ืœื‘ื•ื“: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืžืื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”
ืž (ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื ื™ืช:ืžืงื•ืจ)
ืฉื•ืจื” 1: ืฉื•ืจื” 1:
==ื”ื’ื“ืจื”==
==ื”ื’ื“ืจื”==
'''ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืกืชื•ื''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:)}}'''.'''
'''ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืกืชื•ื''' {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:}}'''.'''


'''ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™''' ืžื—ื™ืฆื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื›ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ื›ื” ื”: "ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ" ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื“ืฃ ื•: ืคื™ืจืฉื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ื“)}}.
'''ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™''' ืžื—ื™ืฆื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื›ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ื›ื” ื”: "ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ" ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื“ืฃ ื•: ืคื™ืจืฉื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ื“}}.


'''ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ''' ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื•ื“" ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ (ืœืกื ื•ืฃ) ื—ืงืง ืœื—ืงืง {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“: ื“"ื” ืคื—ื•ืช}}<ref>ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" (ื“"ื” ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืง.</ref>{{ืžืงื•ืจ|)}}.
'''ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ''' ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื•ื“" ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ (ืœืกื ื•ืฃ) ื—ืงืง ืœื—ืงืง {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“: ื“"ื” ืคื—ื•ืช}}<ref>ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" (ื“"ื” ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืง.</ref>{{ืžืงื•ืจ|}}.


'''ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื''', ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื–: ื‘ืžืฉื ื”)}}.
'''ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื''', ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื–: ื‘ืžืฉื ื”}}.


'''ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”''' ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜:)}}, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•.
'''ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”''' ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜:}}, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•.


==ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื==
==ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื==
'''ืžืงื•ืจื•''' ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:, ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื–. ืœืžืกืงื ื”. ื•ื‘ื”ื•"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ืš ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื”)}}.
'''ืžืงื•ืจื•''' ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:, ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื–. ืœืžืกืงื ื”. ื•ื‘ื”ื•"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ืš ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื”}}.


'''ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•''' ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ืืš ืœื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื’. ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื•"ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื” ื•ืžืœืื”, ืืœื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืฉื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื)}}. ย 
'''ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•''' ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ืืš ืœื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื’. ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื•"ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื” ื•ืžืœืื”, ืืœื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืฉื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื}}. ย 


==ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ==
==ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ==
'''ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื ืœืกืชื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—''' ืืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—:)}}, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื” - ืžื”ืจืฉื‘"ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืฉื)}} ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื–ื” (ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื), ืืš ื”ื’ืจ"ื— {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกื•ื›ื” ื”-ื›ื ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ื‘ืืžืช (ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ืงืฉื”))}} ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืืš ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื (ื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืžื™ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•).
'''ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื ืœืกืชื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—''' ืืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—:}}, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื” - ืžื”ืจืฉื‘"ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืฉื}} ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื–ื” (ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื), ืืš ื”ื’ืจ"ื— {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกื•ื›ื” ื”-ื›ื ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ื‘ืืžืช (ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ืงืฉื”)}} ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืืš ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื (ื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืžื™ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•).


'''ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• (ื’ื•ืฉ) ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•''', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ (ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•, ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ), ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ืงืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกื•ื›ื” ื“.)}} - ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืงืง, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” (ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืงืง (ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ืชืจืœื’-ื—: ืœืฉื•"ืข ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง, ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘"ื— ืจืง ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงืง. ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ื—: ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•)}}.
'''ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• (ื’ื•ืฉ) ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•''', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ (ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•, ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ), ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ืงืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกื•ื›ื” ื“.}} - ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืงืง, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” (ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืงืง (ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื” {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ืชืจืœื’-ื—: ืœืฉื•"ืข ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง, ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘"ื— ืจืง ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงืง. ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ื—: ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•}}.


ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™)}} ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืงืง ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื”. ืืš ืื ื”ื”ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” - ืœื›ื•"ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•.
ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™}} ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืงืง ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื”. ืืš ืื ื”ื”ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” - ืœื›ื•"ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•.


