ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื™ื•ืœื“ืช

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช - ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื’ื”ึผ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืจื–"ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[1] - ืืฉื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจืชื”, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื“

ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื”

ืืฉื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื”[2], ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืชึตืœึตื“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึทื™ึดื ื•ื’ื•' (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘,ื”), ื•ื‘ื™ืืชื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืจืช (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื”).

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื˜ื”ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืจื•ืื” ื“ื - ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื˜ื”ืจ); ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื›ืจ - ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืœื™ื“ืชื”, ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืงื‘ื” - ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึตึผืฉึตืื‘ ื‘ึดึผื“ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื” ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืชึตืœึตื“ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืฉึดืืฉึดึผืื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืฉึตืืฉึถืืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึตึผืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื“ึฐึผืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื“ - ื”), ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจืชื”); ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื˜ืืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ื ื’ืžืจืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืงืจื‘ื ื”).

ื ื›ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจืช

ื”ื ื›ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืžืืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘; ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื’ื•ื™); ื•ื”ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื“); ื•ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืชื” (ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื ืฉื ื‘), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘. ืกืคืจื ืฉื), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื (ืกืคืจื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื ื›ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื” ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืœื ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื” (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื• ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื“ื” ื ื“).

ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืœื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืขืœื™ื”; ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื; ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘).

ื•ืœื“ ืžืช

ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืœื“ ื—ื™, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืœื“ ืžืช, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึดื™ื ึดื™ ื™ึดืžึผื•ึนืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘,ื’), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืฉื•ืžืข ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืžื ืืช ืืžื• ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืœ, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืฆื ืžืช ืฉื™ื˜ืžื ืืช ืืžื• ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื–ึธื›ึธืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘), ื•ืžืงืจื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•: ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึดื™ื ึดื™ ื™ึดืžึผื•ึนืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื’), ืืœื ืฉื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืช (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื ื”, ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืžืฉืื ืฅ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื).

ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื ืคืœ, ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” (ืจืื” ื ื“ื” ื’ ื-ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื).

ืฉืœื™ื”

ืืฃ ื”ืžืคืœืช ืฉืœื™ื” - ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื˜ืžืื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื” ื•ืœื“, ืืœื ื˜ืžืื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื ื•ืœื“ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื™ื ื ื“"ื” ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ืฉื™ืœื™ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื™ื“). ื•ื˜ืžืื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื” ื•ืœื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืžื•ื— (ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจืฉื‘"ื; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ื•).

ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืืœื ืžืฉืชื’ืžืจ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœืช ืฉืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืœื•ืœื“, ื•ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžืื” ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืœื“ ื ื’ืžืจืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื (ื ื“ื” ืœ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืื™ื ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื,ื‘; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื– ื. ื•ืจืื” ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื‘)[3].

ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™

ืืฉื” ืฉื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช ื–ืจืข ืฉืคืœื˜ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™, ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื—ืžื” ื›ืฉืจื—ืฆื” ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉ"ืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื” ืืฉื” ื›ื™ ืชื–ืจื™ืข; ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื•ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื”, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืกืคืง ื”ืื ื˜ืžืื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืฉืกืคืง ืžื‘ื™ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ืืœื ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื”, ืกืคืง ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ืฅ ื ืชืขื‘ืจื” (ืจืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื• ื)[4]. ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืฃ ืืฉื” ืฉื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ ื˜ืžืื” ืœื™ื“ื” (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ ื“).

ื”ืœื™ื“ื”

ืจื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•

ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ืžืฉื™ืฆื ืจื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืœื•ื“, ื•ืืžื• ื˜ืžืื” ืœื™ื“ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื—ืชืš (ื ื“ื” ื›ื— ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื™). ื•ื˜ืžืื” ื’ื ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื” ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืœื“ ืืช ืจืืฉื•, ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ (ืจืื” ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ื”ื ื ืžื™; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืž).

ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ืฉืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืœื•ื“, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืฆื ืคื“ื—ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื— (ื ื“ื” ื›ื— ื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื• ื‘). ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชืฆื ื›ืœ ืคื“ื—ืชื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ื•; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื™); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืœื ืฉื™ืฆื ืจื•ื‘ื” (ืจืื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื•, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื).
  • ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื™ืฆืื• ืฆื“ืขื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจืื• ืงืจื ื™ ืจืืฉื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ (ื ื“ื” ื›ื˜ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืงืจื ื™).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืฆื ืจื•ื‘ ืคื“ื—ืชื• ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ื™ืœื•ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื• ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืฆื ืคื“ื—ืชื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ื•; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื™).

