ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื - ืžืงื•ืจ:ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื:Prolineserver

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื” ืžืœื•ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”"ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื . ื‘ื™ื•ื 26 ืžืื™ 2008 ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ bar 1.053 โ€โ€[1]. ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• (ืื—ืจื™ "ืื’ื ืืกืืœ" ื‘"ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™"). ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื 31.5%, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 3.5% - 3.9%.

ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื” . ื‘ืชื "ืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ืคืจืง ื’' ื™"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื™ึธื ื”ึธืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื™ึธื-ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึทื— (ื™"ื‘,ื’") . ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืขึตืžึถืง ื”ึทืฉึดึผื‚ื“ึดึผื™ื (ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื’'), ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ืขืžืง ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช:"ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืœื•ึนื˜ ืึถืช ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื•, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ื›ึดึผื›ึทึผืจ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ, ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ึปืœึธึผื”ึผ, ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึถื”--ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฉึทืื—ึตืช ื”', ืึถืช-ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืขึฒืžึนืจึธื”, ื›ึฐึผื’ึทืŸ-ื”' ื›ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ื‘ึนึผืึฒื›ึธื” ืฆึนืขึทืจ".(ื™"ื’,ื™'). ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืงื“ืžื”', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”:"ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึทื™ึดื-ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื ืžึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื, ื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึทืงึทึผื“ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื—ึถืฆึฐื™ึธื ืึถืœ-ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ: ื‘ึทึผืงึทึผื™ึดืฅ ื•ึผื‘ึธื—ึนืจึถืฃ, ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื”" ([[ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”]], ื™"ื“, ื—')

ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื”

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืžื” , ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืืฉืœื’ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืžืจืคื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ื“ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืื’ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื™ื-ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื - ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื - ืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจืคื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืง . ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื โ€โ€ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื” ืœืฉืืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ืงืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื [2] .

ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื“ื” ื•ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื• ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืงื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื : ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืคืฉื—ื”.

ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื:

ื”ื™ืžื” ื›ืœื•ืจ Cl mg/l ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื Mg mg/l ื ืชืจืŸ Na mg/l ืกื™ื“ืŸ Ca mg/l ืืฉืœื’ืŸ K mg/l ื‘ืจื•ื Br mg/l
ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— 224,900 44,000 40,100 17,200 7,650 5,300
ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ 22,900 1,490 12,700 470 470 76
ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก 19,000 1,350 10,500 400 390 65

ืžืงื•ืจ

ืชืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื”

ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื•ืคื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื—ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื—). ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008 ื”ื™ื” 421.11 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื [3] ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื” 650 ืงืž"ืจ โ€โ€[4]. ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ืžื”. ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” 67 ืง"ืž (ืื•ืจืš ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ - 51 ืง"ืž), ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• - 18 ืง"ืž, ื•ืขื•ืžืงื• ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื›-380 ืžื˜ืจ . ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื”, ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืคืœืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ืœืคื™ ืžืคื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช "ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™" ืžืฉื ืช 1930 ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื” 1,038 ืงืž"ืจ , ืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื 76-78 ืง"ืž ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• 17.5 ืงืž"ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจ ืกื“ื•ื[5].

ื‘ืงืข ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืชื•ื—ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื”. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 2,000 ืžื˜ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื - ื›-800 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื ืขืŸืœื” ืขืœ 1,200 ืžื˜ืจ.

ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืœื™ื ื˜ืฉ". ื‘ืขื–ืจืช 85 ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืขื“ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“-ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื•ืชืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. "ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืงืจืงื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™-ืคืขื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชืื“ื• ืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืœื™ืœ [6].

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ืงืจื "ื›ืฃ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื›ืฃ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื" ืขืœ ืฉื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1847 .

ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืคื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘:" ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 730 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "Bermuda Triangle", ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืก"ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืื•ืชืจื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื. [7]

ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ


ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– "ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™" - ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื: "ื™ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ".

ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืข ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื– ื•ืืฉ ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจื: "ื•ื”' ื”ึดืžึฐื˜ึดื™ืจ ืขึทืœ ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืขึฒืžึนืจึธื” ื’ึธึผืคึฐืจึดื™ืช ื•ึธืึตืฉื: ืžึตืึตืช ื”', ืžึดืŸ-ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึธื™ึดื. ื•ึทื™ึทึผื”ึฒืคึนืšึฐ ืึถืช-ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ-ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ, ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึนืฉึฐืื‘ึตื™ ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”... ื•ึทื™ึทึผืฉึฐืืงึตืฃ, ืขึทืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืกึฐื“ึนื ื•ึทืขึฒืžึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ-ื›ึธึผืœ-ืคึฐึผื ึตื™, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื›ึดึผื›ึธึผืจ; ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื, ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึธืœึธื” ืงึดื™ื˜ึนืจ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ึฐึผืงึดื™ื˜ึนืจ, ื”ึทื›ึดึผื‘ึฐืฉึธืืŸ" ([[ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช]], ืคืจืง ื™"ื˜, ื›"ื” - ื›"ื—).

ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืข: ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื”

ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ืžื”

ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืชืจ ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืžืฆื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื™ืชื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™, ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืจ ืื™ื“ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ:

ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-26 ืžื˜ืจ, ืžื”ื 20 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช . ื™ืจื—ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืœืก ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืชืื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื™ืžื” - 400 ืžืœืž"ืง ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื“ื” - 1,500 ืžืœืž"ืง, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ - 650 ืžืœืž"ืง ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืž-930 ืงืž"ืจ ืœื›-650 ืงืž"ืจ โ€โ€[8] ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื–ืจื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื“ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืœื•ืช , ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”|ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช]] ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจ ืกื“ื•ื, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืก ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื’ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจ-ื–ื”ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช : "ืžื—ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“"ืจ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืขืœื” ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘-โ€Ž10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื•. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž12 - ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž12 - ืขืœื” ื”ืžืคืœืก ื‘-โ€Ž21 ืžื˜ืจ; ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž14 ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ื›-โ€Ž19 ืžื˜ืจ. ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž16 ื•ื”-โ€Ž17, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-โ€Ž20 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืคืœืก. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-โ€Ž18, ืื’ื‘, ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžืคืœืก ืขื“ ืœ-โ€Ž404 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืจื™ . ื‘ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืž-โ€Ž1963 ืขื“ โ€Ž1969, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ , ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ืœื ื™ืจื“, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขืœื”. ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื โ€Ž1969 ืขื“ โ€Ž1979 ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœืก ื™ืจื“. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 - 1980 ื”ืžืคืœืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื›ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื - ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”.โ€โ€[9]

ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืก ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืคืœืกื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช. โ€ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ืœืคื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ื–ื™ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœืฉืชื™ืœืช ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืš ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื™ื โ€โ€[10]

ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— , ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” "ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— - ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื - ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 330 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-70 ืžื˜ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›- 40% ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืžืคืœืก ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžืœื ืืช ืื’ืŸ ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื” [11] .

ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘"ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื". ื”ืžืคื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืคื” ืœื™ืžื” ืื™ืŸ "ืœืฉื•ืŸ". ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืืœื™ืคืกื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื”. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 -ื”ืžืื” ื”-6 - ืžื•ืขื“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื” - ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื ื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื”.

ืืจื™ื” ืื™ืกืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช" ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืื-ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืฆืคื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœื” ืžืคืœืก ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ื›-70 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›-40 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžื™ื โ€โ€[12].

ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— - ื”ืžืงื•ืจ: ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื: hoshana

ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ , ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 1,200 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื’ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ืื‘ ื—ืฆืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ื”"ืœืฉื•ืŸ" [13]

ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”"ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื". ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™"ื“ ื™'), ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ืคืœื• ืžืœืš ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืžืœืš ืขืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืžืชื•, ื›ื ืคื™ืœืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื”ื™ืžื” ื ื—ืฆืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™-ื”ืื™ "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ", ืฉื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ืœื™ื ืฅ' ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ื—ืฆื‘ื” ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆืจ ืœื™ื ืฅ', ืœื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ื‘ื ืชื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืœื”, ื•ืกื’ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฆื‘ื” ืชืขืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ".

