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืฉืœื’ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช]] โ€“ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืงืœื™"ื”
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1932 -ย  ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื•
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1934 -ย  ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื“ื•ื
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1936ย  -ย  ื”ืžืคืขืœย  ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ 80,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฉืœื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”
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1952ย  -ย  ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—" ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืืฉืœื’ ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื—
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1958ย  - ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ [[ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืงืœืฃ] ื•ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืž. ื›ื”ื ืจ ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
ย 
1959ย  - 1961 - ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื•.
ย 
1966 -ย  ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-135 ืงืž"ืจ
ย 
1975 -ย  ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”
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1980] -ย  ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ย  ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืจ.
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1986 -ย  ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”
ย 
ย 
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ืืชืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ.


== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
== ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ==
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ย 
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ืงืขืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—]]
==ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช==
[[ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื]]
* [[ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ]], '''ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื•''', ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1972
* [[ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™|ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ืกืงื™]], [[ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ]] - ื›ืจืš ื’':'''ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘-ืกื‘ื™ื‘''', [[ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ]] - ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื– - ืžื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘
* ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, '''ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—''', ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื’' ืืคืจื™ืœ-ืžืื™ 1969, ืขืžื•ื“ 104
* ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืžืื™ 1970, ืขืžื•ื“ 44
* ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ - ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™, '''ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—''', ืžื“ืข, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1967 - ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘'''ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”''' - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืก ื”ื™"ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข (ื”ืขื•ืจืš:[[ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ]] - ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
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==ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื==
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* [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=705388&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0 ืื™ืš ื”ืคืš ืื—ื“ ืžื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืืกื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™], ื›ืชื‘ืช ืชื—ืงื™ืจ, [[ื”ืืจืฅ]]
* ื˜ืœ ืื™ืชืŸ, [http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3258980,00.html ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—], ื‘-[[ynet]]
* [http://lib.cet.ac.il/Pages/sub.asp?kwd=486 ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—], ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื˜"ื—
* [http://www.amalnet.k12.il/micro/mic00254.htm ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ [[ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™]], ืžื’ืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช]
*[http://isramar.ocean.org.il/DeadSea/seawindbasic.asp ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ], ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืœ 3 ืฉืขื•ืช
* [http://news.webshots.com/album/135370141XapMFt ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— - ื‘ืขืช ืฉื˜ืคื•ืŸ - ืœื™ื“ [[ืžืฆื“ื”]]]

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžึพ11:59, 5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012
ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื - ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื:Prolineserver

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื” ืžืœื•ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”"ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื™ื•ื 26 ืžืื™ 2008 ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ bar 1.053 โ€โ€[1]. ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• (ืื—ืจื™ "ืื’ื ืืกืืœ" ื‘"ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™"). ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื 31.5%, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 3.5% - 3.9%.

ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื” . ื‘ืชื "ืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ืคืจืง ื’' ื™"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื™ึธื ื”ึธืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— (ื™"ื‘,ื’") . ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืขึตืžึถืง ื”ึทืฉึดึผื‚ื“ึดึผื™ื (ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื’'), ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ืขืžืง ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืœื•ึนื˜ ืึถืช ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื•, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ื›ึดึผื›ึทึผืจ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ, ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึปืœึธึผื”ึผ, ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึถื”--ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฉึทืื—ึตืช ื”', ืึถืช-ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืขึฒืžึนืจึธื”, ื›ึฐึผื’ึทืŸ-ื”' ื›ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื‘ึนึผืึฒื›ึธื” ืฆึนืขึทืจ".(ื™"ื’,ื™'). ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืงื“ืžื”', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”:"ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึทื™ึดื-ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื ืžึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทืงึทึผื“ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ: ื‘ึทึผืงึทึผื™ึดืฅ ื•ึผื‘ึธื—ึนืจึถืฃ, ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื”" ([[ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”]], ื™"ื“, ื—')

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

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