ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช - ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื’ื”ึผ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืจื–"ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[1] - ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืžืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื—ืœื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”

ื”ืžืฆื•ื”

ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช

ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื–ืจืข ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ[2] ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื ืงืจื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืจื•ืžื”), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืจึตืืฉึดืื™ืช ื“ึฐึผื’ึธื ึฐืšึธ ืชึดึผื™ืจึนืฉึฐืืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื”ึธืจึถืšึธ ื•ื’ื•' ืชึดึผืชึถึผืŸ ืœึผื•ึน (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื— ื“. ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื).

ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉืืจ ืœืœื•ื™, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึถืช ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืœึทื”' ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื” ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืœึฐื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื“. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžึดื–ึถึผืจึทืข ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžึดืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืœึทื”' ื”ื•ึผื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื– ืœ. ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืขืฉื” ืงื›ื–. ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืฆื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื).

ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ื ืฉืืจ, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืชึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื‘). ืžืขืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื, ื‘ ื: ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™).

ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•, ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉืจื•ืช) ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ืฉึธืืœึนืฉื ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืึธืชึฐืšึธ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึทึผื—ึฐืชึธึผ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึตึผืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึธึผืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื‘ึตืขื•ึผ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื— - ื›ื˜); ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึฐื›ึทืœึถึผื” ืœึทืขึฐืฉึตื‚ืจ ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืึธืชึฐืšึธ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืืช ืฉึฐืื ึทืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึธึผื” ืœึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ืœึทื’ึตึผืจ ืœึทื™ึธึผืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐืœึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึดืฉึฐืืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื‘ึตืขื•ึผ ื•ื’ื•' (ืฉื ื›ื• ื™ื‘. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™).

ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืชึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืžึตืึตืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึตืึดืชึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผื ึทื—ึฒืœึทืชึฐื›ึถื ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึตืžึนืชึถื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืช ื”' ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื•. ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื›. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ).

ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ื

ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึตึผืŸ ืชึธึผืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ื’ึทื ืึทืชึถึผื ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืช ื”' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื—), ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืœืžื“ื• 'ืืชื' ืืœื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื, 'ื’ื ืืชื' ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืกื—).

ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• - ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ - ื ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืงื›ื• - ื•ืงืœ; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืœื’ - ืงืกื; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืงื– - ืชืขื“); ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื ืœืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื); ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืกื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”).

ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”

ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจื, ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื; ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื“, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื— ืกืง"ื‘, ืจืื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจืขืง"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜"ื– ืก"ืง ื™ื–); ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” (ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื›ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืฉืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ (ืจืื” ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื•ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื– ื‘, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื).

ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช (ื˜"ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืก"ืง ื™ื–; ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืื•"ื— ื— ืกืง"ื‘)[3].

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื›ื•; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืœื’; ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื‘).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื)[4].

ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ

ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ืคื”,ืงืžื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื‘).

ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื—ืœื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื” ืก"ืง ื“,ื™ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืžืื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชืงืœื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื‘ ืชืฉืœื).

ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”

ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช: ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ื›ื•' (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื™ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื˜ื–, ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื˜ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื—). ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืื• ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ - ืžื‘ืจืš (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื•ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ: ืœึนื ืขึธื‘ึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉึธืื›ึธื—ึฐืชึดึผื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื• ื™ื’), ื•ืืžืจื•: ืœื ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืžืœื‘ืจื›ืš ื•ืžืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื ืฉื’; ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื” ื™ื; ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž ื‘), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื— ืžืœื‘ืจืš ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžืœื‘ืจื›ืš; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื—; ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื).

ื ื•ืกื—ื”

ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘-ืœ': ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื™ื“; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื’; ืจ"ืŸ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื– ืข"ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื—, ืฉื›ื— ื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš: ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช (ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื ืจื ื˜; ืจื"ืฉ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืงืœื˜, ื‘ืฉืžื•).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื•ืื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื ื™ื‘-ื™ื’. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช).

ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื‘ื™ื—ื“

ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ, ื›ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื• ื™ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื—). ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืžื™ื“, ื•ืœื ืกื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).

ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš

ืชืจื ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš - ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื• ื).

ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš; ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจื™ - ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจื™ - ืœื ื™ืชืจืžื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื“, ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืื–ื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื‘; ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืจืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข, ืื• ืฉื ืฉืชืชืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื“).

ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”

ืืฃ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”) ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืชื• (ืจื"ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื“ ื˜).

ื–ืžื ื”

ืžื‘ืจืš ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื˜ื–, ื•ืฉื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื˜ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื—, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ืงื–).

ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืจืš (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœืื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื” ืฉื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœื” ืฉื (ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืขื’, ื•ืจืื” ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ืกืง"ื’; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•; ืคืกืงื™ ื—ืœื” ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื•; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืฉื‘ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื‘ ืจืฆื ื•).

ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื

ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืจืš ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืจื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ื–ื” ืœืชืจื•ื (ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืกื–; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืก"ืง ืœื’), ื•ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฆื - ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื“ื•ืงื, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื–ื” (ื˜"ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืก"ืง ื™ื–).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ื (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ื ื–, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”).

ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ื ืžืขื•ืžื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช), ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ (ื—ืœื” ื‘ ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื” ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื›ื— ื), ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืื›ืœื• (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ื— ืกืง"ื‘).

ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ

ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”

ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืžื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจื™ ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืžื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ืชืจืžื• - ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื‘).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ื ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจื™ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื™ืคื” ื•ืจืข), ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืžื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื“).

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ: ื‘ื™ืคื” ื•ืจืข), ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืžื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”; ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืฉืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื‘, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ืกื‘)[5].

ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“

ื—ืžืฉื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืžื•, ื•ืื ืชืจืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื”:

ื”ื—ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ืจืฉ); ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•); ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ; ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื; ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืชืจื ืืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืœ)[6].

ืงื˜ืŸ

ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืœืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื’, ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ื‘), ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื (ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื).
  • ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืืžืจื• ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขืจื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื).
  • ื•ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืืžืจ ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื ื“ื” ืžื• ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื)[7].

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื“ืจื• ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื’, ื•ื˜"ื– ืก"ืง ื™ื—, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ืกื’), ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืงื•ืจื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื“ื” ืžื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ืชืจื•ืžื”).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื›ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื—)[8].

ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ

ื›ืœ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืžื•, ื•ืื ืชืจืžื• - ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• - ืžืขืฉืจ; ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื’), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืงื›ื˜)[9].

ื‘ื’ื–ืœ

ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•), ื›ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืžืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื (ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ื’ื–ืœื” ื•ืื‘ื“ื” ื” ื“)[10].

ืคื•ืขืœื™ื

ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืžื‘; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื›ื— ื’), ื•ืื ืชืจืžื• - ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื ื—)[11].

ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืืฉื”

ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืืฉื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืชื•ืจื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื• (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื™ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืž).

ื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืกืชื”, ื”ืจื™ ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ืžื); ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื›ื— ืกืง"ื™). ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืงื“ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ืฉืœืช (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื– ืก"ืง ื˜ื•), ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืกื—ืจ (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื˜ ืกืง"ื–, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื  ืงืจืœื™ืฅ).

ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืชืจื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืœืชืจื•ื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื” ื‘; ืขืจื•ืš ืœื ืจ ืฉื ืคื• ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื)[12].

ืื•ืจื—

ื”ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืืฆืœื•, ื•ื”ืื•ืจื— ืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื–)[13].

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื”ืžืฆื•ื”), ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื™:

  • ืื‘ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื), ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ื ืืœืขื–ืจ (ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).
  • ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ืคื”, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืฉ).

ืืฃ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื™ืชื ื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืชืจื•ืžืชื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื‘; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื›; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืงืœื“)[14].
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ืคื”)[15].

ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืžื ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘; ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืช ืื“ื ื™ ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืื—ืช ืืฃ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”)[16].

ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•

ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ื›ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ: ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื’).

ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช; ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืฉื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™; ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜).

ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืคืงืจโ€™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืœื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืžื˜ื”).

ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ

ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ืงืจืงืข, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ื–ืจื•, ื•ืื ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื‘ื‘ืœ; ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ) ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื:

ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชื™ืงื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉืจื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™; ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืขื–ืจื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ื™ื“ื™ื ื“ ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜).

ื‘ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื: ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™; ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™. ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืžื ื• ื•ื’ืžืจื• ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ (ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื).

ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื™

ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ืชื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืจื™; ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื”)[17], ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘ (ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืžื–, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื; ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜; ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ืจื“ื‘"ื–), ืฉืื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื” (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ื ื˜).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ (ืจืื” ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื˜ื• ื).

ืฉื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ

ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืžื”, ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึฐืœึตืึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื“ึดืžึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึฐืึทื—ึตืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ ื›ื—; ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ื›ืกืคื ื™ื˜; ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื’), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืžืœืืชืš ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื” (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื), ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืฉืชืชืžืœื ืชื‘ื•ืืชืš ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื); ื•ื“ืžืขืš, ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉื; ืชืžื•ืจื” ื“ ื), ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ืžืขืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ืืกื•ืจื™ื) ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ืข (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื“"ื” ื–ื•), ื•ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืชืื—ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื).

ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ (ืจ"ืฉ ืกื™ืจื™ืœื™ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื) ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉืืฃ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื“ืžืข, ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื ืชืื—ืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ ื ื“"ื” ืžืคื ื™).

ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ

ืœืื• ื–ื” ื ืžื ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืงื ื“; ืกืž"ื’ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืจื ื’; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘); ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื ืœื•ืงื” ืขืœ ืœืื• ื–ื”:

ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื”; ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื” (ืชืžื•ืจื” ื“ ื โ€“ ื‘, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืœ).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื’).

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™ (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ื›ืกืคื ื™ื˜; ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื•; ืชืžื•ืจื” ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื–).

ื‘ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ

ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ [ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื], ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™: ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธืชึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึดึผื™ืชึธื ึดื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื• ื™ื’), ื”ื ืื ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช (ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื” ื™ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื ื™ื’. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ).

ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช

ืงืจื ืฉื ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื” - ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืงืจื ืฉืžื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ื; ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื ืชืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืื™ื—ืจ (ืชื•ืก' ืชืžื•ืจื” ื“ ื ื“"ื” ื•ืื™ืชืžืจ; ืจ"ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื•); ื•ืื ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืื• ื•ืขืฉื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ืชืื—ืจ (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื”).

ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืœื—ื›ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื˜ื‘ืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืืœื”), ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ ืกืง"ื“; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื“ ื“"ื” ื ืจืื”).

ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ ื’; ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื•; ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืžืขืฉืจ ื— ื’; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืก"ืง ืงื™ื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ื›ื”); ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืœืื• ืฉืœ ืœื ืชืื—ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ืœื” (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืคื“ ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื™ ื›, ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื)[18], ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื•; ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื); ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืžืื™, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื”-ื•).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืื• ืฉืœ ืžึฐืœึตืึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื“ึดืžึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึฐืึทื—ึตืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืคื“ ืกืง"ื’).

ื‘ื™ืคื” ื•ืจืข

ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื”

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื‘), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึทืชึฐึผื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืชึธึผืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืช ื”' ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ืึถืช ืžึดืงึฐื“ึฐึผืฉืื•ึน ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ืžึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึถื—ึฐืฉึทืื‘ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐื‚ืื•ึผ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื—ึตื˜ึฐื ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ืžึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื˜ - ืœื‘), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืข (ืชืžื•ืจื” ื” ื).

ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึทืชึฐึผื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืชึธึผืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ โ€“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ืจืื” ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื›ื); ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ืžึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน โ€“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœืœื•ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ืงื›ื‘), ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื˜).

ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ

ืืฃ ื›ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื™ื’; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื”), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ืžึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึถื—ึฐืฉึทืื‘ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื›ึดึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื’ึนึผืจึถืŸ ื•ึฐื›ึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื™ึธืงึถื‘, ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื•, ื›ืš ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื’ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืคื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื‘,ืกื’).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื“ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืงืคื™ื“ื ืฉื™ืขืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื˜ ืกืง"ื‘).

ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ: ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื”, ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึทืชึฐึผื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืชึธึผืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ื•ื’ื•' ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน; ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึดื™ืžึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน. ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ื’ื ืš ื•ื’ื•' ืชืชืŸ ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื• ืžืžื ื• (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื˜).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” (ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืž"ื’ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“), ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื”; ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืœื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืขืžื” ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืžื’ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื˜).

ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ

ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืชื ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• (ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื›ืœืื™ื ื“ืฃ ื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืž' ื’).

ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ

ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื•: ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ืคืจืฉืชื ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ืขื•ืŸ, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื ืชืฉืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื (ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื›ื‘; ืชืžื•ืจื” ื” ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืงืž"ืœ), ืฉืื ืชืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ื• ืœื ืชืฉืื• ื—ื˜ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ื• ืชืฉืื• ื—ื˜ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ืžื›ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืงื›ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื–).

ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื ืื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ืจืก"ื’ ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืจื˜ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืžื ืื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืกืž"ื’ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“), ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœืื• ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืชืฉืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉืชื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืื• ื”ื‘ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืขืฉื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžื ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืงื›ื˜; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื” ื ื“"ื” ื’ืจื•ืข).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ืžืื”) ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื‘,ืกื’), ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ืฆื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ); ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ื•ืœืขื ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ืฆื•).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืงื™ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ื• ืกืง"ื).

ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ืคืชื ื ืื›ืœืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ืชืคื•ื—, ืื’ืก, ื’ื–ืจ, ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ, ืกืœืง, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืคืจื™ ืขืœื™ื•; ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืชื ื ืื›ืœืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“ื™ื, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื, ืงืœื™ืคืช ืชืคื•ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ืก"ืง ืœื; ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื— ื›ื)[19].

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจื

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ื” ื’; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื’), ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืจื ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืจื ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’, ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœื™ืคื”, ื•ื ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ืจืขื” - ืื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ; ื•ืื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืœื ืฉืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื”, ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื, ื•ืื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื” - ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืชื•ืจื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื• ื‘).

ื‘ื“ืžืื™

ื‘ื“ืžืื™ ื”ืงืœื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืฃ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื ื• ื, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื“"ื” ื”ืœื•ืงื—; ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื"ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื” ื’).

ื›ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœ

ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื•, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆื, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“ ื‘ื•ืขื– ืกืง"ื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ).

ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื

ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื“ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื) ืชื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื“, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื); ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ื˜ืžื ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจ

ืžื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื—), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•:

ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืœื’ ื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฉื; ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื‘; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื' ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืžืื™ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื•).

ืืฃ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” (ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืœื— ื–).

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจื

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจื, ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื‘). ื•ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื™ื˜; ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื” ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื‘).
  • ื•ืกืชื ืžืฉื ืชื ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื‘), ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ืืฃ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ืžืื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืœ, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืจืขื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืงืฆืช (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื” ื‘ ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“; ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื:

  • ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ื ืืžืจ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืฉืื ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ื ืฉืืจืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื ื™ืคืฉืข ื•ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื“ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื, ื•ืชื•ืก' ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžื–ื™ื“). ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื–ืจ, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื‘).
  • ื•ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ื‘"ืจ ืื•ืฉืขื™ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื-ื‘).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื—; ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื ืฉืจืคืช (ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชื ื™ื ื ืื”"ืข ืงืžื‘).

ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ื—ืœื” ื ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื”), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืจื ืขืœื™ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื“ื” ืขื ื‘ ื•ืžืงืคืช; ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœ ื ื“"ื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช); ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื’, ื—ืœื” ื ื˜). ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึตืžึนืชึถื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื•) - ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ืœื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจื™; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘; ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ ื”).

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืกืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”, ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืกืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจ, ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืชื™ ืกืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืื”, ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื”).

ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“, ืชื•ืจื ืžืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืงื™ ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืื—ื“, ืชื•ืจื ืžืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื—; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื•)[20].

