ื”ืคืงืจ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”

ืื“ื ืžืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืžื”ื ื›ืก (ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื’. ื•ื”ืœืื”).

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• "ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืคืงืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ" (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื’. ื‘ืžืฉื ื”).

ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื

ืžืงื•ืจื• - ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืข"ื› ื"ื ืœืœื•ืžื“ื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืืข"ืค ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื“ืจ ืืœื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ[1]) (ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ, ืืžื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื).

ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžื•ืคืงืจ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื:

  1. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช (ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜).
  2. ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• - ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื›ืš ื—ืคืฅ ืžื•ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”-ื˜ื•, ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘-ื™ื‘, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ืงืžื”. ืคืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื–-ื‘ ื•ืจื•ื— ืืœื™ื”ื• ื›ื’ ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•).
  3. ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—"ื’ ื“"ื” ื”ืคืงืจ, ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ื—"ื ื“"ื” ืื‘ื“ื” ื”ืคืงืจ) ื—ื™ืœืง ืฉื ื›ืกื™ ื’ืจ ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืš ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืคืงื™ืจื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“).
  4. ื ื“ืจ - ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ, ืืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื ื•ืชื• (ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืจืขื’-ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื‘"ื— ื—ื•"ืž ืจืขื’ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ. ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจ: ื”ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืฉื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”-ื›ื’ ื“"ื” ื•ื ืจืื”, ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ).

ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื ื“ืžื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ: [ื] ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืœื•ื, [ื‘] ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• "ื”ืคืงืจ", [ื’] "ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื", [ื“] ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ (ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืกืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื— ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•, ื•ื"ื› ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืœ ืžื•ื ื— ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ: [ื] ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืกืœ, [ื‘] ืกืœ "ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ", [ื’] ืกืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื, [ื“] ืกืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ).

ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ืžื” ื ืคืง"ืž (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืœืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ื ื“ืจ):

  1. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ, ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื—ืžืฅ, ื”ืื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื”ืคืงื™ืจื• - ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• (ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืฉื).
  2. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื - ื”ืื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืงืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ื‘"ื— ืงื›ื“).

ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช:

  1. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ (ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“"ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ) ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืขืช - ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ.
  2. ืื ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจ[2] (ื›ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืจืขื’-ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™) ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจ.
  3. ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืงืœื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืจืขืง"ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ืงืžื ืจื›ื-ื•[3]. ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื ื”, ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”[4]).

ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ืงื ืื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืงื ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื™ื‘. ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ) ืื• ืœื (ืชื•ืก' ืฉื).

ื”ื ื›ืก

ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื ืงื ื™ื ื”ื:

ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืจืขื’-ื’).

ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื• ื”ืคืงื™ืจื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื–.), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ื’ื˜ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—.). ื•ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื˜ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื˜: ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืžื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื‘-ื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ[5] (ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื ื—ืช ื ืชืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื‘).

ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• (ืชื•ืก' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื’. ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื).

ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืจื‘ื• ื”ืคืงื™ืจื•, ื”ืชื•ืก' (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ื–. ื“"ื” ืœื™ืžื) ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—. ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื) ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืกื˜ ื‘ื“ืคื™ื• ืื•ืช ื’) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื•[6].

ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื˜ื–.) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืžืื“ื•ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” (ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื) ื—ื™ืœืง ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืžืื“ื•ื ื•, ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.

ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื›ืชื‘ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ืงืžื”) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื: ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“, ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื• (ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•). ืืš ื”ืžืงื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ, ืฉืœืื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ (ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืชื•) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ (ื•ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•) ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•[7].

ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืชื•ืก' (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื˜. ื“"ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ) ืฉื"ื ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื”ืคืงืจ (ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงืœื‘).

ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ - ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจ ืื• ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ - ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื[8] (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ื‘"ื— ืงื›ื“. ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื™ื‘-ื– (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ื”ืฉืขื”"ืž) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื).

ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื"ื ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจื•, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื"ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• (ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืงื›ื’-ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื•). ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืคืงืขืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื—ืœืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ืงืžื”)[9]. ืืžื ื ื”ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— (ืจื™ื-ื“) ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื‘"ื— (ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื›ื“) ืฉื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืืš ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื›-ื™ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ืงืฆื•ื”"ื—) ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืžื”ื‘"ื—.

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช - ื”ื ื”ืคืงืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืจืขื’-ื™ื‘).

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ืจืž"ื ืขืžื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื”ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•, ืื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืคืงืจ ืขืฆืžื• (ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื‘-ืœื•).

ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ (ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืื• ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”[10]) - ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจืง ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืงืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ืœ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ (ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจืง ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ื™ืชืจืช ืžืžื™ืœื), ื•ืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืงืจ (ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ) (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืฆ. ื’ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”-ื›ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ืฉ ืฉืงืืค (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื›ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื) ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืงื ืื” ืืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ).

ื”ื“ืขืช (ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช[11]) - ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•), ืื• ืจืง ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช (ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื—ื•ืชื). ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืš ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจื• - ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงืจ[12] (ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”-ื™ื‘ ื•ื–-ื™ื‘: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”-ื›ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•: ืœืจ"ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช. ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื˜ื–-ื— ื“"ื” ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ื—-ืžื˜: ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• - ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืจื ื•).

ืฉืืœื” - ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืคื”. ื“"ื” ื•ืื ื™) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ. ืืš ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจ[13] ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ, ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจ (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื-ื [ื”] ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ืจ"ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจ).

ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืงื™ืจ ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื›ืœื™ื (ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ื™ื‘-ื).

ื”ืคืงืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืืš ืื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื• ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ - ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื’-ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืžืง"ื—).

