ืคืจืฉื ื™:ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”: ืื’ืจืช ืขื‘

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžื™ื–ื ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื" ืžืื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ืืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื’ืจืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.


ืจืงืข ืœืื’ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื’ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืื’ืจืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘"ื”, ืขื”"ืง ื™ืคื• ืช"ื•, ืš"ื’ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืก"ื–.

ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™"ื  ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืื•ื”"ื’, ื—ื•"ื‘ ืกื•ืข"ื”, ืื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ื™"ืจ, ืžื•"ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืฉืœื•' ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื›"ื˜.

ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื ื“ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืจ' ืืœื™' ื ื™ืขืคืืžื ื™ืฉืฆื™ ื "ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื™, ืข"ื™ ื›' ืžืจ ื—ืžื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื™', ื•ื ืžืกืจื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ึผืœื—ื•[ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืง ืœื ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ื–ื” ืœื›ืช"ืจ ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช.

ื•ืืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื˜ื™ ืœืžืจ ื™ื“ื™"ื  ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื”ื™' ืืชื ื• ืœื ื–ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืžืื”ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืกืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืžืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืžื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื–ื›ืจื ื•[1] ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื ืฆื—ืช.

ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื™ ื ื ื›ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื ืžืฉืœื•ืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืฉืœื•' ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืฉืœื•' ื›ืœืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืœื”. ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจื•, ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ืื”ื‘ืช ืืฉ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ืชื ื•, ื•ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืœื ื•ืžืื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืื“ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืงื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจืชื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื“ืฃ 77@ ื”ืจืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืฆื•ื” ื“' ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขืžื• ืขื“ื™ ืขื“[2]. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืคืชื— ืœื ื• ืคืชื— ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื•ืฉืคืข ืื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื“' ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ืขื–ืจื•, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื”ื™' ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื“ ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืช"ื—, ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื ื“' ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉืœื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ืœืฉืงื•ื˜, ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ืฆื‘ื™, ืœืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื’ื•ืœื”. ื•ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™- ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจื•[3], ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ ื“ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชื, ื–ื• ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ืช-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ ืื•ืจื™[4], ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืš ืืœื”, ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืืœ ืชืชื—ืžืงื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื ื“' ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ[5], ื•ืคืงื“ ื“' ืืช ืขืžื•[6], ื•ืฉืžืจื• ื›ืจื•ืขื” ืขื“ืจื•[7], ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืžืชื ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื•[8]. ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืช ืœื‘ื‘ ื›' ื™ื“ื™"ื , ื›ื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“', ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžืชื•ืจืช ื“' ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•, ืœืืžืฅ ื—ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืžื ื• ื•ืขืจื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื•.

ื•ื”ื™' ื–"ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•' ืœื• ื•ืœืชื•ืจืชื•, ื›ื ื”"ื™ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืขื– ืžื‘ืจื›ื• ืžืœื•ื "ื—.

ื”ืง' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”"ืง ื”ื "ืœ

ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ [ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื ื™ื˜]
  2. โ†‘ [ืข" ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื’ ื’]
  3. โ†‘ [ืข' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™ื‘ ื’]
  4. โ†‘ [ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืก ื]
  5. โ†‘ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื ื›ื‘[ื›ื].
  6. โ†‘ ืจื•ืช ื ื•.
  7. โ†‘ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื ื™.
  8. โ†‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื˜ ื˜ื–.
ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

