ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ืœื•ื™

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช - ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื’ื”ึผ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืจื–"ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš - ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•.

ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื“ืจื•

ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

ื–ืจืข ืœื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื‘ึธึผืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ื”ึดื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ืœ ื”' ืึถืช ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ ื—. ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื), ืฉืžืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ื ืœืงื—ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื - ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) - ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื“ ื—), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืงึทื— ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึดึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืžื”. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื). ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืฆื“).

ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืชืฉืชื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดื‘ึฐื“ึทึผืœึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื“), ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืœื™" ืื™ื ื• ื–ื– ืœืขื•ืœื, ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื‘ ื‘; ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ืฆื‘), ืฉืืฃ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื›ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืชื (ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืžื”), ื•ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ ื›ื—).

ืœืœืžื“ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจื”

ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื™ื•ึนืจื•ึผ ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธืชึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ ื™. ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื™ื’ ื™ื‘), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืœื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื“ ื“ืจืš ื”', ื•ืฆื™ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืžืžื•ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื›ื— ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ื’).

ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ืžืขืฉืจ-ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื), ื•ื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึถืช ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ื’ื•' ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ืฉื ื›ื“. ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘, ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื), ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื—ึตืœึถืฃ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึตื ืขึนื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ืฉื ื›ื), ื•ื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืฉึธื‚ื›ึธืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธื›ึถื ื—ึตืœึถืฃ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืชึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ืฉื ืœื. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื™ื˜ ื•ืงื›ื‘)[1].

ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจืฉื•: ื—ึตืœึถืฃ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึตื ืขึนื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื), ืื ืขื‘ื“ โ€“ ื™ื˜ื•ืœ; ืื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ - ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ืงื™ื˜), ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื•, ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืฉืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืœื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) - ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ืงื›ื‘). ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื ืงืจื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื ืชืžืขื˜ ืืœื ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ื›ืš (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ) - ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ืงื™ื˜).

ื ืฉื™ื

ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ (ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื”, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืช ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” (ืฉื ื›ื), ืžื” ื ื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืกืงืช, ืืฃ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื).

ื™ืฆื™ืงืช ืžื™ื

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืงื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ืฉื™ืืช-ื›ืคื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื’ ืงืžื• ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื— ื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึถืช ืึทื—ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' ื”ึทืงึฐืจึตื‘ ืึดืชึธึผืšึฐ ื•ึฐื™ึดืœึธึผื•ื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึดื™ืฉึธืืจึฐืชื•ึผืšึธ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื‘), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื, ืฉืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื)[2].

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื’. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื™ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื, ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืž"ืข ื›ื’; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืฆื“), ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•: ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื•ืฉื; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื), ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื), ื•ื ื›ืคืœื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืฉึตืืจึตืช ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึธื™ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื— ื–), ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื, ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘), ื•ื ืžื ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ-ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืกื˜; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื)[3].

ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘

ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืฉืืฃ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ (ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” (ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ) ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื, ื•ืชื•ืจืช ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืกื’ืœ) ืฉื ื“, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื).

ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ

ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื™ื˜)[4].

ื ืฉื™ื

ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึถืช ืึทื—ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื‘), ืืช ืื—ื™ืš, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื˜ื•).

ื‘ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’

ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื›ืจื” ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื“ืจื•), ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช-ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจืฉื•: ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื’. ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื™ื˜), ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•, ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื (ืขืžืง ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืฉื).

ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื

ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืฉึตืืจึตืช ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึธื™ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื— ื–), ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื, ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื” (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ืกืž"ื’ ืฉื, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื)[5].

ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื

ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืฉืžื™ืจืชื•. ืžืฉื ื” ืžื“ื•ืช ื ื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื— ื‘, ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืž"ืข ื›ื‘; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืคื—; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืกื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืกื˜, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืฆื“)[6].

ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื

ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘), ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืž"ืข ื›ื’, ื•ืกืž"ื’ ืฉื, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื)[7].

ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืœื™ื•

ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืื ื ื˜ืžื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื• ื ื˜ืžืื• ื›ืœื™ื•, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื”ืจื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึทืขึฒืžึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื™ึทื“ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”' ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืฆึตืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทืœึฐึผืฉึธืื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึทืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื’ ื›ื—), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึดื™ืžึธื” ื‘ึตื™ืช ื”' ืœึฐื˜ึทื”ึตืจ ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื˜ึปึผืžึฐืึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื”ึตื™ื›ึทืœ ื”' ืœึทื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”' ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทื‘ึฐึผืœื•ึผ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืœึฐื ึทื—ึทืœ ืงึดื“ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื—ื•ึผืฆึธื”: (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื›ื˜ ื˜ื–. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจื“"ืง ื•ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื ื ื›ื’ ื›ื—)[8].

ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขื–ืจื”

ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขื–ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• (ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ ื ืกื›ื™ื ืกืง"ื”, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” (ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ) ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ืกืง"ื–).

ื’ื–ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื

ืžืžื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื–ื‘ืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื’ื–ื‘ืจ) ื•ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืžืจื›ืœ), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื™ึดืœึธึผื•ื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึดื™ืฉึธืืจึฐืชื•ึผืšึธ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื‘), ืžื ื” ืžื”ื ื’ื–ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื˜ื–), ืฉื™ืœื•ื• ืขืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืฉื). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืกืžื›ื” ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—), ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขื–ืจื•ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื•ื (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื ื“), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื).

ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื”

ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืช-ืžืฆื•ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื™ื˜ืžื ืœื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืœ ื™ื˜ืžื ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืจ ื– ื), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื), ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžืฆื•ืชื• (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื)[9].

ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื - ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืช, ืฉื–ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื–ืจ: ื”ื–ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ืจ) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึทืšึฐ ืึถืœ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™ ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึดึผื–ึฐื‘ึตึผื—ึท ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธื‘ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืžึปืชื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื’), ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื ื ื’ืขื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืืžืจืช "ืืš", ืžืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื–ืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื’ืข (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื˜, ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœ"ืช ืขื‘; ืกืž"ื’ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื–; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืคื˜). ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืื“ ืžื”ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืžื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืฉื›ื—ื”, ื•ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืกืžื›ื• ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื). ืœื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื˜ื–; ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ื) ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืืœื ืื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื–ืจ: ืฉื), ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืžื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืคื˜ ื’).

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื–ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืชื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื ื“"ื” ืืœ, ื‘ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™).

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื

ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื”

ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืชื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื‘), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื˜), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ื™ึดืกึทึผื“ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื™ื“ ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื”ึธืจึนืึถื” ื‘ึถึผืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธืชึธื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ ื›ื‘), ืืœื• ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื™ื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื)[10].

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืžืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืœื‘ืชื™-ืื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื - ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช (ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืข) - ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืกืž"ื’ ืฉื), ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื, ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช

ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœื•ื™ ืœืฉืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืœืฉืขืจ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช (ืื™ืœืŸ) ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื•ืžืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื• ื™ื˜, ื•ืžืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื™ื). ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื (ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ื—-ื›ื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ (ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ).

ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ

ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ืœืื—ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ), ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฃ ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืื• ืœื•ื™ ืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื™ืจ (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื) - ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” (ืกืชื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื˜ื–, ื•ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืž' ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื; ืื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืžึปืชื•ึผ ื’ึทื ื”ึตื ื’ึทึผื ืึทืชึถึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื’), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ื’ื ืืชื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื); ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ืงึตื“ึฐืžึธื” ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึทื–ึธึผืจ ื”ึทืงึธึผืจึตื‘ ื™ื•ึผืžึธืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืœื—), ื•"ื–ืจ" ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื)[11].

ืืฃ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื™ืจืื™ื ืฉื ื•; ืกืž"ื’ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื–); ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื™).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืคื˜ ื—)[12].

ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•

ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื”ืชืงืœืงืœ ืงื•ืœื•, ื•ื ืคืกืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื’ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ืื™ื ื• ื ืคืกืœ ืืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื—), ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื’ืคืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื), ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื• (ืชื•ืขืคื•ืช ืจืื ืœื™ืจืื™ื ืฉื ื• ื).

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืขื•ื“ื•

ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื, ื•ืžืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ; ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืช ื ื)[13], ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ืžืจ ืœืฉืขึตืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ืขืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ, ืฉืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช (ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื).

ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื•ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ื), ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึทื–ึธึผืจ ื”ึทืงึธึผืจึตื‘ ื™ื•ึผืžึธืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืœื—) - ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ) - ืืฃ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ื "ืงื™ืจื‘ื”" (ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ (ื ืชื ื–ื•ืŸ) ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืงืœื™ืืฆืงื™ืŸ) ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืฉื), ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื‘ื“ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ) - ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื, ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืžื• ืฉื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื›ึตึผืœึธื™ื• ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืกึนืขึท ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื™ื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒื ึนืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื™ึธืงึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื -ื ื). ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื” - ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืงื”ืช ื•ืžืจืจื™ - ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื•ื™ ืฉืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ). ื™ื—ื•ืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื ึธืฉึนื‚ื ืึถืช ืจึนืืฉื ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื’ึตืจึฐืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื’ึทึผื ื”ึตื ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึฒื‘ึนืชึธื ืœึฐืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ึนืชึธื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื‘), ืฉืื ื ืฉืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื”ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช ื ืฉืื• ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’).