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืชืขืœื” ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืฉืžื” "ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื-ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—". ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืขืœื” ืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื’ื ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื”, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช - ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืฉืคื™ื›ืช ืžื™ ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ืกืช ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.

ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—


ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

1806 - 1807 - ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื–ื™ื˜ืฆืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืื’ื ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžื”. "ื’ืœื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื" ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืื™ืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื“ื”.
1818 - ืฉื ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื: ืื™ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžื ื’ืœืก ื’ื ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ืื™ืžืชื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืœ"ืœืฉื•ืŸ".
1819 - ื’ื™ื™ ืœื•ืกืง: ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื.
1835 - ื”ืื™ืจื™, ื›. ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. ืžืช ืžืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื›ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืฃ ืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืŸ".
1847 - ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื” ืื ื’ืœื™, ืช.ืžื•ืœื™ื ื”, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืจื”. ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื•ืžืช. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืฃ ืžื•ืœื™ื ื”". ืกื™ืจืชื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื•ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
1848 - ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื ื ื˜-ืงื•ืžื ื“ืจ ื•.ืค. ืœื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืขืจืš ืกืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื•: "ื—ืงืจ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืขืช ืžื•ืฉืœื".
1867 - ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื.ืจื™ื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
1902 - ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืœ: "...ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื, ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืจื—ื ื™ื•ืช..."
1911 - ืžืฉื” ื ื•ื‘ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืงื™ - ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ .
1920 - ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
1930 - ื”ืงืžืช "ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืฉืœื’ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช" โ€“ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืงืœื™"ื”.
1932 - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื•.
1934 - ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื“ื•ื.
1936 - ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ 80,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฉืœื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
1952 - ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—" ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืืฉืœื’ ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื—
1958 - ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืงืœืฃ ื•ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืž. ื›ื”ื ืจ ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
1959 - 1961 - ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื•.
1966 - ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-135 ืงืž"ืจ.
1975 - ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
1980 - ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืจ.
1986 - ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉืœื’ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”.

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ืืชืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ โ€ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€
  2. โ†‘ โ€ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš: " ื•ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืงืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื“ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื’ื ืื ื™ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ืืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ืืžืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื”, ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื ืคื” ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื— ืœืžืขืœื”" (ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื“',ื—',ื“', ืขืž' 271-270)
  3. โ†‘ http://www.eingedi.co.il/htmls/article.aspx?C2004=13265&BSP=12570 ืžืงื•ืจ
  4. โ†‘ โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ: [ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“.โ€
  5. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ื™
  6. โ†‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™
  7. โ†‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ :https://www.deadseamineral.com/DeadSea.asp
  8. โ†‘ โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ: [ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“.โ€
  9. โ†‘ โ€ ืžืงื•ืจ :ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช - ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื 12 ืžืื™ 1982โ€
  10. โ†‘ โ€ืžืงื•ืจ: M. Stiller et al., 'The Late Holocene Sediments of Lake Kinneret {23} (Israel): Multidisciplinary Study of a Five Meter Core. GeologicalSurvey of Israel', Current Research, (1983-1984), pp. 83-88; U. Baruch,'The Late Holocene Vegetational History of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) Israel', Paleorient, 12, 2 (1986), pp. 37-48ืœืขื™ืœ.โ€
  11. โ†‘ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ
  12. โ†‘ โ€โ€ืžืงื•ืจ: ืงืชื“ืจื” 61 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991 ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ืโ€
  13. โ†‘ ืฉื’ื™ืืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜: ืชื’ <ref> ืœื ืชืงื™ืŸ; ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ilan

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

  • ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื•, ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1972
  • ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ - ื›ืจืš ื’':ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘-ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื– - ืžื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘
  • ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื’' ืืคืจื™ืœ-ืžืื™ 1969, ืขืžื•ื“ 104
  • ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืœืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืžืื™ 1970, ืขืžื•ื“ 44
  • ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ - ื•ืง"ื ืืžืจื™, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืžื“ืข, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1967 - ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืก ื”ื™"ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข (ื”ืขื•ืจืš:ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ - ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ื™ื_ื”ืžืœื—&oldid=6899"