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[Sarah, whose husband was away for an extended period of time, borrowed money from Reuven, which included payments of expected profits based on a heter iska, which stated that she invested the money she received. Now Sarah claims that she gave the money to one specific person and did not see profits, and so she is not willing to pay the promised profits. Upon the husband’s return, he claimed that he was not obligated to return even the principal, because his wife took the loan without his authorization.]
(Last week we dealt with the husband’s responsibility.)
Regarding the claim that the iska (investment) money Sarah was given did not produce profits, the matter may be affected by the fact that she already made payments. There are two opinions in the Shulchan Aruch (Choshen Mishpat 81:30) concerning a case where one made interim payments on iska money under the assumption that they were for profits and now he claims that there were no profits and the payments should count to reduce the principal. According to the first opinion, he cannot change the purpose of those payments to count toward principal and exempt himself from profit payment by swearing that there were not profits. According to the second opinion, he can now swear that there were no profits and change the nature of the past payments. The Shach (ad loc.) rules like the first opinion that that which was paid as profit is irretrievable.
Here matters are even clearer, as the money was given with a shtar (document). Since the shtar spells out the payment of set assumed profit as a given, one who claims that there was no profit is like one who claims that he has paid and thereby relieved his obligation. As such, the burden of proof is on Sarah. Since the profit was paid and the principal remains and the shtar makes it considered as if the payment has already been made, it is Sarah who is trying to "extract money."
Even as far as future profit is concerned, Sarah’s claim, that she transferred the funds to someone else and that person says there are no profits, is not a good claim. She was given the money to invest and is ultimately responsible for the profit that she pledged to make. Even if we believe her that she gave money to someone else, who is to say that it was the iska funds that she gave to him? Furthermore, Reuven and Sarah are like partners in the iska money in such a way that if the moves that Sarah took caused losses, she is responsible, whereas the profit will be split evenly. If Sarah swears that she did not earn money in any of her investments, then she is believed about future profit but not about that which she already gave.
In this case, Reuven wrote a waiver of his rights to profits payment. However, the waiver is not valid because he told witnesses that he wrote it only so Sarah would agree to make her principal payments. When we know that she indeed made such threats, his apparent concessions are considered coerced and ineffective. Therefore, Sarah should pay all the money that was set forth in the iska contract.
P'ninat Mishpat (831)
Various Rabbis
321 - A Husband’s Obligation in His Wife’s Loan
322 - Iska Obligation With the Claim There Weren’t Profits
323 - Making a Difficult Litigant Pay for Expenses
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P'ninat Mishpat P'ninat Mishpat: Multiple Agreements and Parties – part III
based on appeal of ruling 80082 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts
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(based on ruling 85031 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
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(based on ruling 83037.1 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
Rabbis in Midrash
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P'ninat Mishpat P'ninat Mishpat: Realtor’s Fee on Large Commercial Building – part I
(based on ruling 85031 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
(based on ruling 85031 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
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Based on Siach Shaul, Pirkei Machshava V’Hadracha p. 263 (address at the laying of the cornerstone of the Yeshiva Chakla’it in Kfar Haroeh)
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Parshat Re'eh
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Parshat Eikev
Description: The 7 Haftarot we read after Tisha B'Av ("Shiva D'Nichemta") surely get us excited that they're coming TRUE, and awaken us to yearn, dance & join the return to Zion! The short article also deals with the problems and solutions facing the American Jewish community as discussed at a recent panel, as well as the question why Jews come from America to Israel to help when we face problems, but Israelis don't come to aid Jews in America when they face anti-Semitism.
P'ninat Mishpat P'ninat Mishpat: Complaints about Contractor’s Work – part II
(based on ruling 83037.1 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
(based on ruling 83037.1 of the Eretz Hemdah-Gazit Rabbinical Courts)
Chemdat Yamim Moreshet Shaul: Twin Foundations
Based on Siach Shaul, Pirkei Machshava V’Hadracha p. 690
Based on Siach Shaul, Pirkei Machshava V’Hadracha p. 690
D'varim Judaism’s Social Vision
Re’eh
Giving is more than an act of generosity—it is an essential part of human dignity that belongs to everyone, rich and poor alike. The ultimate goal of help is to empower others to stand on their own.
Kuzari -Rabbi Ari Shvat Kuzari class 9 - "Seeing is Believing" (parag. 21-30)
These paragraphs elaborate on the theme that seeing and knowing is better than any attempt to prove logically, and begins explaining the difference between Israel and gentiles.