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื—ืคื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื” ื—; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™), ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื (ืžืฉื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื), ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื (ืจื“"ืœ ื•ืขืฅ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื).

ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช

ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—-ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—-ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผื ื”ึธืึธืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึดึผื–ึฐื‘ึฐึผื—ึนืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืœื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึฐืฉึธืืจึฐืชื•ึผ ื‘ึธึผื”ึถื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื. ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื’), ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืกืš - ื”ืคืจึนื›ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืœืงื“ืฉ-ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื: ืคึธึผืจึนื›ึถืช ื”ึทืžึธึผืกึธืšึฐ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืž ื›ื. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ืœื) - ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึธึผืกึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชื•ึน (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื. ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื).

ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช

ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื’ืœื” - ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ ื™ื‘, ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืž"ืข ืœื“; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืกื—; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืขื˜) - ืืœื ืœืฉืืชื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืงึฐื”ึธืช ืœึนื ื ึธืชึธืŸ - ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื (ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื˜; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื” ื ื“"ื” ืœื) - ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ืขึฒืœึตื”ึถื - ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื) - ื‘ึทึผื›ึธึผืชึตืฃ ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ืื“ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื; ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ื” (ืœื ื™ื™ืื“ื•) ื ืฉื).

ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื

ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ื™ึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ืžื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื™ืฉื ืขึทืœ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึน (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื™ื˜. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื™ื).

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื

ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื›ึดืœึธึผื” ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืœึฐื›ึทืกึนึผืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื - ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื˜ื•) - ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™ ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื - ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื™-ืฉืจืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื) - ื‘ึดึผื ึฐืกึนืขึท ื”ึทืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื”, ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืงึฐื”ึธืช ืœึธืฉึตื‚ืืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื›ืกื”, ืฉืžื ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื).

ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื

ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื - ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืจื•ืŸ: ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•), ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื—ืŸ), ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืขืจืš ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ) - ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ืžื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผื“ึธึผื™ื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื•, ื™ื“, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื—, ื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื“ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื–; ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื‘; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื— ื‘), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื (ื–ื”ืจ ื’ ืงืขื– ื‘).

ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื

ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ - ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืง ืžืขื•ืจ ืชื—ืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื ื•ืจื”) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื˜ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื™. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื“ ื˜ื•; ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ - ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืง ืžืขื•ืจ ืชื—ืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™) - ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื˜ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื˜ื–). ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืžื•ื˜, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ (ื”ื“ืจ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื™; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื‘), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืœื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™ ืงืจื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ืจื™ื‘"ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ ื›ื’), ืฉืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ืœื•ื (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื“ ื).

ืžืฉื ื”ืืจื•ืŸ

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืืœื• ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืœ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ื ืœื ื™ืคื ื” ืœืืจื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื” ื—; ืžืฉื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ืขึฒืœึตื”ึถื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื˜), ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘).

ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ

ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐืจึดื™ืขึนืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ, ื•ึฐืึถืช ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“, ืžึดื›ึฐืกึตื”ื•ึผ - ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืื“ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื”) - ื•ึผืžึดื›ึฐืกึตื” ื”ึทืชึทึผื—ึทืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึดืœึฐืžึธืขึฐืœึธื”, ื•ึฐืึถืช ืžึธืกึทืšึฐ ืคึถึผืชึทื— ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“, ื•ึฐืึตืช ืงึทืœึฐืขึตื™ ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึตืจ, ื•ึฐืึถืช ืžึธืกึทืšึฐ ืคึถึผืชึทื— ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืึตืช ืžึตื™ืชึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื - ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื’ ื›ื•; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื ื“ ืœื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงืœืขื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“ ืœื‘) - ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื, ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึตืขึธืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธื”ึถื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื”-ื›ื•), ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืงืจืกื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“), ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื, ื•ื›ื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื ื“ ืœื‘; ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื ื›ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืงืœืขื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื).

ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™

ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื–ึนืืช ืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืึธื ื•ื’ื•' ืงึทืจึฐืฉึตืื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึดื™ื—ึธื™ื• - ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ืกื” ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืก ืžืกืš ืคืชื— ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื“) - ื•ึทืึฒื“ึธื ึธื™ื•, ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึตืจ ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืึทื“ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึดื™ืชึตื“ึนืชึธื ื•ึผืžึตื™ืชึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืœื-ืœื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืœื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืœืขื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื).

ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™

ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช (ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื’; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ ื™ื–), ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’ ื•ื™ื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืœื‘), ื•ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช, ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืช ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื, ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื, ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ: ืขึทืœ ืคึดึผื™ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึตึผืจึฐืฉึปืื ึดึผื™ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืึธื ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื ื•ึผืคึฐืงึทื“ึฐืชึถึผื ืขึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืึธื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื–), ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉึตืืžึนืช ืชึดึผืคึฐืงึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™ ืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืึธื (ืฉื ืœื‘. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื“ ื•ื™ื), ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื), ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื• (ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“).

ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ืœื ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ืืœื ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึตืช ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ื”ึธืขึฒื’ึธืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึตืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืขึทืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึตืจึฐืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื›ึฐึผืคึดื™ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื, ื•ึฐืึตืช ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื”ึธืขึฒื’ึธืœึนืช ื•ึฐืึตืช ืฉึฐืืžึนื ึทืช ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐืจึธืจึดื™ ื›ึฐึผืคึดื™ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชึธื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื–-ื—. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื). ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ื•ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืœื• ืœืืจืฅ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’-ื“). ืœื›ืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืœื• ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื“, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื— ื ื“"ื” ืื˜ื‘ืขื™).

ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื ื•

ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ื›ื ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ: ืžืฆื•ืชื•) - ืฉืœื ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ - ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ ื ืฉืื: ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื ืฉืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื (ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื) ืชืชืชืชืจืœื–; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื— ื›ื), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื— (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื™ื•ืจ: ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื. ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื” ื˜ื–; ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื‘; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืœ ื™ื—), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ); ื•ืžื”ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึตืขึธืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึธื“ื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ืฉื).

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึตืขึธืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึธื“ื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื•. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’, ื•ืขืฅ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืจื“"ืœ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ื”ึทืคึฐืงึตื“ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืขึทืœ ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึทึผืŸ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึปืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื›ึตึผืœึธื™ื• ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื™ึฐืฉึธืืจึฐืชึปื”ื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื . ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื).

ืžืฉื ืืœืขื–ืจ

ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”: ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ืคืชื™ืœื•ืช), ื•ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ื•ืฉืžืŸ-ื”ืžืฉื—ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ - ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื’ ื–), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืคึฐืงึปื“ึทึผืช ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ืฉึถืืžึถืŸ ื”ึทืžึธึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึผืงึฐื˜ึนืจึถืช ื”ึทืกึทึผืžึดึผื™ื ื•ึผืžึดื ึฐื—ึทืช ื”ึทืชึธึผืžึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐืฉึถืืžึถืŸ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื—ึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื˜ื–), ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ ื’; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื“ ื›; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื‘ ื ื“"ื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื)[14].

  • ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืŸ ืœืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื); ืื• ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคื˜ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงื˜ื•ืจืช. ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืชื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืจืฆื“; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™; ืจื™ื‘"ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื); ืื• ืžื ื—ืช-ื ืกื›ื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืจื™ื‘"ื ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ; ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื). ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื), ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืงืจื‘ื” (ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืช ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืืœื•, ื•ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•, ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื” ื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืืคื•ื ื“ืชื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืชื ื™ื• (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืžืืœื•, ื•ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•, ื•ืืช ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื)[15].

ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืกึนืขึท ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื™ื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ื•ึผ - ื™ืคืจืงื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื) - ืึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื’). ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ (ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื–)[16].

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒื ึนืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ื™ึธืงึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื), ื•ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึตืงึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ (ืฉื ื™ ื›ื. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื’).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ - ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึตืงึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ืขึทื“ ื‘ึนึผืึธื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื. ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื; ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืจื™ ื™ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื” ื, ืœืคื™ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืฉื; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืžื–), ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื) ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื). ืฉื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก ื›ืฉืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืฉื, ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ื), ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื).

ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช

ืœื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื–ึนืืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ึนืช ื”ึทื’ึตึผืจึฐืฉึปืื ึดึผื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื›ื“), ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื–ึนืืช ืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืึธื (ืฉื ืœื), ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื“).

ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื ื™ื ื•: ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืจื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืงื”ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื” (ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื’), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืชื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื. ืืžื‘ื•ื”ื ื“ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื’; ืกืคื™ืจื™ ืืคืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ืฉื; ื’ื ื–ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื‘), ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฉื), ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื˜), ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ื–ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื–ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” (ื’ื ื–ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื).

ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชื—ื ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืงึทื— ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื•), ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื›ึตืŸ ื™ึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืึถืช ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ืฉื ื˜ื•), ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืžืขื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื (ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื; ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื ื–), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ื ืฉื ืฆื‘, ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืž"ืข ื ื’, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ืขื™ื ื™ื“ ื“), ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื (ืจ"ื™ ืคืขืจืœื ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืก"ื’ ืœ"ืช ืจื™ื“), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื“), ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื)[17]. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืกืคืจื™ ื ืฉื ืžื“; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’' ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉื‘ื' ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกืŸ)[18].

ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ื”ื–ืื”, ืชื’ืœื—ืช, ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืคื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•), ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) .

ื”ื–ืื”

ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื–ื” (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›) ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™-ื—ื˜ืืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืžื-ืžืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืื” ื‘: ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืช ื˜ืžื ืžืช, ื•ืขืจืš ื˜ืžื ืžืช: ื˜ื”ืจืชื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ึทื–ึตึผื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึตื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–), ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืžืื™ ืžืชื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืขื’ืœ (ืจืื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘ ื›ื–-ื›ื—. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื); ืื• ืฉื”ื–ืื” ื–ื• ื ืฆืจื›ื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื˜ืžืื™ ืžืชื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–), ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื), ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืžืื• ื‘ืžืช (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื).

ื”ื–ืื” ืฉื ื™ื” - ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืžื ืžืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืื” ื‘: ืฉื) - ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื ื•; ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœื ื”ื–ืื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื—ืช - ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) - ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื–ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ืกืคืจื™ ื ืฉื ืžื“; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื).

ืชื’ืœื—ืช

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื’ืœื— - ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื–ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื); ืื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ืื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื)[19] - ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื ื‘ืชืขืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืชึทืขึทืจ ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจึธื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–), ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื– ื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื). ื’ื™ืœื—ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืชืขืจ, ืื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืœื ืขืฉื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื (ื ื’ืขื™ื ื™ื“ ื“). ืชื’ืœื—ืช ื–ื• ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื - ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืชืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื) - ื›ืชื’ืœื—ืช-ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ื ืฉื ื›ื—, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื— ื“, ื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืงืจื— ื’, ื•ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื)[20], ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื“ืจื•) ืฉืงืจื•ื™ื” ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžืช, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ืœื—ืช ื›ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื ื“, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื–, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื’ื™ืœื—ื• ืืฃ ืืช ืคืืช ืจืืฉื ื•ื–ืงื ื, ื›ืชื’ืœื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื’ ืฆ; ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื” ื ื–ื™ืจ ืž ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื, ื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฉื); ืื• ืฉืœื ื’ืœื—ื• ืืช ืคืืช ืจืืฉื ื•ื–ืงื ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื, ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•, ื•ืžืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื; ืื•ืจื— ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื–ื™ืจ ืž ื‘; ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืžืฅ ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”), ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงืคืช-ื”ืจืืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช-ื–ืงืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• (ืื•ืจื— ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื; ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉื).

ืงืจื‘ืŸ

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื˜ืืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืœึธืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืคึทึผืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึผืคึทืจ ืฉึตืื ึดื™ ื‘ึถืŸ ื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืœึฐื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ืึถืช ื”ึธืึถื—ึธื“ ื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึธืึถื—ึธื“ ืขึนืœึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื—,ื™ื‘), ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ (ืฉื ื— ื›ื. ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื ื™ื‘). ื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืคืจ ืœืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคืจ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉื’ื’ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื—; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™), ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืขื’ืœ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืื—ืจื™ื (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื). ื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืคืจ ืœื—ื˜ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคืจ-ื”ืขืœื-ื“ื‘ืจ-ืฉืœ-ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื—; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—), ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื); ืื• ืฉืคืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืขื ืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืขื™ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”), ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจืืช-ืฉืขื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉืขื™ืจ ืืœื ืคืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื). ื—ื˜ืืช ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืื›ืœืช - ืืœื ื ืฉืจืคืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืจืคื™ื) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืคึทืจ ืฉึตืื ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' ืœึฐื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื—), ืฉื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื”, ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื ืื›ืœืช, ืืฃ ื—ื˜ืืช ืœื ื ืื›ืœืช (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื“ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ ื’; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืจื” (ืฆื•ืงืจืžืื ื“ืœ) ื ื; ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื” ื‘).

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื™ึดืกึฐืžึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทืคึธึผืจึดื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื ื™ื; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื‘), ื•ืœื ืกืžื›ื• ืืœื ื–ืงื ื™ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจ-ื”ืขืœื-ื“ื‘ืจ-ืฉืœ-ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื‘ืฉืขื™ืจื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืกืžื™ื›ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘), ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืกืžื›ื• (ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื‘).