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ ื”; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›; ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื“), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึทืขึฐืฉึฐื‚ืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืชึธึผืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื— - ื›ื˜), ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช - ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื—ื•ืžืจืชื•

ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื›ืฉื, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืœื; ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฆื’; ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ ื”).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ืืกืžื›ืชื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื'; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื; ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื ืงื›ื–; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืœื—, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•; ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื).

ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ - ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืžื“, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื”; ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืก"ืง ืžื˜), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื“); ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื— ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื)[21].

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจื

ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืชืจื ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื–; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื”).

ื‘ื™ืจืง

ืืฃ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื™ืจืง, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ืœ), ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจืื” ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื—; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื˜).

ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžืื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจ"ืฉ ื—ืœื” ื’ ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืžืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืก"ืง ืฆื‘)[22].

ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ

ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึทึผื“ึธึผื’ึธืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึนึผืจึถืŸ ื•ึฐื›ึทืžึฐืœึตืึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึธึผืงึถื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื–), ืฉื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.

ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืชืจืžื• ืžื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืื• ืžืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื˜ื‘ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื”), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ืชืจื, ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื“).

ื—ื•ืžืจืชื•

ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืžื•ืจ - ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื“; ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืก"ืง ืคื‘; ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“), ืžืฉื•ื ื’ื–ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื), ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื• (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื).

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ, ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื’ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื ืืžืจ, ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื).

ื’ื“ืจ ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื”

ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืื•ืกืจ ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืขืจืื™ (ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื™); ืืœื ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืžืขืฉืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ืฆื’).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื™ืืกืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืขืจืื™ ื•ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ื’ ื—, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื; ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื” ืกืง"ื‘; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ ืก"ืง ื›ื’).

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืืžืจื• ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื.

ืชืจื ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืŸ - ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™ื—).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืจื•ื, ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืจื•ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืกื™ืจื™ืœื™ืื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”).

ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ

ื”ื”ืœื›ื”

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื–ื• (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื•; ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื‘ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื–), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืชึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฆึตื ื”ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื” ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืฉึธืื ึธื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื‘) - ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื”. ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืจ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืจ (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื”; ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื’ ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืžื” ืžืขืฉืจ; ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื), ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื’ื ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ: ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึตืžึนืชึถื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืช ื”' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื•), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื›; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”).

ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืง

ืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ืจืง ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื‘ืื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉืื—ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื–), ื•ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืœืงื™ื˜ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื‘ ื ื ื“"ื” ืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ืจืง. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ), ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ืœื” ื ื“).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ, ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ืื ื‘ืื• ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš (ืจืื” ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื•; ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื“ ื‘).

ืฉื“ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื•, ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื)[23].

ื‘ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ

ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: ืœึนื ืขึธื‘ึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื• ื™ื’), ื•ื“ืจืฉื•: ืœื ื”ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘; ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื” ื™ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ).

ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืื ืชืจื ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื’), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื•, ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ื‘), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึตืžึนืชึถื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื•) - ื•ืœื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื• (ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื›; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื• (ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื—ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืื—ืจืช (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื‘ ืกืง"ื“).

ื’ื“ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื

ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืชืื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืชืื ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ื•ืชื•ืจื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื“; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื“; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืœื• ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื’)[24].

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื, ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื). ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ: ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืข; ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืชื•ืจื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืชืคื•ื– ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื›ืœืื™ื ื’ ืกืง"ื’).

ืœื— ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืœื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—, ื•ืื ืชืจื - ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื•), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื (ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืก"ืง ืคื’).

ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืžื ื• ืœืžื—ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื; ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืจืง ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื•ืชื•ืจื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ื™ืจืง ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืจื‘, ืชื•ืจื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื•

ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืื—ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืกืื” ื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืกืื” ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกืื™ื ื—ื˜ื™ื, ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื’)[25].

ื‘ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘

ืžื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื—).

ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœืงื˜ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคืื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ; ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื’); ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชืจืžื” ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื; ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืื ืชืจื ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื).

ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ; ื•ืื ืชืจื - ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืชื™ืื›ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช; ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ืชืจื - ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื.