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื˜ืžืื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื ื”ืื ื˜ืžืื” ืืžื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” (ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื,ื‘; ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื™). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ื˜ืžืืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืœื“ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉ ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ื•, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืž; ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ืฅ ื ื“ื” ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืœื•ื“: ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฆื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื" (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ื‘"ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”), ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืœื“ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ืžืื” ืืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืืฉื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืžื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ; ืชื•ืก' ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื, ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื ืขืœ ืชื•ืก' ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืจื‘ ืื•ืฉืขื™ื, ื•ืฉื•"ืช ื‘"ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”; ืžืื™ืจื™ ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื; ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจืฉื‘"ืฅ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ืžืื”, ื•"ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ" ืฉืืžืจื•, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื ื“ื” ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื– ื•, ื•ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ื ื“ื” ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืœื“ ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืจืื” ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ื“ืื“ื; ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ืชืชืฆื”; ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื– ืœื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื ื—ืœ ื– ื›ื•; ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ืœืชื ื˜ ืกืง"ื•, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื™"ืฃ).

ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“, ืื• ืžืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืœื“ื”), ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื˜ืžืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืจ, ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจืืฉื• ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื•, ืฉืื– ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื ื“ื” ื›ื— ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื–, ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื’ ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื™ื), ื•ืžื˜ืžืื” ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื‘, ื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื˜ืžืื™ื, ื•ืžื˜ืžืื” ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืœื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ:

ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ื™ื“, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉืืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื• (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื– ื”; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื)[5].

ืœื™ื“ืช ืขื›ื•ื–

ื‘ืœื™ื“ืช ืขื›ื•ื– ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืจื’ืข ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ (ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื– ื˜ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ ืงืžื“; ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืกื‘ ืก"ืง ื˜ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš).

ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ

ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ืžืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืฅ[6], ื•ื ืชืจืคืื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื“ื” ืž ื ื“"ื” ื™ื•ืฆื; ืชื•ืก' ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ), ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื•ื“:

  • ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ื–ึธื›ึธืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืขื“ ืฉืชืœื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ืจืขืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื.
  • ื•ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื•ื“, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื”), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืชึตืœึตื“ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื”) ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืœื: ื•ืื ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ (ื ื“ื” ืž ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืชืœื“; ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘; ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื”)[7].

ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื”

ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”

ืืฉื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื›ืจ ื˜ืžืื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ื˜ืžืื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจืชื”), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืชึตืœึตื“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึทื™ึดื ื•ื’ื•' (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘,ื”).

ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ืžืื”), ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื” (ืจืก"ื’ ืขืฉื” ืงืคื-ืงืคื”); ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืžื ื• ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช (ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘; ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืขืฉื” ืง; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืจืžื’; ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืกื•).

ืœืœื ื“ื

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื˜ืžืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืจืืชื” ื“ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ืืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ืœื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื“ื; ืื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื” ื ืคืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“, ืฉื ืคืœ ื›ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืœื ื“ื ืืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื™ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื”ืงื‘ืจ; ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื; ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื ื“ื”).

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื

ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื ื“ื”, ืฉื˜ื•ืžืื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึทึผืช ื“ึฐึผื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืชึดึผื˜ึฐืžึธื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึทื™ึดื ื›ึฐึผื ึดื“ึธึผืชึธื”ึผ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘โ€“ื”), ื”ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื ื“ื” (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืœืกืคืจื ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื–. ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช). ื•ื›ืกื“ืจ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื“ื” ืฉืžื˜ืžืื” ืžื“ืจืก ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื“ื” (ืจืื” ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื• ื™ื˜ ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื˜ืžืื”; ื ื“ื”) ืžื˜ืžืื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ื).

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืžืืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข, ื•ืื“ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฉื (ืจืื” ื–ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื), ื•ืžื˜ืžืืช ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜, ื•ืื“ื ื”ื ื˜ืžื ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืคื™ืจืฉ (ืจืื” ื–ื‘ื™ื ืฉื, ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื• ื‘, ื•ืฉื ื— ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ืžืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื), ื•ืžื˜ืžืืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืžื˜ืžืืช ืžื“ืฃ ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื ื, ื•ืฉื ื• ื‘).