ืกืคืง ื”ืคืงืจ - ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืงืจ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื–.) - ื“ื ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  1. ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื–. ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ืžืžื•ืŸ.
  2. ืืš ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืกืชืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืคืกื• (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืคืจืง ื˜ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื“ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืคืจืง ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืก. ื“ื ื• ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืœืคื•ืœื ื—ืจื™ืคืชื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืฉื ืื•ืช ื– ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฉื ืื•ืช ื—, ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘-ื™ื‘, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช (ืงืฆื•ื”"ื— ืจืขื’-ื) ื”ืื ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ื“ืจ (ืฉื ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืขื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœืงื ื•ืชื•, ื•ื"ื› ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืŸ)).

ืฉืœื™ื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื. ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื (ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื›ื’-ื˜ื•):

  1. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจ[14], ื•ื‘ื ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•"ื— ืกื•ืฃ ืชืœื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ ืงื›).
  2. ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืœื™ื— ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช (ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื–, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื’-ื—).
  3. ื”ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ (ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช) ื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื”[15], ื•ื‘ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ื— (ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”-ื›ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื[16]).

ืชื ืื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ[17], ื•ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ืœื™ืชื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืชื ื‘ืชื ืื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“.). ืืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื (ืชืžื—) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™) ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ) ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช (ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื’-ื—). ื•ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ (ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืชื ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื• ืคืœื•ื ื™").

ื”ืคืงืจ ืขื“ ื“ืืชื™ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื” - ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื’.). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืคืงืจ ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”, ืื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ืคืงืจ ืžื™ื™ื“, ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”-ื™ื‘).

ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื”ื”ืคืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื—ื“ (ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืงืจ ื).

ื”ืชืคืกื” - ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืกื” ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ื–ื” ื›ื–ื”"), ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจ (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘-ื— ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ)[18].

ื›ืœืชื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• - ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืชื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ืคืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื" - ื”ื”ืคืงืจ ื›ืŸ ื—ืœ, ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื ืœื–ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  1. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื˜: ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจ"ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื—: ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘). ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ืฉ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ ื“"ื” ื•ืžื”ืื™) ืฉืœื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืชื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
  2. ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคืงืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ืคืงืจ ืœื ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช (ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื), ืืœื ื”ืื“ื ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคื•ืงืขืช ืžืžื ื• (ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”) (ื’ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•)[19].

ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคืงืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจ' ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ (ื˜ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืคืงืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืจืง ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื“ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืš ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” (ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืงืจ ื—, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืฉืžื". ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ืคืงืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ).

ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืช (ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื–-ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™).

ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื - ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคืงืจ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ (ื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—"ื ื-ื•: ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืก').

ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืงืจ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื“ื”) ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืืช ืžืฉื” (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื• ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“, ื•ื“ื™ื™ืง ื›ืš ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืคืจืง ื™ื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•) ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื• ืื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•.

ื—ื•ื–ืง

ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจืขืง"ื (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ืงืžื ืจื›ื-ื•) ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช), ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืคืงืขืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื™ืจ[20], ืืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื•ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœื” ืžื”ื—ืœืชื”. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

  1. ื”ืคืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืจืขืง"ื (ืฉื) ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ[21].
  2. ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืืš ืœื ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ[22]. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื”ืจืขืง"ื (ืฉื) ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืคืงืขื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื ืื”.
  3. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืืš ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจื• (ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ืืš ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”), ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงืจ ืืข"ืค ืฉื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช. ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ ืžื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื (ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ื—-ืžื˜: ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื”ืคืงืจ, ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื - ืœื ื”ืคืงืจ ืืœื ืžืชื ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื’-ื™).
  4. ื”ื‘ื˜ื” - ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืงื™ื—.) ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืงืจ[23], ืืš ื‘ืฉืืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœืงื•ืœื ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืง ื”ื›ื ืกื” (ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืงืจ) ืงืœื” ืžื”ื•ืฆืื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื” (ืœื’-ื™ื’ ื“"ื” ื”ื ื”). ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืขืง"ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืคื•ืš - ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ืฆืื” (ื”ืคืงืจ) ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืฆืื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื”.

ืจืื” ื’ื


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ื“ืจ ื“ื ื• ืœืงืžืŸ ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  2. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ื“ืจ ื“ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  3. โ†‘ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื” ืงืœื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ื—ื•ื–ืง".
  4. โ†‘ ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ืขืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืื•ืช ื’ ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืฉื.
  5. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืจืš โ€Žืจืืฉื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ.
  6. โ†‘ ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื“ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืšโ€Ž ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  7. โ†‘ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘โ€Žืขืจืš ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ื”ืงื•ื ื”" ื“"ื” ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
  8. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื ื“ืจ ื“ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  9. โ†‘ ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืคืงืขืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  10. โ†‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ืคืง"ืž ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
  11. โ†‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืคืง"ืž ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช.โ€Ž
  12. โ†‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ืืข"ืค ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื“ื ื• ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ื—ื•ื–ืง".
  13. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  14. โ†‘ ืืžื ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช) ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืข"ื–.
  15. โ†‘ ืืžื ื ืœืขื™ืœ (ื“"ื” ื”ื“ืขืช) ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืข"ื–.
  16. โ†‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ืคืง"ืž ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
  17. โ†‘ ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื“"ื” ืฉืœื™ื—.
  18. โ†‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  19. โ†‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ืคืง"ืž ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
  20. โ†‘ ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืคืงืขื” ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ืื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ, ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
  21. โ†‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" ื“"ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืคืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
  22. โ†‘ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš โ€Žื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" ื“"ื” ื‘ื”ืงื ืื”.
  23. โ†‘ ื“ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื ืคืจื“ - โ€Žื”ื‘ื˜ื”.