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืจื ืžืขืฆื™ืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืงื•ื‘, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขืฆื™ืฅ) ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื; ืชืจื ืžืขืฆื™ืฅ ื ืงื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืงื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืชื™ืื›ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ื“ืžืื™ ื” ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื™ื“,ื˜ื–).

ืœืงื•ื—

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื—, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ืœ), ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื”ื• (ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ืกื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžื ื›ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ืงื— ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžื ื›ืจื™, ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจ (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื).

ืชืœื•ืฉ ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืœื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื” ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื”); ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืืžืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื•, ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื ึถื—ึฐืฉึทืื‘ ืœึธื›ึถื ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืชึฐื›ึถื ื›ึทึผื“ึธึผื’ึธืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึนึผืจึถืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื–), ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื”ื ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื ื‘; ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘ - ืœื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื˜ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืžื•). ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื˜ ื, ื•ืชื•ืก' ืฉื ื“"ื” ืืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืชื•; ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื‘ ื).
  • ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืฉืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจ"ื— ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื• ื‘; ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื; ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ ืžื”; ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื—; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืžื•).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืžืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจื ืฉื ืืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื• (ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืชืชืงืœื•; ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื˜ื– ืฉื“ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•).

ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘ โ€“ ืœื ื). ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืืœื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืืฃ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื; ืจืฉื‘"ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืื™ืช ื“ืืžืจื™; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืก').

ืืœื ืฉืžื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘'); ื•ืžื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื ื ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื ืงืจื ืœื” ืฉื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื').

  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ืžื“), ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื•; ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื).

ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช

ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืœืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• (ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื– ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื; ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ื–); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืชืจื•ืžื”: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึถืช ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืœึทื”' ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื“), ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืœืช (ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื” ื; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ื• ืกืง"ื”).

ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžืขืฉื”

ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขืœืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ (ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื˜ ื ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื ื›ื”).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื’; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ื• ืกืง"ื”).

ื‘ืชื ืื™

ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™, ืื ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืื ืœืื• ืื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื™ื–).

ื‘ืื•ืžื“ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืžื“ (ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื›ื; ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“), ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื•; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื˜ื–). ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ืชื ื” ื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื•ืจืขื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืžื“ ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืขื” ื•ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื™ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘).
  • ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื“ื•ืงื ืžืื•ืžื“ (ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื“"ื” ื•ื ื™ื˜ืœืช; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืก'; ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื–).

ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืžืจื•: ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื ืชืจื•ืžืชื›ื', ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืชื•ืจื ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืœื ืžืื•ืžื“ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื; ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืืฃ ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืžื“ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“), ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” (ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื“"ื” ื•ื ื™ื˜ืœืช; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•).

  • ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื–; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื•ืชื” ืชื•ืจื” (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ืžื”ืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืงื•ืœ

ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™, ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ ืื• ืžื•ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืื•ืžื“ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื–, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ (ืจืื” ื—ืกื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื)[26].

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื: ืื‘ื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืžื“ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘); ื•ื›ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืื•ืžื“, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžื” (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื— ื‘, ื ื˜ ื); ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืžื“ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉื).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืื•ืžื“, ืืœื ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืก"ืง ืกื”).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืื•ืžื“ ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ื•ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช - ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื™ื“; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื•).

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืื•ืžื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืžื“ - ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘; ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ืžื“ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ (ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื— ื‘ ื“"ื” ื›ืฉื; ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื–; ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื™ ื™ื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืกื— ื’).

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ื“, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ืงืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ืžื•ื ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื“).

ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืจึตืืฉึดืื™ืช ื“ึฐึผื’ึธื ึฐืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื— ื“) - ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ืชื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื’; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืขื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื—ื˜ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ืœ).

ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช

ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึถืช ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ื’ื•' ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ื•ื’ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื“. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜).

ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ื•ื’ื•' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื‘. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ืฉึธืืœึนืฉื ืฉึธืื ึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืขึฐืฉึทื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึตึผืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึธึผืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ื•ื’ื•' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื— - ื›ื˜. ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื).