ืชื ื•ืคื”

ืœื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื, ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืชื ื•ืคื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื’) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึดื™ืฃ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืชึฐึผื ื•ึผืคึธื” ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผ ืึนืชึธื ืชึฐึผื ื•ึผืคึธื” ืœึทื”' ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผ ืึนืชึธื ืชึฐึผื ื•ึผืคึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื,ื™ื’,ื˜ื•). ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื— ื“; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืงืจื— ื’) ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึดื™ืฃ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื. ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื›ื• ื˜; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืžื•ืจ ื“; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืžืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึทืคึฐืชึธึผ (ืฉื ื™ื’ ื•ื˜ื•. ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ื’; ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื; ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื ื™ื-ื˜ื•; ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื’), ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื ื•ืคื•ืช - ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ, ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื•ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื)[21]. ื”ืžื ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื›ื• ื˜; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืžื•ืจ ื“; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื) ืœื•ืœื‘; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—), ื›ืชื ื•ืคืช ืืฉื-ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื) ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื—ื™ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืฉื ืžืฆื•ืจืข. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” (ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื)[22].

ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื - ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื–ืื” (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื›ึดื‘ึฐึผืกื•ึผ ื‘ึดื’ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื” (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื ื•; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื–), ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข - ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข) - ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื).

ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดื˜ึถึผื”ึธืจื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” (ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื; ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื)[23].

ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื›ื• ื˜, ื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืžื•ืจ ื“; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื‘).

ืขืžื™ื“ื”

ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜), ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื“ ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' (ืฉื ื™. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื), ื›ืขืžื™ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื ื˜; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื); ืื• ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ืฉื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื). ืžืฉื” ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒืžึทื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื’), ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึธืึถืชึฐึผื ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ื•ื’ื•' (ืฉื ื™ื˜. ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื’).

ื”ืงื”ืœื”

ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื) ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ื™ืงื”ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐื”ึทืœึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึฒื“ึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜), ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ืฉื ื™ื˜. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช), ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช), ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ืงื”ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื), ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื).

ืกืžื™ื›ื”

ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐืกึธืžึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื•:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื›ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื), ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืชืžื ื• ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช (ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื). ืžื”ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืืœื ื›ืฉืืจ ืกืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื ืชื™ื ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื); ื•ืžื”ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื›ืกืžื™ื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ (ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื– ื™ื—.), ืืœื ืฉืจืง ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ ืื—ื“ (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื›ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื ื›; ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืฉื ื™), ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืžื›ื• (ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื; ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื˜, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื)[24].

ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื

ืœื•ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืขืจ ื•ืœืฉืจืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ื™ื”), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ืฃ ืœืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืงืจื— ืงื›ื‘) - ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ - ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช (ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆื• ืคืจืง ื˜ื– ื˜)[25] - ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื“ืžืื™ (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื–; ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืฉื˜ืž"ืง; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื; ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ื˜) ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ (ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื).

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืœึฐืœึตื•ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ ืชึปึผืžึถึผื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืื•ึผืจึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึถืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ ื—. ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื’ ื™ื— ื‘).

ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื

ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื—), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื•ืกืœื ื‘ืงืœ-ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื”ืŸ: ื™ื—ื•ืกื ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื) ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื’ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ืฉื™ืคืกืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื, ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื: ื–ึนืืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื“), ื–ืืช ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื–ืืช).

ืื•ื ืŸ

ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจืง ื‘ ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื’) ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ: ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึฐืจึถืื ึธื” ืึนืชึดื™ ื›ึธึผืึตืœึถึผื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ ื™ื˜) - ื•ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช, ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืœืžื“ื ื• (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื) - ืื ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ื ื•ืช - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื ื™ื ื•ืช: ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ) - ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืื ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืื ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ (ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื), ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื).

ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”

ืœื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ืคืกืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื’ ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘"ืŸ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืืช), ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื ื•ื ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื—ึดื–ึฐืงึดื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึธื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืฉึธืื›ื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”' ื•ึทื™ึธึผื›ึดื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ื•ื’ื•' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืœื ื™ื-ื™ื‘), ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืจื™ื‘"ืŸ ืฉื).

ื’ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื”: ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื’ ื•ื›ื’ ื•ืœ), ืฉื–ื” ืฉืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื”: ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ื’ื•' (ืฉื ื— ื›ื“) ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ (ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ืกื‘; ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื“, ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื ื“"ื” ืœื•ื™ื; ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื, ืฉืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื›ืฉืจ ืืœื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ื–ืจ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืขื”"ืช ืฉื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื) ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื) ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืงื•ืœื ืขืจื‘ ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” (ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื) - ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื; ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืขื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื), ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืขื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื”)
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื™ืฉื ืขึทืœ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึน (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื™ื˜. ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื–), ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืžืฉื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื•ื—, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ, ื›ืœ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื” ืฆื—; ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ืจืฅ).

ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ

ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืคืกืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ืกื’; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื) ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืžึดืฆึฐึผื‘ึธื ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืขื•ึนื“, ื•ึฐืฉึตืืจึตืช ืึถืช ืึถื—ึธื™ื• ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ืœึดืฉึฐืืžึนืจ ืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื”-ื›ื•), ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืžืข ืื ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืข, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืขื™ืœืช ืฉืขืจื™ื - ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ) - ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื’ืœื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ื”); ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื: ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืจืช, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ (ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื ืฉื ื›ื•).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื ื›ื”; ืขืจื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจื™; ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื’).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืจ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื”), ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืœื ืžื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืืฃ ืœืžืฉื, ืฉื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื ืืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืจื™ - ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ) - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื)[26].
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื: ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ), ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืืžื ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฉื), ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจืฅ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ืž; ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ื”).

ืคืกื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ืกื’; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื), ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื—), ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” - ื•ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื ืžื“ ื ื“"ื” ืฉื™ืœื”; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืœืœ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืฉื) ื•ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ (ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืœืœ ืฉื) - ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืœื ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืœืœ ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ื ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืžื–), ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืชืฃ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื) - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื) - ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืคืกื•ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื’); ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ (ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื).

ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืคืกืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื), ืฉื›ืฉื™ืชืงืœืงืœ ืงื•ืœื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืงื ื” - ืื• ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ (ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื; ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื– ื, ื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื” ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืกืœื™ืŸ) - ื™ืคืกืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทืžึฐื—ึทืฆึฐึผืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึทืžึฐืฉึนืืจึฒืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทืฉึฐืืžึดื™ืขึท ืงื•ึนืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื” ื™ื’. ื’ืž' ืฉื), ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื ืืช ืงื•ืœื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื‘ ื“"ื” ืงื•ืœ; ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื), ื•ืื ื ืชืงืœืงืœ ืงื•ืœื•, ืื™ื ื• ื›ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื), ื•ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื) ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื).

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื– ื) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื•ื”ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ืกื‘; ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื• ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื–), ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ: ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื“), ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ: ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ื’ ื•ื›ื’ ื•ืœ), ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“) - ื•ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจื‘ื™ ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื; ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื ื— ื›ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืœื ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื• ืืกืžื›ืชื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ืื• ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ืืœื ืฉื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ื•ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ (ืคื” ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื).

ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื•ืžื”ืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืฉื), ื•ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื).

ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•

ืœื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ ื) ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื• (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื›ื“, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื• ืชื), ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื“ืชื• (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื• ืชื), ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื— ื™ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื ื˜), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื‘ึธึผืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ื”ึดื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ืœ ื”' ืึถืช ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ ื—. ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืกืžื›ืชื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืกืžื›ืชื ื. ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืงืœื• ืกืง"ื™); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื• ืžื—ืจ ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื“ื•ื›ื ื• (ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื ืกืง"ื’; ืขืžืง ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืจืื” ื›ื‘).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ืืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื ื; ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื• ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉื; ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื).

ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื”

ืฉืœืžื™-ืฉืžื—ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ื ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ), ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื ื—ืœืง ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’: ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ - ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื– ื™ื“. ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื‘) - ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉืžื—ื, ืื• ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืฉืจ - ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืœืฉืžื—ื•, ื•ืžืขื›ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ึดืฉึธึผืืžึถืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ืคึถึผืŸ ืชึทึผืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึธืžึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึถืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ ื™ื˜. ืกืคืจื™ ืจืื” ืขื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื‘ ื™ื“).

ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื”ืŸ: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื) - ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืš) ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ ื™ื, ื•ืžื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจื; ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื’; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื“), ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื“ืงื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื“; ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ ื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื“, ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœื™ื•; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื“).

ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืกื•

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื

ื‘ื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ-ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช-ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื™ื—ื•ืกื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ืฆื•ืงืจืžืื ื“ืœ) ื– ื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื• ื‘) ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืฉื), ื•ื‘ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ (ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืจื™"ื“ ืฉื).

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ืจืจื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืœื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“-ืื—ื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืื”"ืข ื’, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื• ื), ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืš (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื).

ืžืกื™ื— ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืžื•

ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•, ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื”ืŸ: ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืกื) - ืื ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื›ืžืกื™ื—-ืœืคื™-ืชื•ืžื• (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื• ื).

ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”

ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืงืจื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืœื•ื™ - ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžืขืฉืจ-ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ื‘ ื“"ื” ืœืœื•ื™ื”; ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื› ื™ื) - ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉืงืจื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืืฃ ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื’ืž' ืฉื ื›ื• ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืฉืงืจื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ืคื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื‘), ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ืžืจื•ื‘ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื• ื™ื—ื•ืกื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื• (ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื” ืœื”), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ-ื”ื‘ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืก, ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœื•ื™ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืง (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื’ ืื•ืช ื˜; ืฉืื™ืœืช ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื ืงื ื”), ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).

ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”

ืœื•ื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื”ืŸ: ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–ืงื”), ื›ืš ืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืื”ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ื”ืคื˜ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื' ื“ืจ"ื”; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ ืขืž' ื™ื–)[27].


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืฃ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
  2. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื, ืื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื. ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’: ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”; ืขืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื ื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—: ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืชื”; ืื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืงืจื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืงืจื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื; ืื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื; ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ื”ืŸ: ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืœื•ื™ื™ื; ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืงืœื™ื.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื ืื” (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช).
  4. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื“ืจื•.
  5. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืจ; ืฉื™ืจื”.
  6. โ†‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืฉืžื™ืจืชื•.
  7. โ†‘ ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ืกื•ื›ื” ื ื• ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืฉืžื™ืจืชื•) ื”ื ืืฃ ืžื’ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื™ื ื‘ ื“"ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™), ืื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื•) ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).
  8. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื (ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” (ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ) ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื›ื• ื)
  9. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœืง, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”-ืžืฆื•ื”-ื‘ืฉืขืชื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื).
  10. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื– ื).
  11. โ†‘ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืจืื”: ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื™; ืจ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืžื˜.
  12. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื–ืจ ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื–ืจ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื” (ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื” ื‘).
  13. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš (ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื”"ืข ืงื™ื˜ ืขื–; ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื™ื; ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ืขื”"ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›ื”โ€“ื›ื•, ื•ืฉื ื™ื— ื’).
  14. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ืืชื, ื•ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืืชื (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืฉื), ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื).
  15. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื ื ืฉื ืืœื ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจ, ื•ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื•ืœื ืืช ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื (ืจื™ื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื).
  16. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ ืžื–).
  17. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื) ืœื•ืœื‘, ืœืคื™ ืจ"ื™ ืคืขืจืœื ืฉื ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืก"ื’ ืฉื; ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื ื›ื‘; ืชืคืืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ (ื™ืื“ืœืจ) ื ื–ื™ืจ ืž ื).
  18. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ืฉืจืคื” ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™-ื—ื˜ืืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–, ื•ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื, ื•ืฉื ื’ ื˜ื–-ืžื”) - ืฉืื– ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ ื”-ื˜), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ื”ืจื ื•ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื”).
  19. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื–ืื•ืช (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื–; ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—).
  20. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืชื’ืœื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืชื’ืœื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ืืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชื’ืœื—ื™ื ืœื ื•ื™, ืฉืžื’ืœื—ื™ื ืžืงืฆืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื“ ื˜; ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื’ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžื ื•ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื).
  21. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื ื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืชื ื•ืคืช ืžื ื—ืช ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ื–ื” ื•ืฉื•ืง ื•ืขืจืš ืชื ื•ืคื”), ืฉืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฃ ื›ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื (ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื).
  22. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื—ื• ืื•ืชื (ืจืก"ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื™ื ื•ื™ื’), ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื ื™ื; ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืืคืœื” ืฉื).
  23. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช, ืฉื”ื ื˜ื”ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื; ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื).
  24. โ†‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ืกืžื›ื• ืืœื ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื).
  25. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” (ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” (ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ) ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื).
  26. โ†‘ ืื• ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื”, ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื–ืš ื•ื ืงื™ ืืœื ืขื›ื•ืจ ื•ื’ืก (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื).
  27. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื’ื˜ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื• ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉื›ืฉืจ ืืฃ ืื ืื•ืชื• ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืก, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื˜ื™ืŸ; ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—: ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•; ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉื ืžืžื–ืจืช ืื• ื ืชื™ื ื”, ืฉื–ืจืขื• ื ืคืกืœ ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื•ื™ื”, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ื—ืก: ืœืขื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”; ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ืืฉื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื ืคืกืœ ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื•ื™ื”, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ: ืฉื; ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ืžื ื›ืจื™, ืื ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ: ืฉื; ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื ืืžื ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ: ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื”.