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืœื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ื— ืžื—ื ื•ืช), ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื ื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืžื—ื ื” ืœื•ื™ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช: ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื•. ื›ืœื™ื ื ื—; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ ื’).

ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”: ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช; ื‘ื•ืขืœื”; ื“ืžื”; ืจื•ืงื”; ืžื™ืžื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื”; ืžืจื›ื‘ื”; ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” (ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ื“ื”. ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ืื™ืกื•ืจื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืืกื•ืจื” ื›ื ื“ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื), ื•ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื‘,ื’), ื•ืื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื˜ืืช (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืกื•), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึทึผืช ื“ึฐึผื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืชึดึผื˜ึฐืžึธื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึทื™ึดื ื›ึฐึผื ึดื“ึธึผืชึธื”ึผ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘,ื”. ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืกื•)[8].

ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ

ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื˜ืžื (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื; ื ื“ื” ืœื” ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื’ ื’) ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื˜), ื•ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืœื‘ื•ืขืœ ื ื“ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื,ื’; ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื›ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึทึผืช ื“ึฐึผื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืชึดึผื˜ึฐืžึธื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘) ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืœื”, ืฉ"ื“ื•ืชื” ืชื˜ืžื", ืžืงืจื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื•ื˜ืžืื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ื ื“ื”" (ืกืคืจื ืฉื; ื ื“ื” ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื“ื•ืชื”). ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืขืœ ื ื“ื”, ืื• ื–ื‘ื”, ืื• ื™ื•ืœื“ืช (ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช).

ื“ืžื”

ื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื ื ื“ื”, ื•ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื (ืจืื” ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื—, ื•ืฉื ื• ื‘), ื•ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื— ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉ (ื ื“ื” ืœื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื‘ ื)[9].

ื”ื•ืœื“

ื”ื•ืœื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ื˜ืžื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ืืžื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ ื˜ืžื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ืžื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืžื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืžื’ืขื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื, ื•ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืช ืขื—).

ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืœื˜ื”ืจืชื”, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื”, ื“ื ื˜ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” (ื ื“ื” ื™ื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื), ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืžืื” (ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื” ื’. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ), ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึตึผืฉึตืื‘ ื‘ึดึผื“ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื” ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืฉึดืืฉึดึผืื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืฉึตืืฉึถืืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึตึผืฉึตืื‘ ืขึทืœ ื“ึฐึผืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื“-ื”).

ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจืชื”

ื™ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื˜ืžืื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืชึตืœึตื“ ื•ึฐื˜ึธืžึฐืึธื” ืฉึฐืื‘ึปืขึทื™ึดื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘,ื”. ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ ื; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“).

ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืœืœื™ื“ื”, ื•ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึทึผืช (ืฉื ืฉื ื‘), ืžื” ื™ืžื™ ื ื“ืชื” ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืืฃ ื™ืžื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื ื™ื‘).

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืชื” ื“ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืืชื”, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจืื” ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืžืฉืื ืฅ ืœืกืคืจื ืฉื).

ื™ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื”

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืฉืœื ืชืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื”, ืืœื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืงื (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื ื‘; ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื™ ื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืžื•).

ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื–ื‘ื” ื•ื ื“ื”

ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื‘ื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื ื™ื’; ื ื“ื” ืœื– ื‘), ืฉืื ืจื•ืื” ื“ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื” ืœื ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื‘ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ืžื™ ื–ื™ื‘ื”; ื™ืžื™ ื ื“ื”), ื•ืจืืชื” ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื–ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืœืžื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ (ื”ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ืกืคืจ ื’, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™; ืจืื‘"ื“ ืœืกืคืจื ืฉื).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ื“ื•ืชื”, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื–ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื–ื‘ื”: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”), ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื‘, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืชื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื”ืจืชื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื ื”; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“; ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืœืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื).

ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืฉืœืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืจืืชื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืกื•ืง (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื– ื™ื˜; ืžืื™ืจื™ ื ื“ื” ืœื– ื‘; ื˜"ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ืกืง"ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉืกืคืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืจืืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœืจืื™ื™ืชื” (ืจื"ืฉ ื ื“ื” ื“ ื‘; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“), ืฉืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืœื ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกืคืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื). ื•ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•:

ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœืจืื™ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื ื˜ื”ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื˜ื”ืจ. ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื—ื•ื” ื›ื• ื’; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืฃ ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื (ื‘"ื— ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื). ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ืœื“ื, ืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื™ื“ื” ืœื“ื ื–ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื” (ืœื—ื ื•ืฉืžืœื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื ืกืง"ื’)[10].

ื˜ื”ืจืชื”

ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœืžื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื”ืจื”: ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื˜ื•ืžืื”); ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชืื—ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืชื”, ื•ืžื˜ืžืื” ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื” ื), ื•ื”ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืจืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื’; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื– ื), ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื›ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช (ืžื™ ื ืคืชื•ื— ืืžื ื” ืžื˜), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืจึธื—ึฒืฆื•ึผ ื‘ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื• ื™ื—), ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืžื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื’; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื—).

ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœืžื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” - ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื“ ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ื,ื’), ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื ื“ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”: ื›ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึทึผืช ื“ึฐึผื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืชึดึผื˜ึฐืžึธื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื‘), ื•ื ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฆ ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื–ื‘ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื).

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื”, ืœื ืขืœืชื” ืœื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™ืžืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื˜ื”ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ ื ื“ื•ืชื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”; ื ื“ื”), ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœืžื• ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชื” (ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืจืฆื‘"ื) ื ืขืž' 92).

ื˜ื‘ื•ืœืช ื™ื•ื

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื”, ื ื˜ื”ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื” ื,ื“, ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื”ืจื”), ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื” (ื ื“ื” ืœื ื‘), ื•ื”ื™ื "ื˜ื‘ื•ืœืช ื™ื•ื ืืจื•ืš", ืฉืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื [ื˜ืžื ืฉื˜ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•], ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”: ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึนื ืชึดื’ึธึผืข ื•ื’ื•' ืขึทื“ ืžึฐืœึนืืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื”ึผ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื“, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื” ื“. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื).

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจืชื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืขึทื“ ืžึฐืœึนืืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื”ึผ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืœืื• ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื˜ื”ืจื” (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ).

ืžื—ื•ืกืจืช ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ื ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื”), ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ื ื’ืžืจืช ืœื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื›ึดืคึถึผืจ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื”ึตืจึธื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื—. ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื ื“ื” ืขื ื‘).

ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ืžืขื›ื‘ืชื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืœ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืชื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื’ ื”, ื“ ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื”).

ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”:

ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืœื™ื“ืช ื ืงื‘ื”; ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื ื“ื” ืขื ื‘; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื›ื˜ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื‘"ืฉ ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื™ื”ื•). ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื” ื“).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืจืชื”, ื›ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืจืื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื›ื ื, ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•), ื•ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืชื•ืก' ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ื“ื” ืฉื).

ืงืจื‘ื ื”

ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื‘ืžืœืืช ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื” ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื• (ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืกื›ื™ื), ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื” ืื• ืชื•ืจ ืœื—ื˜ืืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึดืžึฐืœึนืืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื”ึผ ืœึฐื‘ึตืŸ ืื•ึน ืœึฐื‘ึทืช ืชึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ื›ึถึผื‘ึถืฉื‚ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืฉึฐืื ึธืชื•ึน ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึถืŸ ื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ืื•ึน ืชึนืจ ืœึฐื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื•); ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื’ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”, ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื˜ืืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ืชึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื™ึธื“ึธื”ึผ ื“ึตึผื™ ืฉึถื‚ื” ื•ึฐืœึธืงึฐื—ึธื” ืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ืชึนืจึดื™ื ืื•ึน ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื” ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึฐื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื—. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ื ื’,ื”, ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช ื™ ื‘).

ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ

ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื˜ืžืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื” ื ืื›ืœืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืœืช ืกื ื“ืœ, ืื• ืฉืœื™ื”, ืื• ืฉืคื™ืจ ืžืจื•ืงื, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืชืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื• ื˜ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื—ื˜ืืชืŸ ื ืื›ืœืช. ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื”ืœื™ื“ื”) ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ื ื•).

ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื”

ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“: ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึถืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึทื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื” ื—), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืขื•ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืขึนืœึธื” (ืฉื ื™), ืืœื ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืชื”ื ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืขื ืขื•ืœืช ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืื” ืขื ืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืื” ืขื ืขื•ืœืช ื‘ื”ืžื” - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ื˜ืืช ืœืขื•ืœื” (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฆ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื; ืกืคืจื ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื“ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“).

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืืœื ืžืžืชื ืช ืฉื™ืขืจื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ื ื” ืœืžื—ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•: ื•ึผื‘ึดืžึฐืœึนืืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื˜ึธื”ึณืจึธื”ึผ ืœึฐื‘ึตืŸ ืื•ึน ืœึฐื‘ึทืช ืชึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ื•ื’ื•' (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื•), ื•ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ื ื” ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ ืžืœืืช ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื’; ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ื ื”), ื•ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื–ืžืŸ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื— ื˜; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืœืกืคืจื ืฉื), ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื”, ื•ืขื•ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืžืื™ ืขื‘ื“ืŸ; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ืชื, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื›ืคืจืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ืฉื); ื•ืื ื”ืฉื”ืชื” ื—ื˜ืืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœ ืชืื—ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืœ ืชืื—ืจ: ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœ ืชืื—ืจ), ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชืื—ืจ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ ื‘).

ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื“ื•ืช

ืืฉื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื– ื‘, ื•ืฉื ื˜ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืคืจื” ื ื—), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื–ึนืืช ืชึผื•ึนืจึทืช ื”ึทื™ึนึผืœึถื“ึถืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื‘ ื–), ืžืฉืžืข ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื“ื” ืž ื ื“"ื” ืชื•ืจืช).

ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœืืช, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื™ื“ื” (ืกืคืจื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื’; ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื; ื ื–ื™ืจ ืกื“ ื‘, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื“"ื” ื“ืชื ื™ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื–ึนืืช ืชึผื•ึนืจึทืช ื”ึทื™ึนึผืœึถื“ึถืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืืช ื•ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœืืช ื›ืื—ืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื–ึนืืช (ื ื“ื” ืž ื).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืคื‘ ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจืคื‘ ื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืงืœื– ื ื“"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช); ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืขืœ ืืฉืชื• (ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขื– (ืœืจื™ืขื‘"ืฅ) ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืขืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืงืช ื‘ ื˜). ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœืช, ื‘ืขืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื•ืœื“, ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ืื™ ืื—ืจ ืžืœืขืœื•ืช (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“, ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงืจื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ื™ืขืœื” ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื; ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื™ื‘ ื—).

ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืœื”

ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื›ืฉื›ื•ืจืขืช ืœืœื“ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื):

ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืžื™ืœื“ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื, ื•ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื”; ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืจ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืžื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืขืชื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื”, ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืื ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืจืื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ (ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื—ื™ื”; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ื•ืื ืœื ืชืชื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื—ื“ื” (ืชื•ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืงืž"ืœ; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื).

ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืžืŸ ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื›ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื— ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื, ื•ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื• ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื’); ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœืฉืขืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื”).

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™

ืืฃ ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื” ื›ืœื™, ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื›ืœื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื), ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ืชืื—ืจื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ); ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืชืื—ืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื—ื•ืจ (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื).

ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืฆื•ืจื›ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืžื”ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื).

ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ

ืžืฉืขืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื’). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ:

  • ืื‘ื™ื™ ืืžืจ ืžืฉืชืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืกื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืืฉื” ื›ืฉื›ื•ืจืขืช ืœืœื“ืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ืคืข ืงืฆืช ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื— ืœืžื™ืœื“ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ืœื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื“ืช (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื’ ื“), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืื—ื–ื•ื” ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœื™ื (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื’), ื•ื ืขืงืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ ืœืฆืืช (ืชื•ืก' ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื›ื• ื ื“"ื” ืกื‘ืจ; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื•, ื•ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื).
  • ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืืžืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื“ื ืฉื•ืชืช; ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืœืš (ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื‘ืื’ืคื™ื”).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืื‘ื™ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื ืฉื•ืชืช ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ืขื“ ืฉืชืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ ืงื—).
  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืช, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืกืคืง ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื’; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื”ืจ ืœืฆืืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืื• ืฉืฉื•ืชืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ืื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืจืฆื‘"ื) ื‘ ืขืž' 114; ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™ื"ื– ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื™ืœื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ืจืื” ืืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ืฉืžืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื“ืช, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืงืฆืช (ื˜"ื– ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื‘).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืขืงืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื ื“"ื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ).

ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื:

  • ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
  • ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืืžืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืื• ืฉืฉืชืงื”, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช; ืืžืจื” ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
  • ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืกื›ื ื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื“. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ื•ืœื”).

ื•ื“ื•ืงื ืื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื™, ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœื” ื—ื•ืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฉืื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืš ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ื•ืœื”. ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื˜).

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืชืœื“, ื•ืœื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื“ื ืฉื•ืชืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื“ื ืฉื•ืชืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื’ ื•ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”; ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™ื"ื– ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื’; ืกืž"ื’ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืกื”; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืชืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื’. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ ื“"ื” ื›ืœ), ื•ืื ืืจื›ื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื” (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื).

ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช (ืชื•ืก' ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืคืจืฅ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื— ื; ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืจืฆื‘"ื) ื‘ ืขืž' 114; ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœ ื‘; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืคื” ื›ื”; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืก'; ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื– ื˜ื•; ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื˜ ื‘; ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื– ื“; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื™, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื)
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” (ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืงืžื—, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื— ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื– ื”; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื–).

ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคื

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืืžืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืš (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื ื“"ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ; ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื”).
  • ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ (ื‘"ื— ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื’, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ), ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจื•ืคื ืื• ื—ื›ืžื”, ืฉืื– ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจื•ืคื ื•ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืจ ืคืชื•ื— (ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื’, ื‘ื“ืขืชื•). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ืœืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื ืฉื•ืชืงืช, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ื‘"ื— ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื” (ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืœื—).

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ืœืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ"ืœึตื‘ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืžึธืจึทึผืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื“ ื™. ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ ืจืค; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืก"ืง ื™ื“, ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกืชืคืงื• ืฉืžื ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” (ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื ืื•ืช ื‘).

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœื™ื“ืชื” ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืืžืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ืœืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื (ื‘"ื— ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื“; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื˜); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืœืœื™ื (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื, ืœื”ื’ื”ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ืจื•ืคื ืื• ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื‘; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื).

ืื ืœื ืืžืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ืœืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื ืฉืชืงื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ื‘"ื— ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื“).

ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืืžืจื” "ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™", ืฉืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืชืกืชื›ืŸ ืื ืœื ื™ื—ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื”, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ื - ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื - ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืจืžื– ืชืกื“, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื).

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื” ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื ืŸ, ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื•, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื, ื•ืื ืชืื›ืœ ืฆื•ื ืŸ ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื• ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื– ืฉืžื’). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืง"ื—)[11].

ื—ื™ืžื•ื

ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืชื ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืชืžื•ื– (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ ื™ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื•, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืก"ืง ื›). ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ืžื“ื•ืจื”, ืฉืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” (ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” (ืจืื” ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื“ื”

ืืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชื›ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื” ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื”, ื•ืชืจืฉื•ื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืกืจื ืœื ื”ื’ ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก[12]. ืื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื; ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื” ืœื• ื•; ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘).

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื•ืœื ืื ืจื•ืื” ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื (ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื” ืœื• ื–; ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื)[13].

ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ืกื•ืข ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื (ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื” ืœื• ื™ื; ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื)[14].

ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”

ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื”:

  • ื™ืฉ ืฉืืกืจื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืฉืžื ื™ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ ื—, ื” ื›ื–; ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื“ ื—; ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ื ื‘).
  • ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” - ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื’ืข ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื™ื•"ื“ ื‘ ืขื”; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื ืœื’).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘, ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• (ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื” ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ื™ืจื‘ืš).

ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื” ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื ื”ืขืจื” ื).

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืจื’ืขืช ืžืคื—ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืฆื”, ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืœ ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ืืžืจ 'ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื•', ื•ื”' ืœื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ื“ ื“).

ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื”, ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ืœื ืชืชืขื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื; ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืื• ืฉืฉื•ืชืงืช, ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ืจื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช-ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื– ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื– ื“, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืก"ืง ื™). ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืžืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช-ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื” (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชืจื™ื– ืกืง"ื’; ืฉื•"ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ื™ืœื•ื” ืืœื ืคื—ื•ืช-ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื™ื— ื™ื’).

ื•ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืื ืืžืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืžืชืขื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ื•ืื ืืžืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™ - ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” (ืจื"ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื ื— ื™, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื—ื•ื” ื›ื– ื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ; ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื–; ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืงืžื—; ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ืก ื‘), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” (ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืžืจื‘ื‘ื” ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื– ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืงืช ืื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช-ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื; ืฉื˜"ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื™ื– ื“; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื).