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ

ืืฃ ืœืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™, ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ืจืื” ื“ืžืื™ ื” ื,ื‘ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึดึผื ืชึฐึผื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึตืžึนืชึถื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืžึทืช ื”' ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึตื‚ืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื›ื•. ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›).

ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ

ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืœื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื‘); ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื”, ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืžื—ืžืฉื™ื, ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืจืขื” - ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงืžืฆื ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื - ืื—ืช ืžืฉืฉื™ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื‘; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื ื).

ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื

ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ืกื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื” ื•; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื’).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฉืจืคื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜).

ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช

ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืื—ืช, ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื•ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื•.

ื–ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื• (ื“ืžืื™ ื” ื‘, ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื).

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฉืจืคื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ), ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืื—ืช, ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ื•ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื”, ื”ื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉืชื™, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื“; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื—)[27].

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื”: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฆืคื•ื ื•, ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื• ืžืฆื“ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ; ื•ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ; ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ - ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ - ื‘ืฆื“ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ืขืž' ืฉื ื; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื™ื‘ ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ืžืชื•ืงืŸ; ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืž' ืงื›ื”)[28].

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืงื•ื

ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืข ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื›ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”:

ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืงืจื ืฉื; ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื• ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื• (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื”; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื™ื–).

ื‘ื˜ืขื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืžืจื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื” (ืจืื” ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื– ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ; ืจ"ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืงืฉื• ืœืชืจื•ืžื” (ืจืื” ืชื•ืก' ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื˜ ื‘).

ืืฃ ื”ื“ืžืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื– ื‘).

ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื”). ื•ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื›ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื• ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื• ืงืจื ืฉื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื—; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื‘).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืคื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืœื ืงื‘ืข ืžืขืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงื‘ืข ื•ืืžืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคื“ื•ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ ื™ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืงืœื˜).

ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื

ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื”, ืฉืชื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื” (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื– ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืจื‘ื ืืžืจ).

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื’ืจื ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื—ืœื” ื ื˜; ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื”, ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืœื• ื‘).

ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘

ื”ืคืจืฉื”

ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื• ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ ื˜, ื™ื“, ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ ื›ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉืœื˜ ื“, ืชืงื›ื“ ื), ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื”, ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื• ื‘ - ืœื– ื), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื); ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ื“; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื— ื‘) .

ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืชื ื ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื– ื; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ ื˜).

ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื

ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืจ"ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื“; ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื‘ ื); ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™; ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ ืžื”; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืก"ืง ืฆื‘).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฃ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื” ื; ืชื•ืก' ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ ื˜ื–; ืจืื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ ื)[29].

ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช

ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžืื™ (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ ื˜ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืื•"ื— ืจืกื ื), ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ืžืื™) ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืชืงืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื‘ืœ).

ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™

ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžืื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืžืื™ ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื™ื‘ ื‘).

ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช

ืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ื“ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืจื•ื— ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื—ืœ ืื– ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”; ืื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ื‘ืœ - ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื’ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื•ืคืจื›ื™ื ืŸ, ืฉื ืœื– ื).

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ

ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™, ื•ื ื™ืชืงื ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ื™ืฆื” (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื“ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ ื˜ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื˜ ื“)[30].

ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช

ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืžื—ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื“, ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื— ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืœืžื—ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจ"ืฉ ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื“ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื—).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืืฆืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ (ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื).

ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื•ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช; ืืœื ืฉื‘ื“ืžืื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื–; ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืฉื ื™; ืจ"ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื“ ื“).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” [ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืจืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืจืข], ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืชื•, ื•ืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืžืคืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืจื”), ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืงื ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืื›ื™ืœืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื”).

ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ

ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืฉื ื™; ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืžืื™ ื“ ื“ ; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื– ื“), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžืื™ (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื).

ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘

ืœืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช

ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ืชึฐึผืขึทืฉึตึผื‚ืจ ื•ื’ื•' ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึดึผืœึฐืžึทื“ ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื™ึธึผืžึดื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ - ื›ื’) ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื™ ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ืœ; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืžืื™ ื– ื). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืœื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื ืงื›ื–; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื); ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ), ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœืžื” ืชืชื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ; ืืœื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉืจ ืžื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ืœืกืขื•ื“ืชื•, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืฉืจ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืœื).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืจื”, ืืฃ ื›ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื (ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืฉื, ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื).