ื”ืงื“ืžื” | ื | ื‘ | ื’ | ื“ | ื” | ื• | ื– | ื— | ื˜ | ื™ | ื™ื | ื™ื‘ | ื™ื’ | ื™ื“ | ื˜ื• | ื˜ื– | ื™ื– | ื™ื— | ื™ื˜ | ื› | ื›ื | ื›ื‘ | ื›ื’ | ื›ื“ | ื›ื” | ื›ื• | ื›ื– | ื›ื— | ื›ื˜ | ืœ | ืœื | ืœื‘ | ืœื’ | ืœื“ | ืœื” | ืœื• | ืœื– | ืœื— | ืœื˜ | ืž | ืžื | ืžื‘ | ืžื’ | ืžื“ | ืžื” | ืžื• | ืžื– | ืžื— | ืžื˜ | ื  | ื ื | ื ื‘ | ื ื’ | ื ื“ | ื ื” | ื ื• | ื ื– | ื ื— | ื ื˜ | ืก | ืกื | ืกื‘ | ืกื’ | ืกื“ | ืกื” | ืกื• | ืกื– | ืกื— | ืกื˜ | ืข | ืขื | ืขื‘ | ืขื’ | ืขื“ | ืขื” | ืขื• | ืขื– | ืขื— | ืขื˜ | ืค | ืคื | ืคื‘ | ืคื’ | ืคื“ | ืคื” | ืคื• | ืคื– | ืคื— | ืคื˜ | ืฆ | ืฆื | ืฆื‘ | ืฆื’ | ืฆื“ | ืฆื” | ืฆื• | ืฆื– | ืฆื— | ืฆื˜ | ืง | ืงื | ืงื‘ | ืงื’ | ืงื“ | ืงื” | ืงื• | ืงื– | ืงื— | ืงื˜ | ืงื™ | ืงื™ื | ืงื™ื‘ | ืงื™ื’ | ืงื™ื“ | ืงื˜ื• | ืงื˜ื– | ืงื™ื– | ืงื™ื— | ืงื™ื˜ | ืงื› | ืงื›ื | ืงื›ื‘ | ืงื›ื’ | ืงื›ื“ | ืงื›ื” | ืงื›ื• | ืงื›ื– | ืงื›ื— | ืงื›ื˜ | ืงืœ | ืงืœื | ืงืœื‘ | ืงืœื’ | ืงืœื“ | ืงืœื” | ืงืœื• | ืงืœื– | ืงืœื— | ืงืœื˜ | ืงืž | ืงืžื | ืงืžื‘ | ืงืžื’ | ืงืžื“ | ืงืžื” | ืงืžื• | ืงืžื– | ืงืžื— | ืงืžื˜ | ืงื  | ืงื ื | ืงื ื‘ | ืงื ื’ | ืงื ื“ | ืงื ื” | ืงื ื• | ืงื ื– | ืงื ื— | ืงื ื˜ | ืงืก | ืงืกื | ืงืกื‘ | ืงืกื’ | ืงืกื“ | ืงืกื” | ืงืกื• | ืงืกื– | ืงืกื— | ืงืกื˜ | ืงืข | ืงืขื | ืงืขื‘ | ืงืขื’ | ืงืขื“ | ืงืขื” | ืงืขื• | ืงืขื– | ืงืขื— | ืงืขื˜ | ืงืค | ืงืคื | ืงืคื‘ | ืงืคื’ | ืงืคื“ | ืงืคื” | ืงืคื• | ืงืคื– | ืงืคื— | ืงืคื˜ | ืงืฆ | ืงืฆื | ืงืฆื‘ | ืงืฆื’ | ืงืฆื“ | ืงืฆื” | ืงืฆื• | ืงืฆื– | ืงืฆื— | ืงืฆื˜ | ืจ | ืจื | ืจื‘ | ืจื’ | ืจื“ | ืจื” | ืจื• | ืจื– | ืจื— | ืจื˜ | ืจื™ | ืจื™ื | ืจื™ื‘ | ืจื™ื’ | ืจื™ื“ | ืจื˜ื• | ืจื˜ื– | ืจื™ื– | ืจื™ื— | ืจื™ื˜ | ืจื› | ืจื›ื | ืจื›ื‘ | ืจื›ื’ | ืจื›ื“ | ืจื›ื” | ืจื›ื• | ืจื›ื– | ืจื›ื— | ืจื›ื˜ | ืจืœ | ืจืœื | ืจืœื‘ | ืจืœื’ | ืจืœื“ | ืจืœื” | ืจืœื• | ืจืœื– | ืจืœื— | ืจืœื˜ | ืจืž | ืจืžื | ืจืžื‘ | ืจืžื’ | ืจืžื“ | ืจืžื” | ืจืžื• | ืจืžื– | ืจืžื— | ืจืžื˜ | ืจื  | ืจื ื | ืจื ื‘ | ืจื ื’ | ืจื ื“ | ืจื ื” | ืจื ื• | ืจื ื– | ืจื ื— | ืจื ื˜ | ืจืก | ืจืกื | ืจืกื‘ | ืจืกื’ | ืจืกื“ | ืจืกื” | ืจืกื• | ืจืกื– | ืจืกื— | ืจืกื˜ | ืจืข | ืจืขื | ืจืขื‘ | ืจืขื’ | ืจืขื“ | ืจืขื” | ืจืขื• | ืจืขื– | ืจืขื— | ืจืขื˜ | ืจืค | ืจืคื | ืจืคื‘ | ืจืคื’ | ืจืคื“ | ืจืคื” | ืจืคื• | ืจืคื– | ืจืคื— | ืจืคื˜ | ืจืฆ | ืจืฆื | ืจืฆื‘ | ืจืฆื’ | ืจืฆื“ | ืจืฆื” | ืจืฆื• | ืจืฆื– | ืจืฆื— | ืจืฆื˜ | ืฉ | ืฉื | ืฉื‘ | ืฉื’ | ืฉื“ | ืฉื” | ืฉื• | ืฉื– | ืฉื— | ืฉื˜ | ืฉื™ | ืฉื™ื | ืฉื™ื‘ | ืฉื™ื’ | ืฉื™ื“ | ืฉื˜ื• | ืฉื˜ื– | ืฉื™ื– | ืฉื™ื— | ืฉื™ื˜ | ืฉื› | ืฉื›ื | ืฉื›ื‘ | ืฉื›ื’ | ืฉื›ื“ | ืฉื›ื” | ืฉื›ื• | ืฉื›ื– | ืฉื›ื— | ืฉื›ื˜ | ืฉืœ | ืฉืœื | ืฉืœื‘ | ืฉืœื’ | ืฉืœื“ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื“ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื” | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื• | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื– | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื— | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื˜ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื‘ | ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื’