ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื“ืงื™ืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[1] - ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื[2]

ืฆื•ืจืชื

ืžื”ื•ืชื

ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ - ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื - ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ืš (ืจื™"ืฃ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื˜ ื‘) ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื‘ ื ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช), ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื, ื•ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ืจืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื (ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื– ื˜)[3].

ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื

ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžืœื•ืคืคื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ื ืžื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ื›ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืจืš, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื“ืจื ื“ื›ื ืชื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื’; ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘[4]); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ื“ืจื ื“ื›ื ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื ืชื, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืขื’ื•ืœื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื— ื‘ ื“"ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจื; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื—ื›ืžื™ ืžื’ื ืฆื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื’, ื•ืจืž"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื[5]. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื, ื•ืขืจืš ื›ื ืชื ื’)[6].

ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื˜ื–) ื•ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช (ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ื›ืจื›ืฉื; ืจืž"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ืขื” ื), ื•ื”ืจืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืžื˜ ื‘ ื“"ื” ื—ื˜ื™ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื ืงืจื ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืื• ื›ืจื›ืฉื (ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื, ื•ืขืจืš ื—ืœ ื•ืจืž"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื)[7], ืื• ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืฉื ื  ื ื“"ื” ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช)[8].

ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ื™ืก ืกืชื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•, ื ืงืจื ืกื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื  ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื˜ื• ื” ื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื–[9]), ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ืก ื•ื›ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื’ื ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื ื  ื‘, ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ืกืŸ ื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืกื ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืกื ื ืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื, ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื‘ื”)[10].

ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื, ืฉื”ื ื›ืกื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืจืื” ืจืื‘"ืŸ ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ื ื— ื‘ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฃ. ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื‘ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ืชืจ; ื‘ืขื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“)[11].

ื˜ืจืคื•ืชื

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ืฉื ืคืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื’ - (ืจืื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื ื‘ ื•ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืคื•ืœื”), ื•ื“ืจื•ืกื” - ืฉื ืขืฅ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืืช ืฆืคืจื ื™ื• - (ืฉื ื ื’ ื‘, ื•ืฉื ื ื“ ื, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื ื“ ื“"ื” ืื™ืœื™ืžื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ืจื•ืกื”), ื•ืงื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืฉื ื ื’ ื‘ ื•ืจืฉ"ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืงื•ื‘ื”), ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ืจืคื•ืช: ื ื™ืงื‘ื•, ื ื”ืคื›ื•, ื™ืชืจืช (ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื).

ื ื™ืงื‘ื•

ื ืงื‘ ืžืคื•ืœืฉ

ื ื™ืงื‘ื• ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ - ื ืงื‘ ืžืคื•ืœืฉ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื ืฉืคื“) - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื˜ืจืคื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื‘ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื), ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืŸ, ื•ืจืื” ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืžื‘ ื), ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ ืฉื•ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืคืข - ื˜ืจืคื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉืคื’; ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื• ืกืง"ื˜).

ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ืฉื•ืชืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื‘ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื  ื ื“"ื” ืืžืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื™).

ื›ืฉื ืกืชืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ

ื ื™ืงื‘ื• ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ื—ื” - ื”ื’ืœื“ ื”ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื  ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืฉื™ืจืงื; ืฉ"ืš ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ืกืง"ื) - ืกื•ืชืžืชื, ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื ื’, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื), ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื• (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื), ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืกืชื™ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื. ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื: ืื™ื ื” ืกืชื™ืžื”), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืง (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืคื™ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžืฉืœืฉืœืช ืžื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ืžืชื’ืจืจืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื (ืจืื‘"ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืจืžื–. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื ืฉืขืœื” ืžื—ืžืช ืžื›ื”).

ื”ื™ื” ื—ึตืœึถื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืกื•ืชื ื”ื ืงื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืกืชื™ืžื” - ื•ื›ืฉืจื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื˜ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื[12]), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืกื•ืชื (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื; ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ).

ื ื™ืงื‘ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ

ื ื™ืงื‘ ื”ื“ืจื ื“ื›ื ืชื - ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ (ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฆื•ืจืชื; ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื) - ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืงื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื - ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ืžื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื— ื‘ ื•ืจืฉ"ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื’), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ืื ื ื™ืงื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ื ืชื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื), ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ึตืœึถื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื—ืœื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ืฉื—ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืกื•ืชื) ื•ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ืžื˜ ื‘) - ืฉืกื•ืชื (ืฉื ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื ื™ืงื‘ ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื•

ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช - ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฆื•ืจืชื; ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื) - ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• - ื˜ืจืคื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื  ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื˜ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื”), ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ื” ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื™ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื - ื›ืฉืจื” (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื), ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื“ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ื•ืžืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื—ื•ืก, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืขื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•, ื•ืจืื” ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ ื“"ื” ืžื—ื˜)[13].

ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ื—ืกืจ ืžื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจื”: ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืขื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื), ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืคื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืจื•ื‘ื• - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื. ื•ื›ื”ื’ื”ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ [ื•ืœื ื›ื ื“ืคืก: ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•], ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื); ื•ืจื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• - ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื™ื“ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืชืคื™ืกื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืฆื‘ืข (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ื“ื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื’ ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ืจื, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื—; ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื: ื›ืžื• ืืจื‘ืข; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื: ื›ืžืœื ืืจื‘ืข).

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื’ื“ืœื•, ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืงื˜ื ื• (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข, ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื˜ืœื” ืื—ืช (ืจื•ืงื— ืฉืคื”. ื•ื‘ืจืื‘"ืŸ ืจืžื–: ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ื“ืงื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืืŸ ื‘' ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืจืื” ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื’).

ื›ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ ืžืขื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื”

ื ื™ืงื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ ื’; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ (ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื"ื” ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื; ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”).

ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฃ

ื‘ืขื•ืฃ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช - ื˜ืจืคื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ืœื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื” ื›ืื•ืจืš ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืงื™ืคื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ (ื—ื›ืžืช ืื“ื ื™ื˜ ื—, ื•ื“ืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืง"ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ืก"ืง ืกื—).

ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ืชื ืžืขื™ ื–ื”

ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ื” - ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืกื•ืชืžื” (ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื˜ ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืฉื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืกืง"ื•), ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฉื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื—ืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื›ื•ื‘ืข - ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืืœื ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื›ืขืจื™ืžื” (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื) -, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื—ื˜ื™), ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืคื” (ืฉ"ืš ืฉื).

ืžื—ื˜ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ

ืžื—ื˜ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ - ื˜ืจืคื”, ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื ื™ืงื‘ (ืจ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื’ ื; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื“), ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืงืจื•ืžื ืจืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื—ืงื•ื”ื• ื•ื ืงื‘ ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ (ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื; ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื“, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ื™ื).

ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืœื, ื•ืœื ื ืชื—ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ - ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื (ื˜"ื– ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื ืฆื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข; ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื ื›ื‘, ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืื” ื˜"ื– ืฉื, ื•ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”).

ืื›ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ

ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืื›ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืงื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืชื™ืช - ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—[14] ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืจืคื•ืื”(ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ) - ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• - ื˜ืจืคื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื’; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ื ื ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืกืคืง ืื ื ื™ืงื‘, ื•ืชื™ื‘ื“ืง (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื), ื•ื ื“ื—ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื™ืจืกื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืจืื” ื‘"ื— ืฉื).

ื”ืœืขื™ื˜ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืกืคืง ื ื•ืงื‘ ืกืคืง ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืงื‘ - ืชื™ื‘ื“ืง (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกื ืฉืœื ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืจืคื” ืžืกืคืง (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื“).

ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืชื™ ื ื™ืงื‘ื•

ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื–ืื‘ ืื• ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืœืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืŸ, ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื‘ ื ื™ืงื‘; ื ืžืฆืื• ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ื™ืงื‘ื•, ืื ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ืžื™ื ืœื• - ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื• - ื›ืฉืจื”, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ - ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ื™ืงื‘ ื•ื˜ืจืคื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื’; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื˜ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).

ื ืชื”ืคื›ื•

ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื”

ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ื™ืงื‘ื• - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื• ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื˜ื•), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืขื˜ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื ื• ื ื“"ื” ื•ืืœื• ื˜ืจืคื•ืช, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื•), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืžืืœื™ื”ื (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ืžื• ื‘), ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืฉื—ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื: ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ื•', ืจืื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ; ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื•ืช ืกื”; ืฉื•"ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“).

ื™ืฉ ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• (ืจืื” ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืืช ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ืกืง"ื”, ื•ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื“ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ื›ืš ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ืžืื›ืœ (ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื• ื, ื•ืจืื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื“).

ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื

ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื• ื‘; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื•; ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืกืง"ื—), ืืœื ืฉืื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืชื”ืคื›ื•, ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชื”ืคื›ื• (ืฉ"ืš ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื–, ื‘ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื•ืคื ื‘ืงื™ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื˜ืจืคื” (ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“).

ื›ืฉื”ื™ืคืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื

ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืคืš ื‘ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืคืš ื‘ื”ื - ื˜ืจืคื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื• ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื˜ื•: ื ืชื”ืคื›ื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื‘) ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืงื‘ื•, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ืคื›ื•, ื•ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืœื™ื ืงื‘ ื•ืœื™ืจืงื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ืงื•ื‘ื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื‘ืœ), ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ื•ึผื ืขึธืฉึฐื‚ืšึธ ื•ึทื™ึฐื›ึนื ึฐื ึถืšึธ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ ื•), ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื•ืช) - ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืื ื ื”ืคืš ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื).

ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืจ

ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ืฉื ืชืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ืœื” - ืฉื ืคืœื” ื•ื ืชืจืกืงื• ืื‘ืจื™ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื ืชืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืจืื‘ื™"ื”; ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื” ื™ื˜; ืจืž"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืžื• ื‘), ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืชืคื™ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื”ืคื›ื• - ื•ื˜ืจืคื” (ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื).

ื‘ื—ืกืจ ื•ื™ืชืจ

ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื

ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” - ื˜ืจืคื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื›, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜: ื‘ื—ืกืจ; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ื  ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืขื• ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ).

ื‘ืขื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื ื›ืกื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฆื•ืจืชื; ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื), ื•ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ืื—ื“, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืกืจ (ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื• ื™, ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœ ื ื˜ื– ื•ื™ื–); ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืคื•ืช (ืขืงืจื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื˜ื™ืจื ื™ ื™ื•"ื“ ื” ื›ื; ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืจืš ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช[15]).

ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืงื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”

ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืงื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืื—ื“ - ื˜ืจืคื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื›ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื– ื), ืฉื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ - ื›ื—ืกืจ (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ื‘ืชืจื™ ืกื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื›. ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื™ืชืจ).

ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืืฆื‘ืข - ื›ืฉืจื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจื‘ ืืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ ืืกื™ ืื™ืžืชื™ ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“: ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ื•, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืขื“ ื›ืืฆื‘ืข ืืœื ืžืœืžื˜ื” - ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ืงื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ ื™ืฆื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื: ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื›ื•' ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื›ื•' ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืจืกืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“: ืžืœืžื˜ื”).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืคืกืงื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื: ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฆืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืขื™ ื›ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืืฆื‘ืข; ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืืฆื‘ืข; ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืžื˜ื” (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ ื’; ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื–, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื: ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืžื˜ื” (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื, ื•ืจื"ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ ื ื“, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืž"ื ืฉื: ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžืขื™ ื™ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•, ืขื“ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ืขื ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืขื™ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื• - ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื–ื” - ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืชืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื›ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื‘ื“ืขืชื•; ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ืกืชื).

ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™

ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฆื•ืจืชื; ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ) โ€“ ื˜ืจืคื”; ื•ืื ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• - ืฉืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ - ื›ืฉืจื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื– ื“. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜).

ื‘ืขื•ืฃ

ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื - ื›ืฉืจ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘: ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืจ), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ; ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ ื’); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ืคืง - ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื™ืก ืฉื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ - ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ืจืงื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื ืงืจื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจืงื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื– ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžืขื™ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื•ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื ืœืคืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘).

ืืฃ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื•:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืฃ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืขื ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื• (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื˜ื• ื›ื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื ืžื–, ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘, ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘; ืจืž"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘), ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ (ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืจ ืกืง"ื ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืจืื” ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืกืง"ื“ ืฉืžื™ืงืœ ื’ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืจืื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืก"ืง ื™ื“).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืขื™ ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•') ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืฃ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื›ื; ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื[16]).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืฃ ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืฆื‘ืข (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื), ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืœืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ).

ืžืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช

ืžืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช - ืื‘ืจ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื•ื‘ืข, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืก (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ืœื”ืžืกืก - ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) - ื›ืฉืจ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื– ื’), ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื–ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืš (ื’ืžืจื ืฉื: ื—ื™ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื ืžื– ื, ื•ื‘ืžืื™ืจื™ ื›ืืŸ), ืื• ืฉื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืš (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืžื– ื ื“"ื” ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื), ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฃ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืฉื™ื).

ืžืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืจืก - ื˜ืจืคื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ืžื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื

  • ื›ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ืคื™ืœืช ืขื•ืฃ ืœืืฉ, ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืื“ื•ื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื• ื‘. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื” ืฆ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ).
  • ืกื™ืจื›ื•ืช - ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืจ - ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืฉืจื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื•), ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื“ื‘ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื“ืœืงื•ืช, ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืœืชื™ื™ื (ืจืื” ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฉืก"ื• ื›ืจืš ื•, ืขืจืš ืขื›ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”- ื˜ื•ืจ 191).
  • ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื - ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ื (ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืžื• ื•).

ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืคืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื (ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืž' 83); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื[17] (ืจืื” ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืืกื™ื, ื•, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ ืขืž' 239).

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืœืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืืš ืœื ืœื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื•"ื“ ืœื—, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืงืžื ื’ ืงืฆื‘. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ืจ' 188-191).

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื–, ื˜ื•ืจ' ืชืจื–-ืชืจื™ื–.
  2. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื• ื™ื’. ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื ื’ืกื™ื.
  4. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ืŸ ื“ ื, ื•ืจืื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžื›ื ืŸ ื”ืžืœืคืฃ.
  5. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืกื™' ืžื• ืก"ืง ื ื, ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื“ื•ืจื ื“ื›ื ืชื. ื•ืจืื” ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฉืก"ื• ื›ืจืš ื•, ืขืจืš ืขื›ื•ืœ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-, ื˜ื•ืจ' 167-9.
  6. โ†‘ ื•ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื’ ื“; ืงื”ืœืช ืจื‘ื” ื– ืœื—).
  7. โ†‘ ืื•: ื›ืจื›ืฉืชื (ืฉื‘ืช ืคื‘ ื).
  8. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจ (rectum).
  9. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื›ืจืก ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืก ื ืงืจื ื›ืš.
  10. โ†‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื (cecum) โ€“ ืจืื” ื™.ืž. ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ืขืž' 30; ืื• ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ (appendix) โ€“ ืจืื” ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืืกื™ื, ื•, ืชืฉืž"ื˜, ืขืž' 234.
  11. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉื, ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ.
  12. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ืื ื—ึตืœึถื‘ ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืกื•ืชื, ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืชื™ืžื”.
  13. โ†‘ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘"ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืง" ื”ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆืคืง ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืชื•ืš-ืฆืคืงื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ-ืฆืคืงื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, "ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืง", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื•ืš-ื‘ื˜ื ื™ ื’ื ื ืงื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืš-ื‘ื˜ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืง ืœืฆืคืง ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืจืง ืงืจืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืฆืคืง (ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฉืก"ื• ื›ืจืš ื• ื˜ื•ืจ 189).
  14. โ†‘ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ "ืœื–ืจื" [ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช:" LASER"] ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืœื” ื‘ ื“"ื” ื—ืœืชื™ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘ ื“"ื” ืงื•ืจื˜, ื•ืจืื” ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ื—ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื ืฉื. ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™: Ferula assafoetida.
  15. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื•, ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื˜, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
  16. โ†‘ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉ"ืš ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘ ืืฃ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ื•.
  17. โ†‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• intestinal pneumatosis)).