'''ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ''', ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช:
'''ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ''', ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช:
@ ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืงืœ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื›ื›ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืกืชื•ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื–. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• (ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ืื™ืœื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื˜"ื– ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื— ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ืืกื™ืง ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื - ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืงืœ - ื ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืœ ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ)}}.ื‘) ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘)}} ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ). ืืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกืชื•ื ื•ืœื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช - ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ<ref>ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•) ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“.</ref>.
@ ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืงืœ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื›ื›ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืกืชื•ื {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื–. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• (ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ืื™ืœื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื˜"ื– ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื— ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ืืกื™ืง ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื - ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืงืœ - ื ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืœ ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ}}.ื‘) ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘}} ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ). ืืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกืชื•ื ื•ืœื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช - ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ<ref>ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•) ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“.</ref>.
@ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™)}} ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”). ืืš ืื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• - ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ - ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ ื ื•ืกืคืช {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜.)}}.
@ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™}} ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”). ืืš ืื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• - ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ - ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ ื ื•ืกืคืช {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜.}}.
@ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื•)}}.
@ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื•}}.


'''ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง''' ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—: ื“"ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™)}}, ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|(ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื›ื”-ื™ื [ื˜ื•] ื“"ื” ืขื•ื“)}}.
'''ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง''' ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—: ื“"ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™}}, ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื›ื”-ื™ื [ื˜ื•] ื“"ื” ืขื•ื“}}.




ื’ืจืกื” ืžึพ18:46, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”

ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืกืชื•ื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:.

ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ื›ื” ื”: "ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ" ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื“ืฃ ื•: ืคื™ืจืฉื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ื“.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื•ื“" ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ (ืœืกื ื•ืฃ) ื—ืงืง ืœื—ืงืง ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“: ื“"ื” ืคื—ื•ืช[1].

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื–: ื‘ืžืฉื ื”.

ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜:, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•.

ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื

ืžืงื•ืจื• ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ื•:, ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื–. ืœืžืกืงื ื”. ื•ื‘ื”ื•"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ืš ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื”.

ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ืืš ืœื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื’. ื•ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื•"ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”), ืฉื”ืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื” ื•ืžืœืื”, ืืœื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืฉื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื.

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื ืœืกืชื•ื ืจื•ื•ื— ืืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—:, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื” - ืžื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื–ื” (ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื), ืืš ื”ื’ืจ"ื— ืกื•ื›ื” ื”-ื›ื ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ื‘ืืžืช (ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื“"ื” ืืœื ื“ืงืฉื”) ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืืš ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื (ื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืžื™ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•).

ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• (ื’ื•ืฉ) ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ (ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•, ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกืชื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ), ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ืงืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืกื•ื›ื” ื“. - ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืงืง, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” (ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืงืง (ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•), ื•ื"ื› ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•"ื— ืชืจืœื’-ื—: ืœืฉื•"ืข ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืงืง, ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘"ื— ืจืง ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงืง. ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ื—: ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•.

ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืงืง ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืง ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืžื—ื™ืฆื”. ืืš ืื ื”ื”ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” - ืœื›ื•"ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื•.

ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช:

  1. ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืงืœ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื›ื›ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืกืชื•ื ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื–. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• (ืกื•ืฃ ื“"ื” ืื™ืœื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื˜"ื– ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื— ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ืืกื™ืง ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื - ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืงืœ - ื ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืœ ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ.ื‘) ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื’-ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ). ืืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกืชื•ื ื•ืœื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช - ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ[2].
  2. ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจืฆื-ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ืก', ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”). ืืš ืื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• - ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฆืจืคืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ - ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜..
  3. ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•-ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื•.

ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืœืจืฉื‘"ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—: ื“"ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™, ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื›ื”-ื™ื [ื˜ื•] ื“"ื” ืขื•ื“.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" (ื“"ื” ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ) ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืง.
  2. โ†‘ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื" (ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•) ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“.
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืœื‘ื•ื“&oldid=22852"