  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืžืงืจื ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ืืœื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื˜ื‘ืœ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ), ื›ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื); ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื ืงื›ื–).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืœื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘); ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื™ืงื™ืคื ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืจืžื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ), ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ืก"ืง ืงื™ื—, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื; ืขืจื•ืš ืœื ืจ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฆื’ ื‘).

ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืจืช

ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ืืœื ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” (ืชื•ืก' ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืœื; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช

ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื—ืฉื›ื”, ื”ื•ื: ืขื™ืฉืจืชื (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื“ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจืก ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช), ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื ืขื™ืฉืจื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืขืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืžืขืฉืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืขืฉืจืชื).

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื™ืฉืจืชื (ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื ืื•"ื— ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’; ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืฉื).

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆื” โ€“ ืฉื›ื•.
  2. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืขืฅ, ืื• ื‘ื“ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื˜ื‘ืœ, ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจืฉื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช; ืขืจืš ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืœื–ืจ ืฉืื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’; ืขืจื›ื™ื: ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืจืฉื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื; ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื”ืขืจืžื”, ื˜ื‘ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช.
  4. โ†‘ ื”ื‘"ื— ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืงื ื• ื˜ื–, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ ื›ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืงื• ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ.
  5. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื›ืจื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื˜ ื‘, ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื•ืฉื ืœื–, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืœื ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื ืœื– ื‘ื”ืขืจื”. ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืชื ื—, ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”.
  6. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื.
  7. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉ, ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื ื“ืจื™ื.
  8. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื’ื•ื™, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื’ื•ื™ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื• ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืขืจืš ืžื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืžื•ืžืจ, ืื ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืชืจื•ืžื”.
  9. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื; ืขืจืš ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ื“ืขืชื•; ืขืจืš ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืชืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ื—.
  10. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื™ืื•ืฉ; ืฉื ื•ื™; ืฉื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืื™ืžืชื™ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืชืจื•ืžื”.
  11. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ ื–, ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ื’ ื•ืก"ืง ื›ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘.
  12. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”, ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”.
  13. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ืžืื™, ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื— ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช; ื•ืขืจืš ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
  14. โ†‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ื—, ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ื›ื•' ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
  15. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื—ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ืžืขื“ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื™ื‘.
  16. โ†‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ืžืื™, ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืจืงื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ืขืž' 22. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืขืž' 28 ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืขืž' 33, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉืงื•ื ื” ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ ืงื˜, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ื™ื“ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื“"ื” ื”ืœื•ืงื—.
  17. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”; ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื™ืจื—ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  18. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ืžืขืฉืจ ื˜ ื’, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื ืกืง"ื”, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
  19. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื›ื‘, ืฉื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื™ ื™ืจืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืื›ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ ืฆื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื ื•ืŸ.
  20. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื›ื” ืกืง"ื—, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื’ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ ื˜-ื™, ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช.
  21. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ื• ืกืง"ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืฃ ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื™ื ืขื ืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”; ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ืŸ ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื ืขื ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืŸ.
  22. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”: ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ, ืขืœ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ืœื”. ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ ื’ ื•ื”ืข' ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, ืฉื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžื•ืงืฃ.
  23. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื—ืœื”: ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื”; ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื.
  24. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื— ื‘, ืฉืขื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืคืจืกืง ื•ื ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”, ืคืœืคืœ ื•ื’ืžื‘ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“.
  25. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”; ื—ืœื”, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื”.
  26. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”: ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืžื“.
  27. โ†‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืื™ ื˜ื• ื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื’ืจืฆ"ืค ืคืจืื ืง ื‘ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื ืžื—, ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื•. ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื  ืงืจืœื™ืฅ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ ื›ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
  28. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”: ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื” ื›ืื—ืช.
  29. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืžื“ื•ืžืข, ืขืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื”.
  30. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืงื ืก ืฉืงื ืกื•ื”ื• ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“.