ื•ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืื“ื (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘, ื•ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกืชื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืงืกื–; ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืจื” ืขืž' 110).

ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืื ืืžืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ื•ืœื”. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ืก ื‘); ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืขื ื™ืช), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื ื™, ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ืก ื’)[15].

ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ

ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืชื ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ (ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”; ื™ื•ืžื ืขื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ; ืชื•ืก' ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืก' ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจ"ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื“ ื’); ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืกืจื™ื (ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ; ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื; ื”ืจื•ืงื— ืจื™ื–; ืจื"ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื ื— ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืกืงื• ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจื™"ืฆ ื’ื™ืืช ื ืขืž' ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืงืฉื™ืฉืื™; ืจ' ืคืœื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืงื•ืช ืงืขื”; ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™"ื“ ื™ื•ืžื ืขื— ื‘; ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™ื"ื– ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ ื™ื; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘).

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืชื”, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืคื‘ ื‘).

ืจื—ื™ืฆื”

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ ืœื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืคื ื’); ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ืชืงื ื ืก"ืง ืž).

ื”ืžืคืœืช

ื”ืžืคืœืช ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื” ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื”, ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ืจื” (ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœ, ื•ืฉื ืชืจื™ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืืฉืจ ืœืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื“ืฃ ืงื›ื‘ ืข"ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ ื ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืจื™ื– ื“ ื“"ื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช).

ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ

ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื‘; ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ (ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ) ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื“ื™ื (ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื—ื•ืœื”); ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคื—ื“ (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ืชื ืฉื; ืจืฉื‘"ืฅ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื)[16].

ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ

ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ" ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื ืชืจืคื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื”: ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ) ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื ื˜).

  • ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืœื” ืืฉืชื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืœืช ืืฉืชื•, ืฉืืฉืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืคื• (ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•"ื— ืจื™ื˜ ื“-ื”; ื‘"ื— ืฉื; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื“), ื•ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ืžืœืš ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘", ื•ืืฉืชื• ืชืขื ื” ืืžืŸ ื•ืชืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื‘; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ืกืง"ื’). ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื• ืฉื ืžื‘ืจืš "ืฉื’ืžืœ ืœืืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘" (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื–).
  • ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืขืช ืžื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”' ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ "ื‘ืจื›ื•" ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœื”' ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืฉืชื•, ื•ืืฉืชื• ื ืคื˜ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ื–ื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื“ ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืื•"ื— ืจื™ื˜ ืกืง"ื”).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ืืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ืฉืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืžื ื” (ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื ื˜, ืืš ืžืกื™ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ืช); ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคืฉืขื™ื• ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื”, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ื–ื• "ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช" (ืžื˜ื” ืœื•ื™ (ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ) ื‘ ื—).

ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ", ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืœืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื”, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืžืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื”, ื•ื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•"ื— ืจื™ื˜ ื–, ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื ื).

ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื ืก" ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืื•"ื— ืจื™ื— ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืฉ).

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื›ื‘, ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืจืฆื–-ืฉืกื‘.
  2. โ†‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื’ื 'ื—ื™ื”', ืจืื” ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’ ื‘.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืคืœ, ืขืœ ื ืคืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืœื™ื“ื”.
  4. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื ื•ืขื ื›ืจืš ื ืขืž' ืงื ื’, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ื™ืจื‘ืš, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ื–ืจืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื–ืจืขื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
  5. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ.
  6. โ†‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
  7. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื™ื ืก"ืง ื™ื’; ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืฆื“ ืก"ืง ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืืฉื” ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื•ืœื ืชืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื ื›ื—ืจื“ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง.
  8. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืฉื, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืกื• ืกืง"ื—, ืฉืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื”, ืœื ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ.
  9. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื“ื ื ื“ื”; ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ, ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช.
  10. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ.
  11. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื’, ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
  12. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืช ืœื• ื™ื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื.
  13. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื—, ืื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืฉื ื™, ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื” ืœืœื“ืช, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื.
  14. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื; ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื” ืฉื ื˜, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืœื” ืืคื™ื“ื•ืจืœ.
  15. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ื ืกื“, ืฉื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืจืขืœืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื• ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื.
  16. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืงืžื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืคื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™. ื•ืจืื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื’ ื˜, ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ืงื™. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื•ืกืจ ื›ื“, ื ื•ืกื— ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื”_ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื™ื•ืœื“ืช&oldid=105745"